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The
Art of
Composition:
Writing the Essay
Structuring the Composition
Compositions are structured much like individual paragraphs. There are clear introductory and
concluding elements. However, compositions are a series of paragraphs that attempt to
communicate a main idea that cannot be sufficiently developed in one paragraph.
Hook
Introductory
Material
Thesis Statement
Topic Sentence
Supporting Details
Clincher Sentence
Restatement of
thesis
Review main ideas
Provide closure – a
final thought
Composition Paragraphs
Like individual paragraphs,
composition paragraphs should
be organized in some way to
support the main idea of the
larger piece of writing.
Typical functions, or purposes, of
these paragraphs are generally one of the
following:
• explain or inform
• narrate a story / anecdote / analogy
• describe events, persons, activities
• define
• persuade
• transition from one subject to the
next
Concluding statements
Unlike an individual paragraph, the
clinching statement of a composition
paragraph should do one or more of the
following:
Restate main idea of paragraph
Connect paragraph main idea with
composition thesis
Restate main idea of paragraph
and transition into / setup next
paragraph main idea
Extending Your Ideas
The conclusion should make a lasting
impression while providing a sense of
completeness. The final thought(s) should
extend from the points discussed in the body of
your writing.
WS# 1.4
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano2
A Closer Look: The Introduction
The introduction is a unique paragraph because it must prepare the reader for the text that will
follow. It should accomplish each of the following:
(1) Catch the interest of the audience
(2) Clearly indicate the topic and purpose
(3) Establish the tone of the composition
HOOK
TRANSITION
SPECIFIC
THESIS STATEMENT
THESIS
GENERAL STATEMENT
SPECIFIC
THESIS STATEMENT
Hooking the reader …
Anecdote / Example
Use a brief personal story / example that leads naturally to the
thesis statement.
Contradictory Statement
Begin with a statement that contradicts your thesis in order to interest the reader.
General Background Knowledge
Provide background knowledge when it might be helpful to an audience that is not
familiar with your topic.
Question
Although this technique should only be used as a last resort or unless the topic truly
warrants it, ask a question that requires more than a “yes” or “no” response that will
encourage your audience to continue reading.
Direct Quotation
Use a passage or text or a comment from someone notable to introduce the general
topic and connect it with your thesis statement.
GENERAL STATEMENT
WS# 1.1
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano3
Constructing a Thesis Statement
A thesis statement is the controlling idea of a composition. It states the main idea(s) of the
writing while establishing the tone.
IN A SINGLE SENTENCE, THE THESIS STATEMENT DECLARES THE
MAIN SUBJECT AND A FEELING/ATTITUDE ABOUT THAT SUBJECT.
+ =
Writing a Thesis Statement
subject (Cancún, Mexico’s metamorphosis from drowsy fishing village to
vacation paradise)
+ a specific feeling about the subject (is a simple story of determination and luck )
= an effective thesis statement
Thesis Statement: Cancún, Mexico’s metamorphosis from drowsy fishing village
to vacation paradise is a simple story of determination and luck.
Defining Your Subject
1. Consider the information that you have gathered and decide what specifically you would
like to discuss in your research.
the metamorphosis of Cancún, Mexico, from a drowsy fishing village to a vacation
paradise
2. Put your idea into a form of a question.
What type of metamorphosis took place in Cancún, Mexico?
3. Now turn your question into a sentence that states exactly what you would like to declare
about your subject.
Cancún, Mexico’s metamorphosis from drowsy fishing village to vacation
paradise is a simple story of determination and luck.
Specific
Feeling
Thesis Statement
Subject
WS# 1.1
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano4
Evaluating a Thesis Statement
(1) Develop your thesis from information gathered.
(2) Include both a limited topic as your subject and the specific feeling you have
about the topic as your main idea.
(3) Be clear and specific.
(4) Use parallel structures.
(5) Keep your thesis in front of you as you write.
(1) Must be an opinion.
(2) Must have 2 or 3 points that will be developed.
(3) Must be supported with research or other types of support.
How well the writer has focused on and supported his or her thesis determines the
quality of a paper. A good thesis statement can answer yes to the following:
Does your thesis clearly define a specific opinion on some subject?
Is the thesis stated in a clear, direct sentence?
Is your thesis supported by the information you have gathered?
Is your thesis located as the last sentence in the introductory paragraph?
(1) DON'T make your thesis merely an announcement of your subject matter
or a description of your intentions. DO NOT use phrases like "I'm going to write
about . . ." or "This paper is about . . . .”
(2) DON’T clutter your thesis with expressions such as “in my opinion,” “I believe,”
and “I think that . . . .”
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano5
Thesis Review
Thesis Do's
Thesis Structure
Statements to Avoid
WS# 1.1
Establishing Tone
The attitude a writer takes toward his or her characters, subject, or
readers is called tone. Just as a person speaks in a certain tone of
voice, written text also conveys, or expresses, a tone.
The tone of a text may be critical, detached, angry, or respectful -
whatever fits its subject and message. The writer can establish a tone
through the use of imagery and figurative language such as similes, metaphors, and
personification. Word Choice, or diction, though, is the foundation of a writer's tone. The
writer's use of language, as well as the connotative responses to that language, powerfully
emphasizes the effect a writer has on his or her readers.
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano6
Specific language
- action verbs
- precise nouns
- vivid adjectives / adverbs
Sensory details
Figurative Language
- similes
- metaphors
- personification
- hyperbole
Dialogue / Dialect
Slang
Verbal informal language
- contractions
- clichés
Written formal language
- standard grammar / mechanics
Connotation
The connotation, or emotional
association, that words carry
with them is a powerful tool in
creating a tone. Two words can
have the same denotation, or
dictionary meaning, but one
may be more positive or
negative than the other may.
Consider the difference in the
words proud and arrogant, both
of which mean "full of pride."
WS# 1.0
Using Descriptive Language
Language is power! Using specific language to describe your world or explain yourself makes
it easier for your audience to grasp your vision. Whether you are speaking to someone or
writing about some aspect of a topic, use precise nouns, action verbs, vivid modifiers
(adjectives, adverbs, comparisons), and sensory words to capture your audience's attention and
to make your communication more lively.
PRECISE NOUNS
GENERAL
SPECIFIC
MORE
SPECIFIC
VIVID ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS
Make your modifiers livelier!
funny → amusing → hilarious
heavy → weighty → ponderous
well → adequately → expertly
ACTIVE VERBS
SENSORY WORDS
Use words that appeal to the five senses:
Sight: maroon, globular, flashy, radiant, serene
Sound: clamor, gurgle, giggle
Taste: tangy, ripe, peppery
Smell: aromatic, dank, pungent
Touch: crisp, gritty, damp
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano7
monster animal rain
vampire amphibian storm
Count Dracula bullfrog hurricane
Maintain an active voice in your writing by choosing verbs that are descriptive.
dashes or darts instead of runs quickly
sauntered or lumbered instead of walked slowly
WS# 1.2,
1.9
Integrating Direct Quotations
Anytime you directly use another writer’s words to support your conclusion, you are citing
evidence, or quoting a source. This use of text passages, lines, or words can be integrated into
your essay in one of the four ways.
(1) Incorporated into the Sentence
A creator always has an obligation to the thing he creates. This is clearly shown
in the epigraph from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in which the monster seemingly cries
out, “Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay to mould me Man? Did I solicit thee from
darkness to promote me…?” (4). At his creation, the monster is a….
• Mark omission of the text by three periods (called an ellipsis) with a space
between each (. . .).
(2) Set-Up by the Previous Statement
A creator always has an obligation tot he thing he creates. Mary Shelley clearly
shows this in the epigraph for Frankenstein, an epigraph that reflects the monster’s
point of view: “Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay to mould me Man? Did I solicit
thee from darkness to promote me…?” (4). At his creation, the monster is a….
• Just giving a citation is not enough. You must say something about it before
and after the citation.
• The colon is used after a COMPLETE sentence.
(3) Set Apart from the Main Text
A creator always has an obligation to the thing he creates. As an epigraph for
Frankenstein, Mary Shelley chose the following lines from Million’s Paradise Lost that
reflect the creature’s point of view: “Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay to mould
me Man? Did I solicit thee from darkness to promote me…?” (4). The constant pleas of
the monster itself, though, provide the strongest evidence of the creator / creation
obligation:
How can I move thee? Will no entreaties cause thee to turn a
favourable eye upon thy creature, who implores thy goodness and
compassion? Believe me, Frankenstein: I was benevolent; my soul
glowed with love and humanity: but am I not alone, miserably alone?
You, my creator, abhor me; what hope can I gather from your fellow
creatures, who owe me nothing? (100)
At his creation, the monster is a….
• When quoting more than 4 lines, skip a line and double-indent
• Continue your paragraph without indenting
WS# 1.6
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano8
Integrating Direct Quotations - Poetry
(4)Lines of Poetry
Incorporating citations from poetry is very similar to the methods used to integrate
prose. Make note of the following examples:
Example A
The first stanza of Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven” provides the starting point
for the emotional irregularity that characterizes the speaker’s condition throughout the
poem. The speaker pointedly shares that “[o]nce upon a midnight dreary, while I
pondered, weak and weary, / Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore -
/ While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping …” (lns. 1-3).
Physically exhausted, Poe’s speaker …
• Separate lines of poetry with a slash ( / ) for up to 3 or 4 lines, depending on
the length of the lines
• Use brackets [ ] when text is altered from its original form in order to flow
naturally in the new sentence in which it is integrated
• Refer to specific poem lines using the abbreviation “lns.”
Example B
The first stanza of Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven” provides the starting point
for the emotional irregularity that characterizes the speaker’s condition throughout the
poem. The speaker pointedly shares his frame of mind:
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore –
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. (lns. 1-4).
Physically exhausted, Poe’s speaker …
• When quoting more than 4 lines, introduce and double-indent
• Preserve the capitalization at the start of each sentence
• Present the text exactly as the author intended it
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano9
Warning! Warning! Warning! Warning!
WS# 1.6
AVOID THESE …
Sentences that state, “The following quotation shows …”
Sentences that begin, “A quote in the poem that proves this is …”
Sentences that begin, “One example of this can be found
in the passage …”
Floating quotations – quotes
that are not connected to any sentence
The Horror!
I can’t read these
statements again!
Save me!
Very
Important!
Unity and Coherence in the Composition
Maintaining unity in a paragraph necessitates that every sentence in a paragraph or every
paragraph in a composition should be closely related to the topic. A strong paragraph will
eliminate sentences that do not relate or help develop the paragraph’s main idea. Thus, a
unified composition will only have paragraphs that are crucial to developing the thesis. Ask a
peer reviewer to read the checklist below and keep it in mind as they listen.
Maintaining coherence in a paragraph or composition not only requires unity, but also a
logical, smooth, and natural flow from one idea to another. When this occurs, coherence has
been established. There are three key ways to create coherence in a paragraph or multi-
paragraph text:
WS# 1.9
(1) Arrange ideas to achieve emphasis
All the parts of the composition are not necessarily of equal importance in explaining your
topic to your audience. How you arrange and develop the paragraphs in the body of the
composition should, therefore, clearly indicate which ideas and details are most important.
Place emphasis in one of these three ways:
(1) direct statement
(2) by position – first and last body paragraphs or weakest to strongest idea
(3) by proportion – a topic may use several paragraphs if it has more value
Coherence
Unity
Unity Checklist
1. Does every detail I have selected support the main idea?
2. Have I organized the supporting details in the most logical way?
3. Have I included any sentences that are unnecessary because they simply
Restate the main point without adding any new information or meaning?
4. Have I made the relationships between my ideas clear?
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano10
Maintaining Coherence
Various Methods of organizing supporting details and the most common
purposes for each are listed below. However, do not feel that you have to
limit the organization of your writing to just what is shown here.
Chronological Order
Spatial Order
Order of Importance
Cause and Effect
Comparison and Contrast
Explanation
Classification
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano11
Cause and Effect
Explaining scientific
findings
Explaining a historical event
Chronological Order
Narrating a story
Explaining a step-by-step
process
Relating a historical account
Relating an incident or
anecdoteSpatial Order
Describing a scene or place
Presenting facts, examples,
reasons
Writing persuasively
Evaluating a subject
Analyzing literature,
a speech, etc.
Defining a subject
Order of Importance
Classification
WS# 1.9
(2) Arrange ideas to achieve coherence
Body paragraphs should be well developed and arranged in a logical order. Use a pattern
of organization that is appropriate to the composition purpose and the audience.
Maintaining Coherence
Words that can be used to show LOCATION:
Against Among Away from
Beneath Between Beyond
In back of In front of Onto
Over Throughout Under
Words that can be used to show TIME:
After As soon as At
Before Finally First
Immediately Meanwhile Second
Then Third Tomorrow
Until When Yesterday
Words that can be used to show SIMILARITIES:
Also As Furthermore
Like Likewise Similarly
Words that can be used to show DIFFERENCES:
Although But Even though
However On the other hand Yet
Words that can be used to EMPHASIZE A POINT:
Again For this reason In fact
To emphasize To repeat Truly
Words that can be used to CONCLUDE:
As a result Finally In conclusion
In summary Therefore To sum up
Words that can be used to ADD INFORMATION:
Additionally Also And
Another Equally important Finally
In addition Likewise Moreover
Words that can be used to CLARIFY:
For instance In other words
Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano12
(3) Connect your ideas to achieve coherence
In an effective composition, the current of thought flows smoothly throughout the
composition. Use one or more types of transitional words or phrases to connect ideas
within and between paragraphs:
(1) transitional expressions (see below)
(2) direct pronoun references
(3) repetition of key words
WS# 1.9

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Writing the Essay

  • 2. Structuring the Composition Compositions are structured much like individual paragraphs. There are clear introductory and concluding elements. However, compositions are a series of paragraphs that attempt to communicate a main idea that cannot be sufficiently developed in one paragraph. Hook Introductory Material Thesis Statement Topic Sentence Supporting Details Clincher Sentence Restatement of thesis Review main ideas Provide closure – a final thought Composition Paragraphs Like individual paragraphs, composition paragraphs should be organized in some way to support the main idea of the larger piece of writing. Typical functions, or purposes, of these paragraphs are generally one of the following: • explain or inform • narrate a story / anecdote / analogy • describe events, persons, activities • define • persuade • transition from one subject to the next Concluding statements Unlike an individual paragraph, the clinching statement of a composition paragraph should do one or more of the following: Restate main idea of paragraph Connect paragraph main idea with composition thesis Restate main idea of paragraph and transition into / setup next paragraph main idea Extending Your Ideas The conclusion should make a lasting impression while providing a sense of completeness. The final thought(s) should extend from the points discussed in the body of your writing. WS# 1.4 Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano2
  • 3. A Closer Look: The Introduction The introduction is a unique paragraph because it must prepare the reader for the text that will follow. It should accomplish each of the following: (1) Catch the interest of the audience (2) Clearly indicate the topic and purpose (3) Establish the tone of the composition HOOK TRANSITION SPECIFIC THESIS STATEMENT THESIS GENERAL STATEMENT SPECIFIC THESIS STATEMENT Hooking the reader … Anecdote / Example Use a brief personal story / example that leads naturally to the thesis statement. Contradictory Statement Begin with a statement that contradicts your thesis in order to interest the reader. General Background Knowledge Provide background knowledge when it might be helpful to an audience that is not familiar with your topic. Question Although this technique should only be used as a last resort or unless the topic truly warrants it, ask a question that requires more than a “yes” or “no” response that will encourage your audience to continue reading. Direct Quotation Use a passage or text or a comment from someone notable to introduce the general topic and connect it with your thesis statement. GENERAL STATEMENT WS# 1.1 Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano3
  • 4. Constructing a Thesis Statement A thesis statement is the controlling idea of a composition. It states the main idea(s) of the writing while establishing the tone. IN A SINGLE SENTENCE, THE THESIS STATEMENT DECLARES THE MAIN SUBJECT AND A FEELING/ATTITUDE ABOUT THAT SUBJECT. + = Writing a Thesis Statement subject (Cancún, Mexico’s metamorphosis from drowsy fishing village to vacation paradise) + a specific feeling about the subject (is a simple story of determination and luck ) = an effective thesis statement Thesis Statement: Cancún, Mexico’s metamorphosis from drowsy fishing village to vacation paradise is a simple story of determination and luck. Defining Your Subject 1. Consider the information that you have gathered and decide what specifically you would like to discuss in your research. the metamorphosis of Cancún, Mexico, from a drowsy fishing village to a vacation paradise 2. Put your idea into a form of a question. What type of metamorphosis took place in Cancún, Mexico? 3. Now turn your question into a sentence that states exactly what you would like to declare about your subject. Cancún, Mexico’s metamorphosis from drowsy fishing village to vacation paradise is a simple story of determination and luck. Specific Feeling Thesis Statement Subject WS# 1.1 Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano4
  • 5. Evaluating a Thesis Statement (1) Develop your thesis from information gathered. (2) Include both a limited topic as your subject and the specific feeling you have about the topic as your main idea. (3) Be clear and specific. (4) Use parallel structures. (5) Keep your thesis in front of you as you write. (1) Must be an opinion. (2) Must have 2 or 3 points that will be developed. (3) Must be supported with research or other types of support. How well the writer has focused on and supported his or her thesis determines the quality of a paper. A good thesis statement can answer yes to the following: Does your thesis clearly define a specific opinion on some subject? Is the thesis stated in a clear, direct sentence? Is your thesis supported by the information you have gathered? Is your thesis located as the last sentence in the introductory paragraph? (1) DON'T make your thesis merely an announcement of your subject matter or a description of your intentions. DO NOT use phrases like "I'm going to write about . . ." or "This paper is about . . . .” (2) DON’T clutter your thesis with expressions such as “in my opinion,” “I believe,” and “I think that . . . .” Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano5 Thesis Review Thesis Do's Thesis Structure Statements to Avoid WS# 1.1
  • 6. Establishing Tone The attitude a writer takes toward his or her characters, subject, or readers is called tone. Just as a person speaks in a certain tone of voice, written text also conveys, or expresses, a tone. The tone of a text may be critical, detached, angry, or respectful - whatever fits its subject and message. The writer can establish a tone through the use of imagery and figurative language such as similes, metaphors, and personification. Word Choice, or diction, though, is the foundation of a writer's tone. The writer's use of language, as well as the connotative responses to that language, powerfully emphasizes the effect a writer has on his or her readers. Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano6 Specific language - action verbs - precise nouns - vivid adjectives / adverbs Sensory details Figurative Language - similes - metaphors - personification - hyperbole Dialogue / Dialect Slang Verbal informal language - contractions - clichés Written formal language - standard grammar / mechanics Connotation The connotation, or emotional association, that words carry with them is a powerful tool in creating a tone. Two words can have the same denotation, or dictionary meaning, but one may be more positive or negative than the other may. Consider the difference in the words proud and arrogant, both of which mean "full of pride." WS# 1.0
  • 7. Using Descriptive Language Language is power! Using specific language to describe your world or explain yourself makes it easier for your audience to grasp your vision. Whether you are speaking to someone or writing about some aspect of a topic, use precise nouns, action verbs, vivid modifiers (adjectives, adverbs, comparisons), and sensory words to capture your audience's attention and to make your communication more lively. PRECISE NOUNS GENERAL SPECIFIC MORE SPECIFIC VIVID ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS Make your modifiers livelier! funny → amusing → hilarious heavy → weighty → ponderous well → adequately → expertly ACTIVE VERBS SENSORY WORDS Use words that appeal to the five senses: Sight: maroon, globular, flashy, radiant, serene Sound: clamor, gurgle, giggle Taste: tangy, ripe, peppery Smell: aromatic, dank, pungent Touch: crisp, gritty, damp Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano7 monster animal rain vampire amphibian storm Count Dracula bullfrog hurricane Maintain an active voice in your writing by choosing verbs that are descriptive. dashes or darts instead of runs quickly sauntered or lumbered instead of walked slowly WS# 1.2, 1.9
  • 8. Integrating Direct Quotations Anytime you directly use another writer’s words to support your conclusion, you are citing evidence, or quoting a source. This use of text passages, lines, or words can be integrated into your essay in one of the four ways. (1) Incorporated into the Sentence A creator always has an obligation to the thing he creates. This is clearly shown in the epigraph from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in which the monster seemingly cries out, “Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay to mould me Man? Did I solicit thee from darkness to promote me…?” (4). At his creation, the monster is a…. • Mark omission of the text by three periods (called an ellipsis) with a space between each (. . .). (2) Set-Up by the Previous Statement A creator always has an obligation tot he thing he creates. Mary Shelley clearly shows this in the epigraph for Frankenstein, an epigraph that reflects the monster’s point of view: “Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay to mould me Man? Did I solicit thee from darkness to promote me…?” (4). At his creation, the monster is a…. • Just giving a citation is not enough. You must say something about it before and after the citation. • The colon is used after a COMPLETE sentence. (3) Set Apart from the Main Text A creator always has an obligation to the thing he creates. As an epigraph for Frankenstein, Mary Shelley chose the following lines from Million’s Paradise Lost that reflect the creature’s point of view: “Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay to mould me Man? Did I solicit thee from darkness to promote me…?” (4). The constant pleas of the monster itself, though, provide the strongest evidence of the creator / creation obligation: How can I move thee? Will no entreaties cause thee to turn a favourable eye upon thy creature, who implores thy goodness and compassion? Believe me, Frankenstein: I was benevolent; my soul glowed with love and humanity: but am I not alone, miserably alone? You, my creator, abhor me; what hope can I gather from your fellow creatures, who owe me nothing? (100) At his creation, the monster is a…. • When quoting more than 4 lines, skip a line and double-indent • Continue your paragraph without indenting WS# 1.6 Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano8
  • 9. Integrating Direct Quotations - Poetry (4)Lines of Poetry Incorporating citations from poetry is very similar to the methods used to integrate prose. Make note of the following examples: Example A The first stanza of Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven” provides the starting point for the emotional irregularity that characterizes the speaker’s condition throughout the poem. The speaker pointedly shares that “[o]nce upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, / Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore - / While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping …” (lns. 1-3). Physically exhausted, Poe’s speaker … • Separate lines of poetry with a slash ( / ) for up to 3 or 4 lines, depending on the length of the lines • Use brackets [ ] when text is altered from its original form in order to flow naturally in the new sentence in which it is integrated • Refer to specific poem lines using the abbreviation “lns.” Example B The first stanza of Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven” provides the starting point for the emotional irregularity that characterizes the speaker’s condition throughout the poem. The speaker pointedly shares his frame of mind: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore – While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. (lns. 1-4). Physically exhausted, Poe’s speaker … • When quoting more than 4 lines, introduce and double-indent • Preserve the capitalization at the start of each sentence • Present the text exactly as the author intended it Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano9 Warning! Warning! Warning! Warning! WS# 1.6 AVOID THESE … Sentences that state, “The following quotation shows …” Sentences that begin, “A quote in the poem that proves this is …” Sentences that begin, “One example of this can be found in the passage …” Floating quotations – quotes that are not connected to any sentence The Horror! I can’t read these statements again! Save me! Very Important!
  • 10. Unity and Coherence in the Composition Maintaining unity in a paragraph necessitates that every sentence in a paragraph or every paragraph in a composition should be closely related to the topic. A strong paragraph will eliminate sentences that do not relate or help develop the paragraph’s main idea. Thus, a unified composition will only have paragraphs that are crucial to developing the thesis. Ask a peer reviewer to read the checklist below and keep it in mind as they listen. Maintaining coherence in a paragraph or composition not only requires unity, but also a logical, smooth, and natural flow from one idea to another. When this occurs, coherence has been established. There are three key ways to create coherence in a paragraph or multi- paragraph text: WS# 1.9 (1) Arrange ideas to achieve emphasis All the parts of the composition are not necessarily of equal importance in explaining your topic to your audience. How you arrange and develop the paragraphs in the body of the composition should, therefore, clearly indicate which ideas and details are most important. Place emphasis in one of these three ways: (1) direct statement (2) by position – first and last body paragraphs or weakest to strongest idea (3) by proportion – a topic may use several paragraphs if it has more value Coherence Unity Unity Checklist 1. Does every detail I have selected support the main idea? 2. Have I organized the supporting details in the most logical way? 3. Have I included any sentences that are unnecessary because they simply Restate the main point without adding any new information or meaning? 4. Have I made the relationships between my ideas clear? Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano10
  • 11. Maintaining Coherence Various Methods of organizing supporting details and the most common purposes for each are listed below. However, do not feel that you have to limit the organization of your writing to just what is shown here. Chronological Order Spatial Order Order of Importance Cause and Effect Comparison and Contrast Explanation Classification Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano11 Cause and Effect Explaining scientific findings Explaining a historical event Chronological Order Narrating a story Explaining a step-by-step process Relating a historical account Relating an incident or anecdoteSpatial Order Describing a scene or place Presenting facts, examples, reasons Writing persuasively Evaluating a subject Analyzing literature, a speech, etc. Defining a subject Order of Importance Classification WS# 1.9 (2) Arrange ideas to achieve coherence Body paragraphs should be well developed and arranged in a logical order. Use a pattern of organization that is appropriate to the composition purpose and the audience.
  • 12. Maintaining Coherence Words that can be used to show LOCATION: Against Among Away from Beneath Between Beyond In back of In front of Onto Over Throughout Under Words that can be used to show TIME: After As soon as At Before Finally First Immediately Meanwhile Second Then Third Tomorrow Until When Yesterday Words that can be used to show SIMILARITIES: Also As Furthermore Like Likewise Similarly Words that can be used to show DIFFERENCES: Although But Even though However On the other hand Yet Words that can be used to EMPHASIZE A POINT: Again For this reason In fact To emphasize To repeat Truly Words that can be used to CONCLUDE: As a result Finally In conclusion In summary Therefore To sum up Words that can be used to ADD INFORMATION: Additionally Also And Another Equally important Finally In addition Likewise Moreover Words that can be used to CLARIFY: For instance In other words Created by M. Smith & C. Tolisano12 (3) Connect your ideas to achieve coherence In an effective composition, the current of thought flows smoothly throughout the composition. Use one or more types of transitional words or phrases to connect ideas within and between paragraphs: (1) transitional expressions (see below) (2) direct pronoun references (3) repetition of key words WS# 1.9