The DENIN Dialogue Series is a semiannual lecture series sponsored by the Delaware Environmental Institute (DENIN) that brings experts of international renown in environmental research and policy to address the public at UD's Newark campus. Totten's presentation will be podcast on DENIN's iTunes U site following the lecture. Totten will address the topic “Water in an Uncertain Climate Future.” Billions of people around the world are mired in poverty, are chronically ill, and lack adequate drinking water and basic sanitation services. Efforts to ensure water security now also contend with the impacts of climate change and the uncertainty in water flow and availability. Water use is pervasive throughout the global economy but concentrated in agriculture (about 75 percent of water withdrawals worldwide) and thermal power plants (48 percent of off-stream use in the U.S.). A core concern is how to deliver water services for these needs at least cost and risk while addressing issues of social equity and ecological integrity. Totten will present the case that there are win-win-win pathways in addressing these multiple crises, and he will highlight some of the evidence and experience to date in using innovative practices, policies and regulations in delivering water and water-related services. He has nearly three decades of professional experience in promoting ecologically sustainable economic development at the local, national and international levels. At Conservation International's CELB, he engages corporations and public institutions in adopting strategies to shrink and offset the ecological footprints of goods and services throughout their lifecycle. He has given more than 1,500 presentations and written scores of publications. Totten is the principal co-author of the 2008 book, A Climate for Life: Meeting the Global Challenge, an interdisciplinary perspective on preventing catastrophic climate change and human-triggered species extinction while providing robust economic growth. He received the Lewis Mumford Prize for Environment in 2000 for pioneering the creation of interactive multimedia and Internet tools for spurring ecologically sustainable development. As senior adviser to U.S. Rep. Claudine Schneider (R-R.I.), he drafted the 1989 Global Warming Prevention Act, cosponsored by one-third of the House of Representatives.

1. Water in an Uncertain Climate
Future
Michael Totten, Chief Advisor, Climate, Water and Green
Technologies, Conservation International
Denin Dialogue Series
Delaware Environmental Institute
November 30, 2010

2. 2 to 3% Annual Average $1,000 trillion GWP
growth Gross World ~$100,000 per cap
Product (GWP) in 21st # in poverty?
Century (~10 to 20x
today’s GWP)
$500 trillion GWP
~$50,000 per cap
# in poverty?
$50 trillion GWP
~$7,500 per cap
2+ billion in
poverty
2005 2105 2105

3. More absolute poor than any time
Mass poverty
in human history
[alongside more wealth than ever]

4. Where we will be by 2100 900ppm
wierding
Climate
Parts per Million CO2
Past planetary mass extinctions
triggered by high CO2 >550ppm

5. 55 million years since oceans as acidic –
business-as-usual emissions growth
threaten collapse of marine life food web
Acidifying
Oceans
40% decline in phytoplankton – base of
the marine food web -- past 50 years
Bernie et al. 2010. Influence of mitigation policy on ocean acidification, GRL

6. Species extinction by humans
1000x natural background rate
extinction
Species

7. Ecological Footprint

8. Decline of North American Freshwater Fishes
Fish species 8
times more
threatened
than
mammals or
birds in the
USA
Map source: Jelks, H. J., S. J.
Walsh, N. M. Burkhead, S.
Contreras-Balderas, E. Díaz-
Pardo, D. A. Hendrickson, J.
Lyons, N. E. Mandrak, F.
McCormick, J. S. Nelson, S. P.
Platania, B. A. Porter, C. B.
Renaud, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, E.
B. Taylor, and M. L. Warren, Jr.
2008. Conservation status of
imperiled North American
freshwater and diadromous
fishes. Fisheries 33(8): 372–40

9. 37% Freshwater Fish Species Threatened
%
Sources: IUCN Red List 2009 for species threatened, and
IUCN 2000 for map

10. 2 billion people lack safe water
Ashok Gadgil, Global Water Solutions through Technology, Affordable safe drinking water for poor communities in the developing countries, Purdue
Calumet, 10/23/08, www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/events/great_lakes_water_quality_conference/content/Gadgil_Purdue_Global-water%202008.pdf

11. Every hour 200 children under 5 die from drinking
dirty water. Every year, 60 million children reach
adulthood stunted for good.
Ashok Gadgil, Global Water Solutions through Technology, Affordable safe drinking water for poor communities in the developing countries, Purdue
Calumet, 10/23/08, www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/events/great_lakes_water_quality_conference/content/Gadgil_Purdue_Global-water%202008.pdf

12. 4 billion annual episodes of diarrhea exhaust
physical strength to perform labor -- cost billions of
dollars in lost income to the poor
Ashok Gadgil, Global Water Solutions through Technology, Affordable safe drinking water for poor communities in the developing countries, Purdue
Calumet, 10/23/08, www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/events/great_lakes_water_quality_conference/content/Gadgil_Purdue_Global-water%202008.pdf

13. Incident Human Water Security Threat
Source: C. J. Vorosmarty et al. 2010. Global threats to human water security and river
biodiversity. Nature. V.467 30 Sept. 2010

14. Incident Biodiversity Threat
Source: C. J. Vorosmarty et al. 2010. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature. V.467 30 Sept. 2010

15. Threat to Human Water Security & Biodiversity
Source: C. J. Vorosmarty et al. 2010. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature. V.467 30 Sept. 2010

16. Intensive farming
and grazing
practices and
deforestation in
China have led to
more frequent dust
storms, like this
one in 2001 that
swept aerosol
particles into the
Great Lakes region
of the US, and even
left a sprinkling in
the Alps mountains
in Europe.

17. Increased dust in the Sahel, which can spread far out to sea (inset), has been linked to
agriculture. Credit: J. Leyrer/NIOZ (photo); NASA (inset)

18. Direction of change in water run-off by 2060
2 C increase
4 C increase
drier areas dry further &
wetter areas become wetter
Source: Fai Fung, Ana Lopez and Mark New. 2010. Water availability in +2°C and +4°C worlds References, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2011
369, 99-116

19. Seasonal changes Mean Annual Run-off 2060
Nile Ganges Murray Darling
+2 C
+4 C
Danube Mississippi Amazon
+2 C
increasing
to +4 C by
2100
Source: Fai Fung, Ana Lopez and Mark New. 2010. Water availability in +2°C and +4°C worlds References, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2011
369, 99-116

20. Climate Impact on Agricultural Productivity at +4°C
William Cline, Global Warming and Agriculture, Impacts by Country 2007.

21. Interactions may result in societal impacts that are
greater than the sum of individual sectoral impacts

22. Resource
Wars &
Conflicts

23. Comparing Cumulative Emissions for 350 ppm CO2 Trajectory
GtCO2 BAU >80 GtCO2 and >850 ppm
Based on 6 Celsius average
global temperature rise due to
greater climate sensitivity
Need to reverse CO2 emissions by 2015
and become negative CO2 by 2050 to
achieve <350 ppm
Main difference between projections is assumption of rate of technology diffusion
Source: F. Ackerman, E.A. Stanton, S.J. DeCanio et al., The Economics of 350: The
Benefits and Costs of Climate Stabilization, October 2009, www.e3network.org/

24. Where the world needs to go:
energy-related CO2 emissions per capita
>$/GDP/cap
Source: WDR, adapted from NRC (National Research Council). 2008. The National Academies Summit on America’s Energy Future: Summary of a Meeting.
Washington, DC: National Academies Press.based on data from World Bank 2008. World Development Indicators 2008.

25. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) Misleading
… a more illuminating and constructive analysis would be determining
the level of "catastrophe insurance" needed:
"rough comparisons could perhaps be made with
the potentially-huge payoffs, small probabilities,
and significant costs involved in countering
terrorism, building anti-ballistic missile shields, or
neutralizing hostile dictatorships possibly
harboring weapons of mass destruction
Martin Weitzman
…A crude natural metric for calibrating cost estimates of climate-change
environmental insurance policies might be that the U.S. already spends
approximately 3% [~$400 billion in 2010] of national income on the cost
of a clean environment."
MARTIN WEITZMAN. 2008. On Modeling and Interpreting the Economics of Catastrophic Climate Change. REStat FINAL
Version July 7, 2008, http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/weitzman/files/REStatFINAL.pdf.

26. Averting catastrophes by
Greening the
Global Economy

27. Examples of uncertainties identified in each of 3
knowledge relationships of knowledge
Unpredictability Incomplete knowledge Multiple knowledge frames
Natural system
Technical system
Social system
Brugnach, M., A. Dewulf, C. Pahl-Wostl, and T. Taillieu. 2008. Toward a relational concept of uncertainty: about knowing too little, knowing too
differently, and accepting not to know. Ecology and Society 13(2): 30. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art30/

28. USA Water Chart 2004
45% US water use
75% US water consumption

29. A new water disinfector for the
developing world’s poor
DESIGN CRITERIA
• Meet /exceed WHO & EPA criteria for
disinfection
• Energy efficient: 60W UV lamp disinfects 1
ton per hour (1000 liters, 264 gallons, or 1
m3)
• Low cost: 4¢ disinfects 1 ton of water Dr Ashok Gadgil, inventor
• Reliable, Mature components
• Can treat unpressurized water
• Rapid throughput: 12 seconds
• Low maintenance: 4x per year
• No overdose risk
• Fail-safe
Ashok Gadgil, Global Water Solutions through Technology, Affordable safe drinking water for poor communities in the developing countries,
Purdue Calumet, 10/23/08, www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/events/great_lakes_water_quality_conference/content/Gadgil_Purdue_Global-
water%202008.pdf WaterHealth Intl device

30. WHI’s Investment Cost Advantage vs.
Other Treatment Options
Ashok Gadgil, Global Water Solutions through Technology, Affordable safe drinking water for poor communities in the developing countries, Purdue
Calumet, 10/23/08, www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/events/great_lakes_water_quality_conference/content/Gadgil_Purdue_Global-water%202008.pdf

31. WaterHealth International
The system effectively purifies and disinfects water contaminated with a broad range of
pathogens, including polio and roto viruses, oocysts, such as Cryptosporidium and
Giardia. The standard system is designed to provide 20 liters of potable water per
person, per day, for a community of 3,000 people.
Ashok Gadgil, Global Water Solutions through Technology, Affordable safe drinking water for poor communities in the developing countries, Purdue
Calumet, 10/23/08, www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/events/great_lakes_water_quality_conference/content/Gadgil_Purdue_Global-water%202008.pdf

32. WaterHealth International
Business model reaches underserved by including financing for the purchase and installation of
our systems. User fees for treated water are used to repay loans and to cover the expenses of
operating and maintaining the equipment and facility.
Community members hired to conduct day-to-day maintenance of these “micro-utilities,” thus
creating employment and building capacity, as well as generating entrepreneurial opportunities
for local residents to provide related services, such as sales and distribution of the purified water
to outlying areas.
And because the facilities are owned by the communities in which they are installed, the user
fees become attractive sources of revenue for the community after loans have been repaid.
Ashok Gadgil, Global Water Solutions through Technology, Affordable safe drinking water for poor communities in the developing countries, Purdue
Calumet, 10/23/08, www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/events/great_lakes_water_quality_conference/content/Gadgil_Purdue_Global-water%202008.pdf

33. Soft Water Path
More productive, Less cost, Less damage
Globally, nearly 70% of water withdrawals go to
irrigated agriculture, yet conventional irrigation
can waste as much as 80% of the water.
Such waste is driven by misplaced subsidies and
artificially low water prices, often unconnected to
the amount of water used.
Drip irrigation systems for water intensive crops
such as cotton can mean water savings of up to
80% compared to conventional flood irrigation
systems, but these techniques are out of reach
for most small farmers.
Currently drip irrigation accounts for only 1% of
the world‟s irrigated area.
Gleick, Peter H., Global Freshwater Resources: Soft-Path Solutions for the 21st Century, State of the
Planet Special, Science, Nov. 28, 2003 V. 302, pp.1524-28, www.pacinst.org/

34. Immense Water Waste
The efficiency of irrigation techniques is low and globally up to 1500
trillion liters (~400 trillion gallons) of water are wasted annually
WWF, Dam Right! Rivers at Risk, Dams & Future of Freshwater Ecosystems, 2003

35. Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008) Measuring your water footprint: What’s next in water strategy, Leading Perspectives, Summer 2008, pp. 12-13, 19,
http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/CorporateWaterFootprints.

36. Energy/Water Integration Benefits
during Drought Periods
Source: Andrew Belden, Priscilla Cole, Holly Conte et al. 2008. Integrated Policy and Planning for Water and Energy,
Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, Univ. of Delaware.

37. 1200 100,000+
1000
Water consumption per kWh
(relative to wind power=1)
800
600
1022
400 784
552 541
200
1 4 5 38
0

38. Green Power or
Megadamus
negavitae?

39. Hydrodams 7% GHG emissions
Tucuruí dam, Brazil
St. Louis VL, Kelly CA, Duchemin E, et al. 2000. Reservoir surfaces as sources of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere: a global estimate. BioScience
50: 766–75,

40. Net Emissions from Brazilian Reservoirs compared with
Combined Cycle Natural Gas
Emissions: Emissions:
Reservoir Generating km2/ Emissions
DAM Hydro CC Gas
Area Capacity Ratio
MW (MtCO2- (MtCO2-
(km2) (MW) Hydro/Gas
eq/yr) eq/yr)
Tucuruí 24330 4240 6 8.60 2.22 4
Curuá-
72 40 2 0.15 0.02 7.5
Una
Balbina 3150 250 13 6.91 0.12 58
Source: Patrick McCully, Tropical Hydropower is a Significant Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Interim response to the International
Hydropower Association, International Rivers Network, June 2004

41. What about Biofuels?
The water requirements of energy
derived from biomass are about 70 to
400 times more than that of other energy
carriers such as fossil fuels, wind, and
solar. More than 90% of the water
needed is used in the production of the
feedstock.
Source: Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., A. Hoekstra, Th. van der Meer. 2008. Water footprint of bio-energy and other primary
energy carriers. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 29. UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands..

42. Projections of crop water use and
irrigation withdrawals for bio-energy
Source: De Fraiture, C. & Berndes, G. 2009. Biofuels and water. Pages 139-153 in R.W. Howarth and S. Bringezu (Eds.)
Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use. Proceedings of the Scientific Committee
on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) International Biofuels Project Rapid Assessment, 22-25 September 2008,
Gummersbach, Germany. Ithaca NY: Cornell University. http://cip.cornell.edu/biofuels/) .

43. Food, Fuel, Species
Tradeoffs?
By 2100, an additional 1700 million ha of
land required for agriculture.
800 MILLION HA OF ADDITIONAL LAND FOR
MEDIUM GROWTH BIOFUEL SCENARIOS.
Intact ecosystems and biodiversity-rich
habitats under constant threat.

44. Area to Power 100% of U.S. Onroad Vehicles?
Solar-w/storage
Wind turbines
ground footprint
Wind-w/storage
turbine spacing
Cellulosic ethanol
Corn ethanol
Solar-storage and Wind-storage refer to battery storage of these intermittent renewable resources in
plug-in electric driven vehicles, CAES or other storage technologies
Mark Z. Jacobson, Wind Versus Biofuels for Addressing Climate, Health, and Energy, Atmosphere/Energy Program, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, March 5,

45. A power source delivered daily and locally everywhere
worldwide, continuously for billions of years, never
failing, never interrupted, never subject to the volatility
afflicting every energy and power source used in driving
economic activity
Solar Fusion Waste as Earth Nutrients –
1336 Watts per m2 in the Photon Bit stream

46. SUN FUSION PHOTONS

47. In the USA, cities and residences cover 56 million hectares.
Every kWh of current U.S. energy requirements can be met simply by
applying photovoltaics (PV) to 7% of existing urban area—
on roofs, parking lots, along highway walls, on sides of buildings, and
in dual-uses. Requires 93% less water than fossil fuels.
Experts say we wouldn’t have to appropriate a single acre of new
land to make PV our primary energy source!

48. Solar Photovoltaics (PV) satisfying 90%
total US electricity from brownfields
90% of America’s current electricity could
be supplied with PV systems built in the
“brown-fields”— the estimated 2+
million hectares of abandoned industrial
sites that exist in our nation’s cities.
Cleaning Up
Brownfield
Sites w/
PV solar
Larry Kazmerski, Dispelling the 7 Myths of Solar Electricity, 2001, National Renewable Energy Lab, www.nrel.gov/;

49. China Economics of Commercial BIPV
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics
Net Present Values (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratios (BCR)
& Payback Periods (PBP) for „Architectural‟ BIPV
(Thin Film, Wall-Mounted PV) in Beijing and
Shanghai (assuming a 15% Investment Tax Credit)
Material Economic
Beijing Shanghai
Replaced Measure
NPV ($) +$18,586 +$14,237
Polished BCR 2.33 2.14
Stone PBP (yrs) 1 1
NPV ($) +$15,373 +$11,024
BCR 1.89 1.70
Aluminum
PBP (yrs) 2 2
SunSlate Building-Integrated
Photovoltaics (BIPV) commercial
building in Switzerland
Byrne et al, Economics of Building Integrated PV in China, July 2001, Univ. of Delaware, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, Twww.udel.edu/ceep/T]

50. China EconomicsCommercial BIPV
Economics of of Commercial BIPV
Reference costs of facade-cladding materials
BIPV is so economically attractive because it
captures both energy savings and savings from
displacing other expensive building materials.
Eiffert, P., Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Power Systems, International Energy Agency PVPS Task 7:
Photovoltaic Power Systems in the Built Environment, Jan. 2003, National Renewable Energy Lab, NREL/TP-550-31977, www.nrel.gov/

51. Municipal Solar Financing – Long-Term, Low-Cost Financing

52. 21GW
Global Cumulative PV Growth 1998-2008
MW
40% annual growth rate
Doubling <22 months
40% annual growth rate through
2030 could provide twice current
total world energy use
Compared to:
Wind power 121,000 MW [158,000 in 2009]
Nuclear power 350,000 MW
Hydro power 770,000 MW
Natural Gas power 1 million MW
Coal power 2 million MW
2009

53. What Annual Growth Rate Can Solar PV Sustain this Century?
16,000,000
14,000,000
Solar PV Growth@ 25% perper year
Solar PV Growth @ 25% year
12,000,000
Megawatts
10,000,000
59
8,000,000
6,000,000
TW
4,000,000
by
2,000,000 2075
0
2000
1 2009
4 2021
7 2033
10 2045
13 2057
16 2089
2069
2069
19
Year
Equal to total world consumption in 2009
16,000,000
Solar PV Growth@ 15% per per year
Solar PV Growth @ 15% year
14,000,000
12,000,000
59
Megawatts
10,000,000
8,000,000 TW
6,000,000 by
4,000,000 2119
2,000,000
0
2000 2009 2029 2049 2069 2089 2109
1 4 7 10 13 16 2109
19
Year

54. Ken Zweibel. 2009. Plug‐in Hybrids, Solar, & Wind, Institute for Analysis of Solar Energy, George Washington University,
zweibel@gwu.edu , http://Solar.gwu.edu/

55. Solar PV Charging stations Electric Bicycles/Scooters

56. Solar power beats thermal plants within their
construction lead time—at zero carbon price
Source: Amory Lovins, RMI2009 from Ideas to Solutions, Reinventing Fire, Nov. 2009, www.rmi.org/ citing SunPower analysis

57. Federal Research & Development Funds
Billion $ 2008 constant
90 $85
2
80
Civilian Nuclear Power
70
(1948 – 2009)
60
vs. 50
40
Solar Photovoltaics 30
(1975-2009) 20
10 $4.2
1
0 1 2
PV NUCLEAR

58. GIS Mapping the Solar
Potential of Urban Rooftops
100% Total Global Energy Needs -- NO NEW LAND,
WATER, FUELS OR EMISSIONS – Achievable this Century
Germany's SUN-AREA Research Project Uses ArcGIS to calculate the possible solar yield per building for city of Osnabroeck.

59. Solar smart poly-grids
Continuous algorithm measures incoming solar radiation, converts to usable energy
provided by solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems, calculates revenue stream based
on real-time dynamic power market price points, cross integrates data with
administrative and financial programs for installing and maintaining solar PV systems.

60. Smart Grid Web-based Solar Power Auctions
Smart Grid Collective intelligence design based on digital map
algorithms continuously calculating solar gain. Information used to rank
expansion of solar panel locations.

61. Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) & Decoupling sales from
revenues are key to harnessing Efficiency Power Plants
For delivering least-cost & risk electricity, natural gas & water services
USA minus CA & NY
Per Capital
Electricity 165 GW
Consumption Coal
Power
New York Plants
California
[EPPs]
Californian‟s have
net savings of
$1,000 per family
California 30 year proof of IRP value in promoting
lower cost efficiency over new power plants or
hydro dams, and lower GHG emissions.
California signed MOUs with Provinces in China
to share IRP expertise (now underway in Jiangsu).

62. Achieving the 2050 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goal How Far Can We Reach with Energy Efficiency?, Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Commissioner, California Energy
Commission, (916) 654-4930, ARosenfe@Energy.State.CA.US , http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/commissioners/rosenfeld.html

63. CO2 Abatement potential & cost for 2020
Breakdown by abatement type:
• 9 Gt terrestrial carbon (forestry & agriculture)
• 6 Gt energy efficiency
• 4 Gt low carbon energy supply
Zero net cost counting efficiency savings. Not counting the efficiency savings the
incremental cost of achieving a 450 ppm path is $66-96 billion per year between 2010–2020 for
developing countries and $48–60 billion for developed countries, or less than 1 % of global GDP, or
about half the $258 billion per year currently spent subsidizing fossil fuels.

64. Universal symbol for Efficiency
eta
η The best thing
about low-
hanging fruit
is that it keeps
growing back.
SHRINKING footprints through Continuous innovation

65. ELECTRIC MOTOR SYSTEMS
Now use 1/2 global power
50% efficiency savings achievable
90% cost savings

66. Cost of new delivered electricity (cents per kWh)
CCS
US current
average
nuclear coal CC gas wind farm CC ind bldg scale recycled end-use
cogen cogen ind cogen efficiency
Amory Lovins & Imran Sheikh, The Nuclear Illusion, May 2008, www.rmi.org

67. How much coal-fired electricity can be displaced by investing
one dollar to make or save delivered electricity 2¢ 50
33
25
nuclear coal CC gas wind farm CC ind bldg scale recycled end-use
cogen cogen ind cogen efficiency
Amory Lovins & Imran Sheikh, The Nuclear Illusion, May 2008, www.rmi.org

68. 2¢ 47
Coal-fired CO2 emissions displaced
per dollar spent on electrical services
1¢: 93 kg
CO2/$
32
23
nuclear coal CC gas wind farm CC ind bldg scale recycled end-use
cogen cogen ind cogen efficiency
Amory Lovins & Imran Sheikh, The Nuclear Illusion, May 2008, www.rmi.org

73. Michael Totten
Conservation International
mtotten@conservation.org
THANK
YOU!

75. Hypoxia Dead Zones due to Agriculture fertilizer run-off

76. Mississippi River Delta
Using Wastewater Pollutants as Feedstock for
Biofuel Production through Algae Systems
Yangtze River Pearl River

78. Small Land footprint
Only Wastewater as Feedstock
Butanol, Biodiesel and Clean Water Outputs

80. Source: Walter Adey, Director, Marine Systems, Smithsonian Institute, email: ADEYW@si.edu ph: 202 633-0923

81. Nutrient Rich Water Clean water
(Sewage, polluted river water) Lower N P P, higher O2 + pH
ATS
+ atmospheric CO2 Less CO2 in atmosphere
(or power plant stack gases)
ALGAL
CO2 BIOMASS
Biobutanol Solvent
Fermenter Extraction
(Clostridium butylicum
Oil
Ethanol
C. Pasteurianum, etc.)
Acetone C6H12O6  C4H9OH + CO2 + …
Transesterification
Lactic Acid
Acetic Acid
Organic Biodiesel
Fertilizer
Source: Walter Adey, Director, Marine Systems, Smithsonian Institute, email: ADEYW@si.edu ph: 202 633-0923

82. Biofuel Production from Algal
Turf Scrubber Biomass
(50 tons per acre or 125 tons per hectare per year, dry)
Estimated Biofuel Production
(gallons per acre or ha per year)
Algae
butanol 1520
+ 2000
biodiesel [3,770 gal/ha/yr]
[5,000 gal/ha/yr]
Corn (ethanol) 500 ----
[1,250 gal/ha/yr]
Soy (biodiesel) ---- 100
[250 gal/ha/yr]
Source: Walter Adey, Director, Marine Systems, Smithsonian Institute, email: ADEYW@si.edu ph: 202 633-0923

83. 95% U.S. terrestrial wind resources in Great Plains
Figures of Merit
Great Plains area
1,200,000 mi2
Provide 100% U.S. electricity
400,000 3MW wind turbines
Platform footprint
6 mi2
Large Wyoming Strip Mine
>6 mi2
Total WindFarm spacing area
37,500 mi2
Still available for farming
and prairie restoration
90%+ (34,000 mi2)
CO2 U.S. electricity sector
40% USA total GHG emissions

84. Wind Farm Royalties – Could Double
farm/ranch income with 30x less land area
Although agriculture controls about 70%
of Great Plains land area, it contributes 4
to 8% of the Gross Regional Product.
Wind farms could enable one of the
greatest economic booms in American
history for Great Plains rural
communities, while also enabling one of
world’s largest restorations of native
prairie ecosystems
How?
The three sub-regions of the Great Plains are: Northern Great Plains = Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota; Central Great Plains = Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas; Southern Great Plains
= Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas. (Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 1998, USDA 1997 Census of Agriculture)

85. Wind Royalties – Sustainable source of
Rural Farm and Ranch Income
US Farm Revenues per hectare
Crop revenue Govt. subsidy
non-wind farm Wind profits
windpower farm
$0 $50 $100 $150 $200 $250
windpower farm non-wind farm
govt. subsidy $0 $60
windpower royalty $200 $0
farm commodity revenues $50 $64
Williams, Robert, Nuclear and Alternative Energy Supply Options for an Environmentally Constrained World, April 9, 2001, http://www.nci.org/

87. Great Plains Dust Bowl in 1930s
Again this century?