The presentation summarized the history and key aspects of the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It discussed how the protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, committing industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The presentation outlined the emission reduction targets and trading programs established by the protocol, as well as future meetings planned to regulate violators. It concluded by stating the protocol was an important first step, but further negotiations are needed to deliver stronger emission reductions to address climate change.

1. National conference
Presentation on KYOTO PROTOCOL
PRESENTED BY:
Monika

2. PRE HISTORY…
As a first step in coordinated international climate policy a semi
political conference was held in Toronto in 1988.
Also in 1988 the so-called Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) was formed. The IPCC objective was to identify
potential impacts of global warming and to report what could be
done to mitigate or to adapt to climate change.
At the Rio Earth Summit in June 1992 the so-called Framework
Convention was signed by more than 150 countries.

4. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December
1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, aimed at fighting
global warming.
 As of September 2011, 191 states have signed and ratified the
protocol.
Under the Protocol, countries commit themselves to a reduction of
four greenhouse gases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons and
perfluorocarbons)

5. The Kyoto Protocol decided upon:
1) emission-reduction targets of greenhouse gases for each of
the member countries
2) a greenhouse gas emission-trading program
3) holding future meetings to set penalties for violators of the
established targets and regulation rules of the emission-trading
program

6. Kyoto Protocol: conference in Kyōto, Japan

7. The USP of kyoto Protocol
The major distinction between the Protocol and the
Convention is that while the Convention encouraged
industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the
Protocol commits them to do so.

8. Mechanisms of kyoto protocol
The Kyoto mechanisms are:
Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market" : trading of
emission allowances between countries.
Clean development mechanism (CDM) :promotes environmentally-
friendly foreign investments from industrialized countries into
developing countries.
Joint implementation (JI):allows developed countries to sponsor
foreign research to decrease emission levels in countries of economic
transition.
The mechanisms help stimulate green investment and help Parties
meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way.

9. 2xCO2 - Damages in different world regions
(in % of GDP)
European Union (EU) 1.4 Central Asia 5.2
USA 1.3 South and Southeast Asia 8.6
OECD America (without USA) 1.5 Africa 8.7
OECD Europe (without EU) 1.3 Latin America 4.3
OECD Pacific 2.8 Middle East 4.1
Eastern Europe - former USSR 0.7
2xCO2 - Damages in different world regions (in % of GDP)

12. •Annex I countries – industrialized countries and economies in transition
•Annex II countries – developed countries which pay for costs of developing countries
Annex I countries Annex II countries
There are 41 Annex I countries and the There are 23 Annex II countries and the
European Union is also a member. These European Union. Turkey was removed
countries are classified as industrialized from the Annex II list in 2001 at its request
countries and countries in transition: to recognize its economy as a transition
Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, economy. These countries are classified as
Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, developed countries which pay for costs
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, of developing countries:
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada,
Ireland, Italy, India, Japan, Latvia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New South Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States of America.
Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United
States of America.

13. The road ahead
The Kyoto Protocol is generally seen as an important first step
towards a truly global emission reduction regime that will stabilize
GHG emissions, and provides the essential architecture for any
future international agreement on climate change.
By the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol
in 2012, a new international framework needs to have been
negotiated and ratified that can deliver the stringent emission
reductions the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
has clearly indicated are needed.

14. References:
[Barrett, 1998] Barrett, S. (1998). Political economy of the Kyoto Protocol. Oxford
Review of Economic Policy, 14:20{39.
[Fankhauser, 1995] Fankhauser, S. (1995). Valuing Climate Change - The Economics of
the Greenhouse. Earthscan Publications.
[Hackl and Pruckner, 1999] Hackl, F. and Pruckner, G. J. (1999). How global is the
solution to global warming? Department of Economics, University of Linz, mimeo.
[IPCC, 1990] IPCC (1990). Climate Change: The IPCC Scienti¯c Assessment.
[IPCC, 1996] IPCC (1996). Climate Change 1995 - Economic ans Social Dimension of
Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
[Jacoby et al., 1998] Jacoby, H. D., Prinn, R. G., and Schmalensee, R. (1998). Kyoto's
unfinished business. Foreign Affairs, July/August.