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Variation 1 Within a species there is usually a great deal of variation between individuals
7 What variations can you see ? There are variations in skin colour, hair colour,  hair curliness, eye colour and sex Human variations
8 Variations may be inherited or acquired ,[object Object],-They are genetically controlled - Genetically controlled variations cannot be altered For example, hair colour, skin colour*, blood group, finger prints and sex cannot be changednaturally Acquired & inherited
9 Acquired characteristics result from an individual’s activities or nutrition or from environmental conditions during a lifetime Examples of acquired conditions in humans are*     -language                 -obesity    -athletic skills           -mental skills    -body building          -sun tan -Acquired characteristics cannot be inherited Acquired characteristics
10 -The next side shows apples collected from different positions on the same tree -The differences between the apples are acquired during  the growing season -The differences will not be inherited
11 North side, upper branches South side upper branches South side, lower branches North side, lower branches © Horticultural Research International Apples
12 ,[object Object],the tree might have caused the differences in size of the  apples ? -The upper branches will receive more sunlight than the  lower branches, but on the North side the sunlight would  have been less intense -The lower branches will receive less sunlight because of the shade cast by the upper branches. This effect will be  more pronounced on the North side Environmental conditions
13 ,[object Object],and environmental effects. -For example your height will depend on what genes  you inherit and the amount of food you get during your  growing period -You may inherit a good physique but unless you take  exercise you will not develop to your full potential -You may inherit the genes to make the pigment, melanin,  in your skin but you will need to expose your skin to  sunlight to acquire a tan  Heredity & environment
14 Discontinuous variation ,[object Object],They cannot be altered by external conditions. ,[object Object]
Your ABO blood group is either A, B, AB or O
Genetic defects such as colour blindness, albinism,achondroplastic dwarfism, sickle cell anaemia are all  Genetically controlled and expressed in a discontinuous way. ,[object Object],intermediate states Discontinuous variation
15 percentage in population of Britain Discontinuous variation in blood group. The figures cannot be made to fit a smooth curve because there are no intermediates Blood groups
16 Continuous variation -Continuous variation is influenced by genes and environment,  resulting in a range of phenotypes between two extremes, e.g. height in humans. -For example, there is every shade of hair colour between black and blond. People do not belong to one or other of a small number of distinct categories. -Variations such as these are under genetic control but there are  several pairs of genes involved. -The genome AA BB CC DD might give black hair while the  genome aa bb cc dd might give blond hair.* -Genomes AaBbCcDd or AABbCCdd or aaBBccDd and all the  other possible combinations would give intermediate colours
17 There are as  many categories of hair colour as there are children Hair colour variation
18 Continuous variation also occurs when the characteristics are controlled by the genesand the environment -Your height will depend on the genes you inherit and on  the amount of food you eat during your growing period  The next slide shows the range of heights of army recruits Continuous variation
19 thousands of men height in inches There seem to be distinct categories of height but this is because measurements are made to the nearest inch Graph of heights
20 If measurements could  be made to the nearest millimetre there would be a smooth transition in the heights
21 This is how continuous variation would appear in a graph
22 Question 1 Which of these statements are correct? (a) Wild plants of the same species do not vary (b) There is always variation between individuals        of the same species (c) Individuals in the same species may show variations (d) Daschunds and greyhounds are varieties of the same       species
23 Question 2 Variations in an individual’s weight… (a) are entirely genetically controlled (b) result exclusively from the amount of food        taken in (c) are the result of  food intake and genes (d) are the result of chance
24 Question 3 Which of the following can be changed by conditions  other than genetic? Blood group (b) Weight (c) Physique (d) Finger prints
25 Question 4 Which of the following are acquired characteristics ? Lung cancer (b) Athleticism (c) Curly hair (d) Big feet

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Powerpoint variation

  • 1. Variation 1 Within a species there is usually a great deal of variation between individuals
  • 2. 7 What variations can you see ? There are variations in skin colour, hair colour, hair curliness, eye colour and sex Human variations
  • 3.
  • 4. 9 Acquired characteristics result from an individual’s activities or nutrition or from environmental conditions during a lifetime Examples of acquired conditions in humans are* -language -obesity -athletic skills -mental skills -body building -sun tan -Acquired characteristics cannot be inherited Acquired characteristics
  • 5. 10 -The next side shows apples collected from different positions on the same tree -The differences between the apples are acquired during the growing season -The differences will not be inherited
  • 6. 11 North side, upper branches South side upper branches South side, lower branches North side, lower branches © Horticultural Research International Apples
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. Your ABO blood group is either A, B, AB or O
  • 11.
  • 12. 15 percentage in population of Britain Discontinuous variation in blood group. The figures cannot be made to fit a smooth curve because there are no intermediates Blood groups
  • 13. 16 Continuous variation -Continuous variation is influenced by genes and environment, resulting in a range of phenotypes between two extremes, e.g. height in humans. -For example, there is every shade of hair colour between black and blond. People do not belong to one or other of a small number of distinct categories. -Variations such as these are under genetic control but there are several pairs of genes involved. -The genome AA BB CC DD might give black hair while the genome aa bb cc dd might give blond hair.* -Genomes AaBbCcDd or AABbCCdd or aaBBccDd and all the other possible combinations would give intermediate colours
  • 14. 17 There are as many categories of hair colour as there are children Hair colour variation
  • 15. 18 Continuous variation also occurs when the characteristics are controlled by the genesand the environment -Your height will depend on the genes you inherit and on the amount of food you eat during your growing period The next slide shows the range of heights of army recruits Continuous variation
  • 16. 19 thousands of men height in inches There seem to be distinct categories of height but this is because measurements are made to the nearest inch Graph of heights
  • 17. 20 If measurements could be made to the nearest millimetre there would be a smooth transition in the heights
  • 18. 21 This is how continuous variation would appear in a graph
  • 19. 22 Question 1 Which of these statements are correct? (a) Wild plants of the same species do not vary (b) There is always variation between individuals of the same species (c) Individuals in the same species may show variations (d) Daschunds and greyhounds are varieties of the same species
  • 20. 23 Question 2 Variations in an individual’s weight… (a) are entirely genetically controlled (b) result exclusively from the amount of food taken in (c) are the result of food intake and genes (d) are the result of chance
  • 21. 24 Question 3 Which of the following can be changed by conditions other than genetic? Blood group (b) Weight (c) Physique (d) Finger prints
  • 22. 25 Question 4 Which of the following are acquired characteristics ? Lung cancer (b) Athleticism (c) Curly hair (d) Big feet
  • 23. 26 Question 5 Discontinuous variations are … (a) inherited (b) not inherited (c) a combination of inherited and acquired factors (d) acquired during a lifetime
  • 24. Question 6 27 Which of the following are examples of continuous variation ? (a) Height (b) Weight (c) Sex (d) Intelligence