1. 012 History of Landscape Design A REVIEW

2. Clemson University Presents Certificate of Accomplishment inLandscape and Garden Design

3. Sponsored by Clemson’sDepartment of Planning and Landscape Architecture in the College of Art, Architecture and Humanities

4. 012-1 The Early English Kitchen Garden:A Persistent Garden Form

5. 012-1 Landscape History Early Kitchen Garden lecture Put garden history into perspective by analyzing the earliest form of garden and its resilience to change despite social pressure. Homework: Begin thinking of a garden in Europe or America that is worthy of a discussion in class. Result: To learn about the social pressures that shaped landscape history, develop an aptitude for reading plans, to understand the 3 main periods of stylistic imprints.

6. Medieval Period

8. Geometric Period

10. Picturesque Period

13. 012-2 Landscape HistoryConimbriga(118-138 c.e. ), & Portuguese Gardens(1528-1750 )

14. Early Roman Gardens Hadrian’s Villa Pompeii Venzano Conimbriga

15. 012-2 Landscape History Conimbriga & Portuguese Gardens what makes these early gardens special (ad 200-1550), their special decorative techniques and design motifs (azulejos, mosaic, hydrology) Homework : Bring a short history of the garden you chose to read/researchResult: To define a renaissance garden in both descriptive and spatial terms, relate it to political events of the period.

16. Roman wall painting

17. Conimbriga

18. Conimbriga

19. Conimbriga

20. Conimbriga

21. Conimbriga jets

22. Renaissance Gardens

23. Bacalhoa Balcalhoa 1528-1554

24. Bacalhua

25. Bacalhua

26. Quinta das torres Quinta das torres

27. cypress What earmarks a Portuguese Garden?

28. Features of a Portuguese Garden A water tank or basin Walls with Ajulejos Green backbone Connection with the house Beautiful pots, well-placed Citrus

29. Frontiera Palace Palacio dos Marqueses de Frontiera c 1624

30. Frontiera Palace

31. Frontiera Palace

32. Frontiera Palace

33. Frontiera Palace

34. Frontiera Palace

35. Frontiera Palace

36. Frontiera Palace

37. Geometric Period 1650

38. Queluz 1747- 52 Queluz Palace 1747- 52

39. queluz

40. Picturesque Period

41. Montserrat, Sintra

42. 012-3Landscape HistoryItalian Renaissance & Italian Baroque Gardens (1525-1800 )

43. 012-3Landscape History Italian Renaissance gardens…what makes these early gardens special Result: To define a renaissance garden in both descriptive and spatial terms, relate it to political events of the period.

44. Villa d’este 1550-72

45. Villa medici d’este tivoli

46. Villa Lante

47. Villa lante 1568

48. VILLAS Designed by ANDREA PALLADIO Absence of foundation plantings Respect fort the genius loci

49. Villa Barbaro 1549-58

50. Villa Rotunda 1565

51. Villa rotunda 1565 Villa Poiana

52. cypress What earmarks an Italian Garden?

53. Italian Renaissance Gardens have: . Soaring cypresses .fountains .geometric layout .grottoes, masks, mythological statues .mazes

54. Giardino Guisti

55. Guisti 16th c

56. Villa rale Villa Reale

57. Villa Barbarigo, Valsanbizzio

59. Valzazibbio rabittery

60. Valzam arch

61. Vigna maaggio Villa Vignamaggio

62. Baroque Italian Gardens Characteristics: Elaborate Gateways/Gate Screens Acqua d’Gnocci Soaring Cypressses Overscaled Plants & Formal Gardens Grottoes

63. Villa torregiani 17th 715th Villa Torrigiani

64. Isola Bella

65. Sienna villa Villa Cetinale

66. Villa Gamberaia

67. 012-4History of Landscape Design: France

68. Gardens of France (Review) Chateau de Fountainbleau c 1528 Chateau de Villandry c 1536 Potager de Roi Versailles c 1638 Manoir de Chez (Normandy) Vaux le Vicomte c 1650 Giverney Musee Claude Monet 1883-1926 Chamont Exhibition (June-October) Maison et Parc Floral des Moitiers (Normandy)

69. Chateaux de Fountainbleau c 1528

71. Chateaux de Villandry c 1536

73. Versailles c 1638

75. Vaux-le- Vicomte c1653

76. 76

77. Giverny - Musee Claude Monet c 1883-1926

79. Chamont

80. Moutier

81. Hallmarks of French Gardens The geometric landscape movement was characterized by : Outward facing views to the horizon Clipped geometric forms of plant materials Flat planes of terraced land Formal water bodies & canals Man’s dominance of the land

82. Hallmarks of French Gardens However, one cannot characterize French gardens just in these ways…particularly since new ideas from artists and owners from abroad add fresh fuel to the canvas of nature. Giverney, Chamont’s Garden Festival and the gardens at Moitier remind us to think “out of the box” while reaching to the past for inspiration.

83. Trademarks of French Gardens Most French gardens illustrate a continuum of layers of garden design…most notably in our studies at Villandry where there is 16th c chateau and formal kitchen gardens plus a formal water garden. Fountainbleau & Vaux le Vicomteare considered to be pure forms of geometric period landscapes

84. 012-5History of Landscape DesignThe English Picturesque

85. Gardens of England Stowe Castle Howard Rousham Ilford Buscot Barnsley Sissinghurst Hidcote

86. Visionaries of Georgian England Sir Issac Newton 1642-1727 optical properties of light John Locke “Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1690” & 1st Earl of Shaftsbury…Age of Enlightenment Rousseau 1712-1778 visions of a more perfect society 3rd Earl of Shaftsbury 1671-1713 Genius of Place Addison & Pope…….

87. Picturesque Period

88. Stowe & Castle Howard Birth of the Emblematic gardens of the eighteenth century Landscape Anatomy : Gardens of Romanticism featured… Grottoes, cascades,wild scenery, temples, poetry, iconography …works resembling a painting

89. Influential works of art by Claude Lorraine & Nicholas Poisson (mid 1600’s) featured mythological subjects from the Roman countryside… wild green theatres of the imagination. The visitor to an Enlightened Landscape would meditate and tell his own story by being in stage sets filled with allusions.

90. The ferme ornee“the farm-as-landscape” Stephen Switzer (1682-1745)

91. Stowe c1713-1738Lord Cobham, Richard TempleBridgeman & Kent

95. Castle Howard c1699-1732 Charles Howard, Earl of Carlisle Vanbrugh, Switzer,

99. Rousham c1737 Robert & James Dormer Bridgeman, Pope, Kent

102. Villa Barbarigo (c1669)in Valsanbbio’s fountain backdrop…an influence on Kent at Rousham?? a great research project!

104. Ilford… Sir Harold Peto(1854-1933)

105. Buscot

107. Barnsley

108. The Lasket Sir Roy Strong

110. Gardens of England Gardens in England today, like those of France and Italy, are often overlays of several landscape movements. Rousham, Stowe and Castle Howard represent “pure” evocations of the Picturesque Landscape movement. There are many, earlier gardens designed in the geometric tradition which clearly embrace French & Italian influences.

111. Gardens of England The effect of the National Trust in England and private landowners in opening their gardens to the public has had a profound impact on landscape preservation worldwide by educating visitors in the interpretation of landscape continuums and preservation methods.

112. Sissinghurst

113. Hidcote

116. 012-6 History of Landscape Design The United States of America

117. 012 -6 History of Landscape Design: USA Understanding America’s pioneer ethos and the evolution of the landscape as powerful people created their versions of great country houses…or American farmsteads.

118. Periods of American Landscape History A. Indians and Conquest B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional C. 1750-1820 Federal D. 1820-1880 Antibellum/Reconstruction E. 1880-1920 Victorian/Edwardian F. 1920- present

119. Periods of American Landscape History A. Indians and Conquest

120. Periods of American Landscape History A. Indians and Conquest B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional

124. Middleton Place

126. Periods of American Landscape History A. Indians and Conquest B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional C. 1750-1820 Federal

127. William Bartram

128. Willliam Paca House 1772

129. Governors Palace Colonial Williamsburg

130. Hagley

131. Periods of American Landscape History A. Indians and Conquest B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional C. 1750-1820 Federal D. 1820-1880 Antibellum/Reconstruction

133. Central Park, NY

134. Periods of American Landscape History A. Indians and Conquest B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional C. 1750-1820 Federal D. 1820-1880 Antibellum/Reconstruction E. 1880-1920 Victorian/Edwardian F. 1920- present

135. Biltmore, Ashville, NC

136. Filoli, Woodside CA

137. Dumbarton Oaks Beatrice Farrand, Landscape Architect

138. Longue Vue , NO

139. Brookgreen Gardens Murrells Inlet , SC

140. Thomas Church, Landscape Architect

141. Cheekwood, Nashville, TN

142. Lotusland Santa Barbara The Garden Conservancy

143. Clemson University Presents Certificate of Accomplishment inLandscape and Garden Design