Various technologies in IPv4 and IPv6.It also includes the relationships between these two and migration from previous to later

1. Advanced Networking and ApplicationsCST 451-1 UvaWellassa University Badulla Sri Lanka

2. Contents IP4 Problems of IP4 Network address translation IPV6 What’s Good about IP6 IPv6 address notation Types of addresses IPV4 address in IP6 IPv6 unicast IPv6 multicast IPv6 anycast IPv6 special address IPv6 ready applications Transition plan Migration to IPv6 Communication between ipv4 and IPv6

3. IPv4 Forth revision of development of Internet Protocol(IP) Most widely used protocol at present Connection-less protocol used on packet-switched Link Layer networks A system of addresses To identify devices 32 bits 232 combinations Nearly 4.3 billion Not enough and more addresses are needed

5. Will be exhausted in near future2.Increasing routing information - Rapid growth of routing tables in backbones 3. Increasing the number of Network Address Translation (NAT) - Breaking the Internet architecture

6. Problems of IPv4 4.Security issues - Number of ways to encrypt IPv4 traffic Example: IPSec - No real standard encryption method 5.Real-time delivery of multimedia content and necessary bandwidth allocation Quality of Service (QoS) Different interpretations QoS compliant devices are not compatible one another

7. Network Address Translation(NAT) Allows to maintain public IP addresses and private IP addresses separately Also used in server load balancing This operates in side the router Maintains an address pool First the destination is checked The address is translated The network address information in the datagram is modified

8. How NAT works??? NAT

9. IPv6 Next development version of Internet protocol Address size is 128 bits IPv6 address representation xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx Each x is a 4bit hexadecimal digit IPv6 addresses range from 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff.

10. IPv6 Two other formats Omit leading zeros Specify IPv6 addresses by omitting leading zeros E.g. : 1050:0000:0000:0000:0005:0600:300c:326b can be written as 1050:0:0:0:5:600:300c:326b Double colon Specify IPv6 addresses by using double colons (::) in place of a series of zeros E.g. : ff06:0:0:0:0:0:0:c3 may be written as ff06::c3 Double colons can be used only once in one IP address

11. What’s Good about IPv6? Bigger address space 128 bits for addressing No NATs are needed Allows full IP connectivity For Computers, Mobile devices Mobility Facility for mobile devices Allows roaming between different networks

12. What’s Good about IPv6? Built-in security Includes Ipsec Authentication Encryption Compression

13. IPv6 address notation Three possible notation types Depends on content of address you need represent 1.Standard notation - Represent the address as eight 16-bit hexadecimal words separated by ``:'' (colons) - E.g : FEDC:BA98:0332:0000:CF8A:000C:2154:7313 or FEDC:BA98:332:0:CF8A:C:2154:7313. 2.Compressed notation - Multiple fields of zeros - Represent a single contiguous group of zero fields within an IPv6 address - Uses a double colon``::‘’ - E.g.: 1762:0:0:0:0:B03:1:AF18 FF01:0:0:0:CA:0:0:2 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 can be represented as 1762::B03:1:AF18 FF01::CA:0:0:2 ::1 ::

14. IPv6 address notation Mixed notation For IPv4 addresses encapsulated in IPv6 addresses Represented using the original IPv4 ``.'' notation 0:0:0:0:0:0:127.32.67.15 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:127.32.67.15 Possible to use the compressed notation ::127.32.67.15 ::FFFF:127.32.67.15

16. communicate specified 1 computer

17. multicast

18. communicate group of computers

19. anycast

20. send group address that can receive multiple computers,but receive 1 computerunicast anycast multicast

21. IPv4 address in IPv6 IPv6 site is island surrounded IPv4 ocean connect IPv6 island each other encapsulate IPv6 packet in IPv4 packet threat as IPv4 as data link layer IPv4 ocean IPv6 in IPv4 packet IPv6 site IPv6 site IPv6 site

22. IPv6 in IPv4 Tunnel IPv6 Site IPv6 Site IPv4 Internet IPv6 Site

23. IPv6 Unicast To transmit data from one point to another. Multiple users might request Same data From the same server At the same time duplicate data streams are transmitted one to each user Scope may be Global or Local Global for worldwide communication Local for communication within a site

24. Server Router Ethernet Switch Figure 01: How unicast works

25. IPv6 multicast Ability to send a single packet to multiple destinations No broadcast Ability to send a packet to all hosts on the attached link same effect can be achieved by sending a packet to the link-local all hosts multicast group Applications Telephony and video conference Database simultaneous update Parallel computing Real time news

26. Server Router Ethernet Switch Figure 02: How multicast works

27. IPv6 anycast Uses Anycast address Identifies a set of nodes Packet will reach only one out of many (usually, topologically closest one) Anycast address can be assigned to routers only Anycast address cannot be used as a source

29. IPv6 special address Loopback Address A special loopback address for testing Datagrams sent to this address “loop back” to the sending device The loopback address is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1or as “::1” Ping ::1 Should answer myself

30. IPv6 ready applications Handles ":" in address correctly Handles IPv4 and IPv6 addresses % ftp ftp.kame.net % ftp 3ffe:501:4819:2000:5254:ff:fedc:50d2

31. Transition plan Current status Only IPv4 Phase I IPv4/v6 Dual node IPv4 address in IPv6 address format IPv6 tunneling on the IPv4 Network Phase II Combination of IPv6 infrastructure and IPv4 infrastructure Translate between IPv4/v6 each other(optional) More IPv6 nodes

32. Migration to IPv6 dual stack Involves running IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time End nodes and routers/switches run both protocols Tunnel To carry one protocol inside another Take IPv6 packets and encapsulate them in IPv4 packets to be sent across portions of the IPv4 networks Translator Protocol translation (NAT-PT) simply translate IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets.

33. Figure 03 Two popular Migration Strategies

34. IPv6/IPv4-dual (IPv4 compat. addr.) IPv4-only translationrouter IPv6-only (IPv4 compat. addr.) IPv4-only IPv6-only (IPv6 addr.) IPv4-only Communication between IPV4 and IPv6 TCP relay