1. Health and Safety
The term Health and Safety is generally used
to mean an employer should:
•Promote and maintain the mental, physical and
social well-being of employees
•Protect employees and others affected by an
organisation’s activities to harm from risk
•Establish a management framework to
implement policies and achieve continual
improvement in health and safety

2. Health: The protection of the bodies and
minds of people from illness resulting
from the materials, processes or
procedures used in the workplace
Safety: The protection of people from
physical injury

3. The differences between
Safety and Health
The borderline between Safety and health is
the ill-defined the two words are used
together to indicates concerns for the physical
and mental well-being of an individual in the
workplace

4. The differences between
Safety and Health
Safety Health
Slips, trips, falls Exposure to hazardous
Falls from height chemicals
Struck by vehicles Exposure to asbestos,
Contact with electricity dusts, etc.
Contact with moving Repetitive strain
parts injuries

5. Definitions used in
Health and Safety
Welfare
Looking after people’s basic needs
Environment
The surroundings in which an organisation
operates including land, air and water, natural
resources, flora, fauna, humans and their
interrelationships

6. Accident Definitions
An Accident
An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event which
results in a loss of some kind.
Near Miss (Incident)
An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event that had
the potential to result in a loss
Dangerous Occurrence (High Potential Near Miss)
A near miss with serious injury potential

7. Ill-health Definitions
Acute
Short term exposure with immediate effect,
usually reversible
Chronic
Repeated or long term exposure,
often irreversible

8. Hazard
Something with the potential to cause harm
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Ergonomic
Psychological

9. Risk
The likelihood that harm will occur and the
severity of the harm
The extent of risks
cover the population
affected and the
consequences for
them

10. Reasons for
Good Health & Safety Practice
Humanitarian/Moral
Ethical and responsible behaviour
Legal
Criminal and civil liability
Cost
The costs of injuries and ill-
health © TWI Gulf WLL 2008

11. Fatal Injuries by Cause UK
99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04
Falls from height 68 74 69 50 67
Struck by falling object 35 51 46 30 29
Hit by moving vehicle 34 64 39 39 44
Contact with machinery 14 19 22 21 11
Trapped by collapse or 16 40 8 11 7
overturning
Contact with electricity 18 14 12 15 13
Drowning/asphyxiation 7 6 11 8 21
Others 28 24 44 53 43
Total 220 292 251 227 235
© TWI Gulf WLL 2008

12. Worldwide Work-Related Disease Deaths (ILO)
Causes of death Number of deaths
attributed to occupation
Cancer 30+years 456,240
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease 200,025
15-60 years
Chronic respiratory disease 15+ years 275,000
Pneumoconiosis (Proportional estimate 36,000
from US figures)
Nervous system disorders 15+ years 12,080
Renal disorders (kidney disorders) 15+ years 13,100
Total 992,445
© TWI Gulf WLL 2008

13. Costs of Accidents at Work
Iceberg Model of Accident Costs:
… Visible Costs
Liability insurance
$1
Invisible Costs
$16-75

14. Hidden Costs of Accidents
Accident investigation Loss of reputation
Payments to injured Damage repair
person
Replacement plant
Payments non
productive time Compensation
Replacement labour Legal fees
Training Insurance
Business interruption

15. Employer’s Insurance
Compulsory in many
countries
£1 Insurance is increasingly
expensive
£8 - £36 In UK claims have increased
at about twice the rate of
premium increases
Limited liability which may
be linked to performance

16. Employer’s Insurance
© TWI Gulf WLL 2008

17. Benefits of Good Health and
Safety Practice
1) Increased levels of compliance
2) Improved production
3) Improved staff morale
4) Improved company reputation
5) Reduced accidents
6) Reduced ill health
7) Reduced damage to equipment
8) Reduced staff complaints
9) Reduced staff turnover
10) Reduced insurance premiums
11) Reduced fines and compensation claims

18. Safety Management Systems

19. Safety Management Systems
Plan
ISO 9001 P
Do D
Step 1 Step 2
ISO 14001 Establish standards for
health & safety
Implement plans to
management based on
achieve objectives
risk assessment and and standards
legal requirements
Plan
Do Step 4 Step 3
Check Review against
objectives and
Measure progress
with plans and
Act standards and take compliance with
Act appropriate action standards
A C
Check

20. Safety Management Systems
Policy
Organisation
Auditing Planning and
implementing
Measuring
performance
Reviewing
performance

21. Safety Management Systems
Policy: Health and Safety aims and objectives of the
organisation, and management commitment
Organisation: Clear roles and lines of responsibility,
competence, commitment and control, co-operation and
communication
Planning and Implementation: Identify hazards, assess risks
and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets
standards against which performance can be measured

22. Safety Management Systems
Measuring Performance: A means of determining the
extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are
being implemented and should be both reactive and
proactive
Reviewing: Analysing data gathered through monitoring to
see whether performance is adequate
Audit: Systematic critical examination of each stage of an
organisation’s management systems and procedures

23. Setting Policy for Health and Safety

24. Purpose of Safety Policy
1. Management Commitment to Safety
2. Organisation and Arrangements for
controlling work related hazards
3. Protect people from injury and ill-health
4. Comply with legal requirements
5. Manage health and safety on a cost effective
basis

25. Safety Policy
1) General Statement
Declaration of intent
What
2) The Organisation
Responsibilities
Who
3) Arrangements
Procedures
How

26. Statement of Intent
Demonstrates Management’s commitment to
health and safety and sets goals and objectives
• Signed by most senior person in organisation because:
• Shows management commitment
• Gives policy authority
• Person who signs it has ultimate responsibility

27. Organisation
To identify health and safety responsibilities and reporting lines
within the company
Directors and Senior Managers – setting policy and objectives
Line Managers – Implementing policy in their department
Supervisors – Checking compliance with the policy
Safety Advisors – Advising company on accident and safety
compliance
Employees – Responsibility for own and others safety
Fire Marshals – Ensure evacuation of building and roll calls
First Aiders – to provide first aid

28. Arrangements
Set out in detail the specific systems and procedures for
implementing the safety policy
• Risk Assessments
• Emergency Arrangements e.g. Fire, First Aid,
• Written Procedures, e.g. Permits
• Training Programmes, e.g. Manual Handling, Fork Lift Trucks
• Maintenance Information
• Information/Consultation
• Personal Protective Equipment

29. Safety Policy – Review/Revision
a) Accidents / Incidents
b) Changes in Organisation
c) Processes
d) Materials
e) Premises
f) Legislation
g) Work Patterns
h) Risk Assessments
i) Following Accident Investigation
j) Enforcement Action
k) Policy Review
l) Professional Advise

30. Communicating the Policy
Employers must bring the policy to Employees
attention. This can be done by:
•Displaying it on notice boards
•Introducing it on induction and training session
•Considering it on team briefings and tool box talks
•Using newsletters
•Inserts in wage slips
•Posters
•Build into safe systems and codes of practice
•Managers to discuss with workforce

31. Objectives and Targets
Objectives: General goals
Targets: Specific performance requirements
Importance to an organisation of setting targets:
Gives evidence on Management commitment and
motivates staff by giving them something to aim
for

32. Targets in Health and Safety
• Reduce/Zero Accidents
• Zero Prosecutions
• Reduced sickness absence
• Reduction in compensation claims
• Improve reporting of minor accidents
• Improve reporting of near misses
• Increase numbers trained in health and
safety
• Improve audit scores

33. Smart Goal Setting
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Timescale

34. Benchmarking
Advantages:
• Identifies key performance indicators
• Ensures monitoring procedures are effective
• Feeds back into continuous improvement
• Helps by learning lessons from others

35. Issues that could be used to benchmark
1. Existence and quality of health and safety policy
2. Staff roles and responsibilities clearly outlined
3. Documented health and safety plans measured
4. Reporting of accidents
5. Reporting of near misses
6. The quality of risk assessments
7. Type of training provided
8. Level of monitoring i.e. reactive and pro-active

36. Ineffective Health & Safety
Policies
• No commitment or leadership
• No annual objectives
• Health and Safety not given enough priority
• Insufficient resources provided
• Personnel do not understand aims
• Too much emphasis on employee
responsibility
• No measure of performance
• Management unaware of their role
• No training of management in their
responsibilities

37. Organising for Health and Safety
37

38. Roles and Responsibilities
• Employer
• Employees
• Self-employed
• Designers and manufacturers
38

39. Management’s Responsibilities for
Employees
1. Safe plant and equipment
2. Information, instruction, and training
3. Supervision
4. Safe place of work and access and egress
5. Safe environment and welfare facilities
6. Safety policy
7. Consult and inform employees
39

40. Management’s Responsibilities for
Employees
8. Risk Assessments
9. Effective health and safety management
10. Competent health and safety assistance
11. Health and surveillance
12. Serious and imminent danger
If employer is in control of premises:
• Safe premises
• Safe access and egress
• Safe plant or substances 40

41. Non employees include:
1. Contractors
2. Visitors
3. General public
4. Other employees
5. Trespassers
41

42. Precautions for visitors safety
• Signing in
• Providing identification badges
• Providing PPE
• Site induction e.g. Fire precautions
• Escorting visitor to area of work
• Remain with visitor or regular monitoring
• Escorting visitor back to reception area
• Signing out visitor and removing badge
42

43. Duties of Employees
a) Not to endanger themselves and others
b) Co-operation with their employer
c) Not to interfere with anything provided for safety
d) Follow instructions and training given
e) Inform Employer of dangers and problems with
health and safety arrangements
43

44. Risk Assessment
44

45. INTRODUCTION
• The concept of risk assessment requires to take
reasonably practicable precautions to safeguard
staff and everyone else who may be affected by the
operations.
• The risk assessment should be based on a balanced
judgement of the extent and realisation of the risk
against time, trouble and cost of the steps required
to remove or reduce it.
• If the cost is grossly disproportionate, then the
company is entitled to say that the steps proposed
are not reasonably practicable.
45

46. Risk Assessment: Definitions
Hazard:
Something with the potential to cause harm
Risk:
The likelihood that harm will
occur
The extent of risks cover the
population affected and the
consequences for them
46

47. Risk Assessment – 5 Steps
1) Identify the Hazards
2) Decide who may be harmed
and how
3) Evaluate risks & existing
precautions
4) Record the findings
5) Review Assessments
47

48. Risk Assessment – 5 Steps
Select a site Step 1
Known or Unknown Identify hazards
associated with site
Step 3 Step 2
Evaluate the risk arising Decide who & what might
From the hazard & evaluate be harmed and how
Existing precautions
Step 4 Step 5
Record assessment Review assessment
by writing out plan
48

49. 1) Identify the hazards
• Workplace inspections
• Task observation
• Job safety analysis
• Accident, ill-health or near
miss data
• Documentation
• Consultation with the
workforce
49

50. Hazard Identification
50

51. Hazard Identification
51

52. 2) Who may be harmed & how?
• What are the Hazards?
• How likely to occur?
• Consequences?
• Number of people?
• Frequency/Duration?
• Effects of exposure?
• Competence?
• Existing Controls?
52

53. Severity and Likelihood
Severity Likelihood
1) Minor no lost time 1) Very unlikely
2) Under 3 days 2) Unlikely
3) Over 3 days 3) Likely
4) Disabling injury 4) Very likely
5) Fatality 5) Certain, imminent
1-7 Low risk 8-14 Medium risk 15-25 High risk
53

54. Risk Matrix
LIKELIHOOD
S
E
1 2 3 4 5
V
E 2 4 6 8 10
R 3 15
I 20
T
Y 54

55. Likelihood & Severity Exercise
55

56. Likelihood & Severity Exercise
56

57. Likelihood & Severity Exercise
57

58. 3) Evaluate risks and decide
whether existing precautions are
adequate
• The effectiveness of the existing precautions
Workplace precautions
Risk control systems
• An estimation of the risk
• What further actions necessary to eliminate
risk
58

59. 4) Record the Significant findings
• The significant hazards
• People affected
• Adequacy of controls
• Further actions required
59

60. 5) Review Risk Assessment
Circumstance requiring RA Review
• Accidents
• Changes in Process
• Changes in Work Methods
• Changes in Materials
• New Plant or Technology
• New Information
• Changes in Legislation
• Prosecutions/Enforcement notices
• Changes in Personnel
• Monitoring Results not as expected
60

61. Risk Assessment Summary
Factors to be considered:
• Tasks/activities
• Hazards involved
• Likelihood and severity of harm
• Frequency and duration of activity
• Number of employees involved
• Frequency of exposure
• Competence of employees doing task
• Competence of risk assessor
• Evaluation of existing control measures
• Review/monitoring provision
61

62. Principles of Control
62

63. Principles of Prevention
• Avoid risks (eliminate hazards)
• Evaluate risks (risk assessments)
• Combat risks at source (enclose noisy equipment)
• Adapt to individual (design of workplace)
• Adapt to technical progress (automate tasks)
• Implement Risk prevention measures
• Priority to collective measures
• Ensure workers understand what they must do
• Promote a positive safety culture
63

64. Hazard Control Strategy
Hierarchy of control definition:
A preferred series of measures to control risks in order of
priority starting with elimination and ending with discipline.
E liminate: Remove trailing cable
R eduction: Use lower voltage tools
I solate: Guard dangerous machinery
C ontrol: Reduce time/frequency of exposure
P ersonal Protective Equipment: Issue PPE
D iscipline: Enforce rules and procedures
64

65. Permit to Work
Definition: A Permit to Work procedure is a formal written
system used to control certain types of work which are
potentially hazardous
Work requiring permits
•Confined spaces
•Hot work/Cold work
•Electrical
65

66. Design of Permits to Work (1)
Permit Title Permit Number
Date
1) Job Location/Plant Identification
2) Description of work
3) Time limits
4) Description of hazards
5) Tests and checks prior to work commencing
6) Further precautions: emergency procedures, PPE,
etc.
66

67. Design of Permit to Work (2)
7) Authorisation: Signature by competent person
confirming that isolations and precautions have been
carried out
8) Acceptance: Signature of person in charge of work
confirming understanding of work to be done, hazards
involved and precautions required
9) Time Extensions/Shift Change procedures
10) Hand Back: Confirming work completed
11) Cancellation: Confirming work satisfactorily
completed
Note: All signatures to be legible
67

68. Confined Spaces
68

69. Safe Working in Confined Spaces
Definition of Confined Space:
Any enclosed space, where there is
a reasonably foreseeable specified
risk associated with that enclosed
space. Includes chambers, tanks,
vats, silos, pits, trenches, pipes,
sewers, flues, wells or other similar
spaces.
69

70. Specified Risks of Confined Spaces
• Serious injury from fire or explosion
• Increased body temperature resulting in
unconsciousness
• Unconsciousness or asphyxiation resulting from
work exposure to gas, fume, vapour, lack of oxygen
• Drowning from rising liquid level
• Asphyxiation from a free flowing solid
• Entrapment in the free flowing solid which prevents
escape to a respirable environment
70

71. Confined Space Hazards
•Previous contents of confined space (Chemical/biological)
•Are there any residues
•What cleaning materials are being used
•Reactions between residues and cleaning materials
•Could there be an oxygen deficient/enrichment atmosphere
•Could there be an explosive/toxic atmosphere
•What are the access and egress facilities
•What tools and equipment need to be used
•What are physical dimensions of confined space
•Structural collapse
71

72. Safe System for Working
in Confined Spaces
• Permit to work
• • P.P.E.
Emptying
• Isolation • Communication
• Atmospheric tests • Competent staff
• Suitable Access & egress • Supervision
• Suitable tools/equipment • Emergency arrangements
• Lighting
72

73. Monitoring, Review & Audit

74. Measuring Performance
• This helps you know whether targets have been
met or whether you are complying with the law.
• Typically, a combination of reactive and active
monitoring techniques are used to gather
performance data.
Reactive monitoring (after the event)
e.g. accident statistics/investigations
Active monitoring (before the event)
e.g. inspections , audits

75. Reasons for Monitoring
• Identify sub-standard H & S practices
• Identify Trends
• Compare actual performance against targets
• To benchmark
• Identify use and effectiveness of control measures
• Make decisions on suitable remedial measures
• Set priorities and establish realistic timescales
• Assess compliance with legal requirements
• Provide information to Board, Committees etc.

76. Monitoring Health and Safety
Reactive Monitoring
• Examining accident figures
• Claims records
• Number of defects reported
• Prosecutions
• Enforcement notices

77. Health and Safety Monitoring
Pro-active Monitoring
• Safety Audit
• Safety Inspections
• Safety Surveys
• Safety Tour
• Safety Sampling
• Benchmarking
• HAZOPS
• Health Surveillance

78. Safety Audit
A safety audit is a thorough, critical examination of an organisation’s
safety management systems and procedures.
It is normally a lengthy process carried out by a trained auditor, often
someone from outside the organisation looking at the strengths and
weaknesses of the organisation.
It is a structured way of assessing the health and safety performance of
an organisation by supplying answers to a series of questions and often
involves a scoring system so that improvements can be made.

79. Pre - Audit Preparation & Procedure
• Setting audit objectives
• Selecting the audit team
• Requirements from auditees
• Information gathering
• Interviews
• Draw conclusions
• Report and presentation
• Action by the organisation

80. Safety Audit Documents
Documents looked at during audits include:
•Safety policy
•Safety procedures
•Risk assessments
•Training records
•Inspection records
•Previous audit reports
•Safety committee minutes
•Accident reports and procedure