1. The Language Of
Medicine
10 edition
th
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2. Chapter 7
Urinary System
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2

3. Chapter Goals

Name essential organs of the urinary system and
describe their locations and functions.

Identify common pathological conditions.

Recognize how urinalysis is used and interpreted as a
diagnostic test.

Define urinary-system-related combining forms,
prefixes, and suffixes.
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3

4. Chapter Goals (cont’d)

List and explain clinical procedures, laboratory tests,
and abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system.

Understand medical terms in their proper contexts,
such as medical reports and records.
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5. Chapter 7
Lesson 7.1
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5

6. Introduction

Nitrogenous wastes

Urea

Creatinine

Uric acid
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6

7. Introduction (cont’d)

Functions of the kidney



Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine; about 200
quarts of blood are filtered every day to form 2 quarts
of urine
Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium,
potassium), and acids
Release hormones:
 Renin:
enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood
pressure
 Erythropoietin
(EPO): hormone that stimulates red blood cell
production in the bone marrow
 Calciferol:
active form of vitamin D necessary for the
absorption of calcium from the intestine

Degrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream
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8. Anatomy of the Major Organs
Organs of the urinary
system in a male
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9. Anatomy of the
Major Organs (cont’d)
Organs of the urinary
system in a male
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9

10. Anatomy of the
Major Organs (cont’d)
Female urinary system
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10

11. Anatomy of the
Major Organs (cont’d)
Female urinary system
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11

12. QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is voiding?
A.
Nitrogenous waste
B.
Urination
C.
Outer section of the kidney
D.
Triangular area in the
bladder
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13. How Kidneys Produce Urine
 Blood
enters the
kidneys through
the right and left
renal arteries
 Arterioles carry
blood to the
capillaries
 Glomeruli filter
the blood
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13

14. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
 Blood
enters the
kidneys through
the right and left
renal arteries
 Arterioles carry
blood to the
capillaries
 Glomeruli filter
the blood
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14

15. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule

Blood passes through
the glomeruli

Glomerular (Bowman)
capsule surrounds each
glomerulus

Renal tubule is
attached to each
Bowman capsule
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16. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule

Blood passes through the
glomeruli

Glomerular (Bowman)
capsule surrounds each
glomerulus

Renal tubule is attached
to each Bowman capsule
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16

17. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Three steps in the
formation of urine
Glomerular
filtration
Tubular
reabsorption
Tubular
secretion
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18. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Three steps in the
formation of urine
Glomerular
filtration
Tubular
reabsorption
Tubular
secretion
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18

19. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
 The
glomerulus and
a renal tubule
combine to form a
unit called a
nephron.
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20. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
 The
glomerulus and
a renal tubule
combine to form a
unit called a
nephron.
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20

21. QUICK QUIZ:
2.
Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney?
A.
100,000,000
B.
10,000,000
C.
1,000,000
D.
100,000
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21

22. How Kidneys Produce Urine
All collecting tubules lead
to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are
small, cup-like regions of
the renal pelvis; the term
comes from the Greek,
kalux, meaning a cup or
case surrounding a flower
bud
Illustration shows section of kidney
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22

23. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
All collecting tubules lead
to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are
small, cuplike regions of
the renal pelvis; the term
comes from the Greek,
kalux, meaning a cup or
case surrounding a flower
bud
Illustration shows section of kidney
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23

24. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Process of forming
and expelling urine
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24

25. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Process of forming
and expelling urine
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25

26. Vocabulary

arteriole

calyx or calix
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27. Vocabulary (cont’d)
 arteriole
Small artery
 calyx
Cuplike collecting region of the renal
pelvis; the term comes from the
Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case
surrounding a flower bud
or calix
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27

28. Vocabulary (cont’d)

catheter

cortex

creatinine
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29. Vocabulary (cont’d)
 catheter
Tube for injecting or
removing fluids
 cortex
Outer region of an organ
 creatinine
Nitrogenous waste
excreted in urine
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30. Vocabulary (cont’d)

electrolyte

erythropoietin (EPO)
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31. Vocabulary (cont’d)
 electrolyte
 erythropoietin
(EPO)
Chemical element that
carries an electrical
charge when dissolved
in water.
Hormone secreted by the
kidney to stimulate
production of red blood
cells by bone marrow;
-poietin means a
substance that forms.
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31

32. Vocabulary (cont’d)

filtration

glomerular
capsule

glomerulus

hilum
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32

33. Vocabulary (cont’d)

filtration

glomerular
capsule

hilum
Enclosing structure surrounding each
glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule
glomerulus

Process whereby some substances pass through
a filter
Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney
Depression in the part of an organ where blood
vessels and nerves enter and leave; comes
from the Latin meaning a small thing
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33

34. Vocabulary (cont’d)

kidney

meatus

medulla
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35. Vocabulary (cont’d)
 kidney
One of two bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogenous
waste from the bloodstream to form urine
Opening or canal
 meatus
Inner region of an organ; the term comes from the
Latin, medulla, meaning marrow
 medulla
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35

36. Vocabulary (cont’d)

nephron

nitrogenous waste
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36

37. Vocabulary (cont’d)
 nephron
The functional unit of the
kidney where filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion
take place
Substance containing nitrogen
 nitrogenous
waste
and excreted in urine;
examples are urea, uric acid,
and creatinine
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37

38. Vocabulary (cont’d)

potassium (K+)

reabsorption

renal artery
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39. Vocabulary (cont’d)
 potassium
(K+) An electrolyte regulated
by the kidney
 reabsorption
 renal
artery
Renal tubules return
materials necessary to
the body back into the
bloodstream
Blood vessel that carries
blood to the kidney
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39

40. Vocabulary (cont’d)

renal pelvis

renal tubules

renal vein
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40

41. Vocabulary (cont’d)
 renal
pelvis
Central collection region
in the kidney
 renal
tubules
Microscopic tubes in the
kidney where urine is
formed after filtration
 renal
vein
Blood vessel that carries
blood away from the
kidney
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41

42. Vocabulary (cont’d)

renin

sodium (Na+)

trigone
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43. Vocabulary (cont’d)

renin
Hormone secreted by the kidney that raises
blood pressure

sodium (Na+)
An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine
by the kidneys; a common form of sodium is
sodium chloride (salt)

trigone
Triangular area in the urinary bladder
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43

44. Vocabulary (cont’d)
 urea
 ureter
 urethra
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44

45. Vocabulary (cont’d)
 urea
Major nitrogenous waste
excreted in urine
 ureter
One of two tubes leading from
the kidneys to the urinary
bladder
 urethra
Tube leading from the urinary
bladder to the outside of the
body
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45

46. Vocabulary (cont’d)
 uric
acid
 urinary
bladder
 urination
(voiding)
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47. Vocabulary (cont’d)

uric acid
Nitrogenous waste product
excreted in the urine

urinary
bladder
Hollow, muscular sac that holds
and stores urine

urination
(voiding)
Process of expelling urine; also
called micturition
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48. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
cali/o, calic/o
Meaning
_________
cyst/o
_________
glomerul/o
_________
meat/o
_________
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49. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
cali/o, calic/o
Meaning
calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o
urinary bladder
glomerul/o
glomerulus
meat/o
meatus
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49

50. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form Terminology
cyst/o
cystitis
Meaning
________________
Bacterial infections often
cause acute or chronic
cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a
result of mucosal hemorrhage
(see figure, Acute cystitis).
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51. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
cyst/o
Terminology
Meaning
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
Bacterial infections often
cause acute or chronic
cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a
result of mucosal hemorrhage
(see figure, Acute cystitis).
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52. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
nephr/o
___________
pyel/o
Meaning
___________
ren/o
trigon/o
____________
____________
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53. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
nephr/o
kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
Meaning
kidney
trigon/o
trigone
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54. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
nephr/o
Terminology
Meaning
hydronephrosis
_________________
Obstruction of urine flow may be
caused by renal calculi (stones) as
shown in the figure. Notice the buildup
of excess fluid in the kidney.
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55. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
nephr/o
Terminology
hydronephrosis
Meaning
Condition of excess fluid
(water) in the kidney
Obstruction of urine flow may be
caused by renal calculi (stones) as
shown in the figure. Notice the buildup
of excess fluid in the kidney.
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55

56. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
ureter/o
__________
urethr/o
__________
vesic/o
Meaning
__________
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56

57. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
Meaning
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
vesic/o
urinary bladder
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57

58. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Combining Form
albumin/o
azot/o
bacteri/o
dips/o
Meaning
________
________
________
________
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58

59. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Combining Form
Meaning
albumin/o
albumin
azot/o
nitrogen
bacteri/o
bacteria
dips/o
thirst
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59

60. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Combining Form or Suffix
Meaning
kal/o
__________
ket/o, keton/o
__________
lith/o
__________
natr/o
__________
noct/o
olig/o
__________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
________
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61. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Combining Form or Suffix
Meaning
kal/o
potassium
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies
lith/o
stone
natr/o
sodium
noct/o
olig/o
night
scanty
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62. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Combining Form or Suffix
Meaning
-poietin
__________
py/o
__________
-tripsy
__________
ur/o
__________
-uria
__________
urin/o
__________
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63. Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Combining Form or Suffix
Meaning
-poietin
substance that forms
py/o
pus
-tripsy
to crush
ur/o
urea
-uria
urination; urine condition
urin/o
urine
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64. Urinalysis
Tests included in a urinalysis
1.
Color
2.
Appearance
3.
pH
4.
Protein
5.
Glucose
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65. Urinalysis (cont’d)
Tests included in a urinalysis
6.
Specific gravity
7.
Ketone bodies
8.
Sediment
9.
Phenylketonuria
10.
Bilirubin
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65

66. QUICK QUIZ:
3.
In a urinalysis, what does the test of specific gravity
reflect?
A. The chemical nature of urine
B. The presence of albumin
C. Blood in the urine
D. The amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the
urine
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67. Chapter 7
Lesson 7.2
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68. Pathologic Conditions
Kidney

Glomerulonephritis

Interstitial nephritis

Nephrolithiasis

Nephrotic syndrome

Polycystic kidneys (PKD)
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69. Pathologic Conditions
Kidney

Polycystic
kidney
disease
(PKD)
PKD—The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically
polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their
usual weight.
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70. Pathologic Conditions
(cont’d)
Kidney

Pyelonephritis

Renal cell carcinoma

Renal failure

Renal hypertension

Wilms tumor
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71. Pathologic Conditions (cont'd)
Kidney

Renal cell
carcinoma
(Hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor
of the kidney
in adulthood
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72. Pathologic Conditions
(cont’d)
Urinary bladder

Bladder cancer
Associated conditions

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

Diabetes mellitus (DM)
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73. QUICK QUIZ:
4.
A term that means frequent (voluntary) urination at night
is:
A.
anuria
B.
nocturia
C.
diuresis
D.
hematuria
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74. Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures
Laboratory tests

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Creatinine clearance test
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75. Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures
X-ray Studies

CT urography

Kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

Renal angiography

Retrograde pyelogram (RP)

Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
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76. Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)

CT-Computed tomography
The scan with contrast shows a benign
cyst on the kidney.
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77. Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Voiding cystourethrogram

(VCUG)showing a normal female urethra.
The bladder is filled with contrast material,
followed by x-ray imaging.
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78. Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures
Ultrasound examination

Ultrasonography: imaging urinary tract structures using high
frequency sound waves
Radioactive studies

Radioisotope scan: image of kidney after injecting a
radioisotope into the bloodstream
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79. Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures
Magnetic imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urography:
A changing magnetic field produces images of an organ and
surrounding structures in three planes of the body
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80. Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Other clinical procedures

Cystoscopy

Dialysis

Lithotripsy

Renal angioplasty

Renal biopsy

Renal transplantation

Urinary catheterization
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81. Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Cytoscopy—direct visual examination of
urinary bladder with an endoscope
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82. Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Hemodialysis (HD)
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83. Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
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83

84. Abbreviations










ADH
AKI
ARF
BILI
BUN
Ccr
CAPD
Cath
CCPD
CKD
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
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85. Abbreviations (cont’d)










ADH
ARF
AKI
BILI
BUN
Ccr
CAPD
Cath
CCPD
CKD
Antidiuretic hormone
Acute renal failure
Acute renal injury
Bilirubin
Blood urea nitrogen
Creatinine clearance
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Catheter; catheterization
Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
Chronic kidney disease
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86. Abbreviations (cont’d)

CL-
_____________________

CrCl
_____________________

CRF
_____________________

C&S
_____________________

Cysto
_____________________

eGFR
_____________________

ESRD
_____________________

ESWL
_____________________

HCO3- _____________________

HD
_____________________

IC
_____________________
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87. Abbreviations (cont’d)

CL-
Chloride, a kidney excretion

CrCl
Creatinine clearance

CRF
Chronic renal failure

C&S
Culture and sensitivity testing

Cysto

eGFR
Estimated glomerular filtration rate


ESRD
ESWL
End-stage renal disease
Extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy

HCO3- Bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney

HD
IC

Cystoscopic examination
Hemodialysis
Interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
87

88. Abbreviations (cont’d)











IVP
K+
KUB
Na+
PD
pH
PKU
sp gr
UA
UTI
VCUG
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
88

89. Abbreviations (cont’d)

IVP
Intravenous pyelogram

K+
Potassium, an electrolyte

KUB
Kidney ureter and bladder

Na+
Sodium, an electrolyte

PD
Peritoneal dialysis

pH
Potential hydrogen; degree of acidity or alkalinity

PKU
Phenylketonuria

sp gr
Specific gravity

UA
Urinalysis

UTI
Urinary tract infection

VCUG
Voiding cystourethrogram
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
89

90. QUICK QUIZ:
5.
The abbreviation RP is associated with which of the
following?
A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal
cavity and then drained out.
B. Contrast is injected into the urinary
bladder and ureters, and x-rays are
taken of the urinary tract.
C. Nitrogenous wastes are removed from
the patient’s blood.
D. An electrolyte is secreted by renal
tubules.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
90

91. Review Sheet
Combining forms
albumino/o ____________
angi/o
____________
azot/o
____________
bacteri/o
____________
cali/o, calic/o
____________
cyst/o
____________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
91

92. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
albumino/o albumin (protein)
angi/o
vessel (blood)
azot/o
urea; nitrogen
bacteri/o
bacteria
cali/o, calic/o
calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o
urinary bladder
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
92

93. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
dips/o
____________
glomerul/o ____________
glycos/o
____________
hydr/o
____________
isch/o
____________
kal/o
____________
ket/o; keton/o
____________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
93

94. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
dips/o
thirst
glomerul/o glomerulus
glycos/o
sugar
hydr/o
water
isch/o
to hold back; back
kal/o
potassium
ket/o; keton/o
ketones; acetones
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
94

95. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
lith/o
____________
meat/o
____________
natr/o
____________
necr/o
____________
nephr/o
____________
noct/o
____________
ogli/o
____________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
95

96. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
lith/o
stone
meat/o
meatus
natr/o
sodium
necr/o
death
nephr/o
kidney
noct/o
night
ogli/o
scanty
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
96

97. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
py/o
pyel/o
ren/o
trigon/o
ur/o
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
97

98. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
py/o
pus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
trigon/o
ur/o
trigone
urine; urinary tract
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
98

99. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
ureter/o
____________
urethr/o
____________
urin/o
____________
vesic/o
____________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
99

100. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
urin/o
urine
vesic/o
urinary bladder
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
100

101. Review Sheet
Suffixes
-ectasis
______________
-ectomy
______________
-emia
______________
-esis
______________
-gram
______________
-lithiasis
______________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
101

102. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes
-ectasis
stretching; dilation
-ectomy
removal; excision
-emia
blood condition
-esis
condition
-gram
record
-lithiasis
condition of stones
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
102

103. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes
-lithotomy
____________________
-lysis
______________
-megaly
______________
-ole
-osis
-pathy
______________
______________
______________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
103

104. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes
-lithotomy
incision for removal of a stone
-lysis
breakdown
-megaly
enlargement
-ole
little; small
-osis
condition
-pathy
disease
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
104

105. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes
-plasty
_________________
-poietin
_______________
-ptosis
_______________
-rrhea
-sclerosis
-stomy
_______________
_______________
___________________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
105

106. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes
-plasty
surgical repair
-poietin
substance that forms
-ptosis
droop; sag
-rrhea
-sclerosis
-stomy
flow; discharge
hardening
new opening (to form a mouth)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
106

107. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes
-tomy
_____________
-tripsy
___________
-uria
___________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
107

108. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes
-tomy
process of cutting
-tripsy
to crush
-uria
urination
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
108

109. Review Sheet
Prefixes
a-, an-
_____________
anti- _____________
dia- _____________
dys-
_____________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
109

110. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Prefixes
a-, an- not; without
anti-
again
dia-
complete
dys-
bad; painful
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
110

111. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Prefixes
en-
__________
peri-
__________
poly-
__________
retro-
__________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
111

112. Review Sheet (cont’d)
Prefixes
en-
in; within
peri-
surrounding
poly-
many, much
retro-
behind; back
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
112

113. QUICK QUIZ:
6.
The combining form dips/o means:
A.
stone
B.
scanty
C.
thirst
D.
water
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
113

114. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
7.
Which combining form means pus?
A.
pyel/o
B.
lith/o
C.
ogli/o
D.
py/o
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
114

115. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
8. The combining form isch/o means:
A.
scanty
B.
to hold back; back
C.
night
D.
trigon
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
115