Contrastive analysis: University project, the Present Simple Tense and the Present Progressive in English and their equivalent forms in serbian

UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE
FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY – ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
Contrastive Analysis Project
The Present Simple Tense and the Present Progressive in English
and Their Equivalent Forms in Serbian
(Quality Weeklies Corpus)
Milena Milicević 060930 Supervisor Ivana Trbojević PhD
Milena Kostić 060949
Ana Radulović 061080
Olivera Petrović 060986
May, 2010
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0. Introduction
Having decided to investigate the topic The Present Simple Tense and the Present
Progressive in English and Their Equivalent Forms in Serbian and to rely on the quality
weeklies as the corpus material, we encountered the persuasive and straightforward
discourse of the prominent UK magazines that prided themselves on long tradition in
journalism, the highest circulation in the UK, and renowned teams of journalists and
experts. In order to analyse the frequency and the meanings of the used Present verb
forms, we compiled the corpus on the basis of articles that deal with four central topics:
economy, science and technology, culture, and politics. However, if we take into
consideration the versatile nature of the language itself and journalist’s approach, we
realize that the topics listed are only a framework because quality weeklies testify about
the social background and contemporary times in a highly comprehensive way. The
magazines which we investigated were the following ones: Economist, Financial Times,
Spectator, Observer and Guardian. Even though the last one is the daily magazine, we
considered it important to include excellent examples from Guardian in the corpus,
especially because nowadays it is linked to Observer and these two media have the
common website.
In the following chapters one can follow what the meanings of Present verb forms
in quality weekly press are and how the Present usages are explained by the arguments of
established grammar authors, namely Quirk, Carter and McCarthy, Đorđević and Simić.
According to Carter and McCarthy (Carter & McCarthy 2006: 598) “the present
time is seen as the moment of speaking and writing or as the more general, permanent
time relating to truths and general facts.” References to present time are most typically
indicated through the simple and progressive forms of the present tense. The present
simple can be used to refer to “general or permanent state of affairs, truths and facts; to
refer to a work of art or the activities of an artist from the past; for plot summaries, book
blurbs and reviews of novels and plays” (Carter & McCarthy 2006: 598-601). The
present simple can be used to refer to “regular or habitual events to talk about feelings
and reactions experienced at the moment of speaking; in commentaries on sports events
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and on public ceremonies, in demonstrations and in instructions” (Carter & McCarthy
2006: 600,601). It is often used for “true and fictional past events in narratives to create a
sense of immediacy in order to suggest that past events are unfolding at the moment of
speaking or writing; in news headlines that often report past events; to refer to definite
past; to refer to fixed events in the future, schedules, timetables and firm arrangements
(Carter & McCarthy 2006: 625-633).
The present progressive is used to refer to events which are in progress or
happening at the moment of speaking; to describe actions which are repeated or regular,
but are either temporary or may be judged to be temporary; to describe regular actions in
relation to a particular time or a specified event, especially when the process is
interrupted; to refer to a gradual process of change; used with indefinite frequency
adverbs to describe events which are regular but not planned and often undesired; used to
make a request, enquiry or statement of opinion more indirect, often of politeness (Carter
& McCarthy 2006: 604).
Tense is a formally marked grammatical category. It portrays the time dimension
to which the action belongs according to the speaker. Tense is realized in two forms – the
Present Tense and Past Tense. Time, however, being an ungrammatical category is
present, past and future (Đorđević 2002: 330).
Quirk interprets ‘present’ and ‘past’ in terms of three different levels. On a
referential level, time is seen as a line containing a present point, with the past stretching
to the left and the future to the right.
PAST THE PRESENT MOMENT FUTURE
NOW
On a semantic level of interpretation, “present is the most general and unmarked
category” (Quirk 1985: 176). This implies that the sentences in which the verb is in the
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Present Tense may relate to the future, to the present and also to the past time.
Nonetheless, Past tense is much more restrictive. Concerning the unmarkedness, all
persons except for 3rd
person singular in Present Tense contain zero morph which equals
the infinitive (unmarked) form.
Quirk interprets ‘present’ and ‘past’ in reference to tense on a grammatical level
where he distinguishes only between two categories, namely present tense and past tense,
since English grammar practically does not recognize Future Indicative Tense (Quirk
1985: 176). This is also the case in Serbian, because any speculation about future, either
in Serbian or English is non-factual, and cannot be expressed with indicative forms.
1.0. The Present Simple Tense
1.1. Meanings of the present simple tense with reference to present time
There are three types of meanings of the simple present tense with reference to
present time and these are: state present, habitual present and instantaneous present.
1.1.2. State Present
According to the authors the category of the state present includes general
timeless statements – “eternal truths”, proverbial, scientific, mathematical and
geographical statements.
• The acids dissolve the uranium, and various other things, leaching them from the
ash.
Kiseline rastvaraju uranijum i razne druge stvari, tako što ih ispiraju iz pepela.
The Present Simple Tense is translated with the form of the Present Simple Tense
in Serbian. The English verb form is transitive, lexical, simple and given in the 1st
person
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plural, whereas the Serbian verb form is transitive, lexical, complex and in the 3rd
person
plural.
• The birth and death phases of stars, for example are associated with heavy dust
clouds that give off an infra-red signal which might resemble the swarm of
artificial satellites constituting a Dyson sphere.
Faze nastajanja i nestajanja zvezda, na primer, povezane su sa teškim oblacima
prašine koji emituju infra-crvene signale. Ovi signali mogu da predstavljaju
mnoštvo veštačkih satelita koji čine Dajsonovu sferu.
• As school chemistry lessons show, metallic magnesium is highly reactive and
stores a lot of energy.
Kao što se na školskim časovima hemije zaključuje, kovni magnezijum je izuzetno
reaktivan i ima dosta energije.
• But Germany does show that you can run an effective economic policy with
coalition governments; and Greece shows that you can run a lousy one with a
clear single-party majority.
Ali Nemačka pokazuje da možete voditi efektivnu ekonomsku politiku u vladi
sastavljenoj od koalicija; dok Grčka pokazuje da možete voditi slabu politiku u
okviru jasno definisane partijske većine.
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On the basis of the examples from the corpus, we draw a conclusion that the
greatest occurrence of the state present is in the articles on science and technology, since
these fields offer an abundance of facts and eternal truths. According to Simić, there is
absolute present in Serbian. Considering the usages of both, we infer that these two types
of present correspond to each other. This is the reason why the translated verb forms
coincide with the original.
1.1.3. Habitual Present
Similarly to the state present, the habitual present also includes timeless
statements, but here the verb implies the repetition of events happening over a period of
time. If it is possible to insert an adverb of frequency, we are dealing with the habitual
present.
• The start of the year is traditionally a quiet period for mortgage lending.
Početak godine je obično miran period za izdavanje hipoteka.
In both English and Serbian sentence the verb to be (‘biti’) is used as a lexical
verb in the 3rd person singular. The adverb of frequency follows the verb immediately
and emphasizes the repetition. The adverb ‘traditionally’/ ‘obično’ imply that something
happens year after year.
• I have my own comedy special, where I, by myself, am taking up an hour of
primetime American television.
Ja imam svoju posebnu emisiju, gde je samo meni na raspolaganju sat udarnog
vremena na američkoj televiziji.
• But most people do not eat or wear seals, are squeamish about killing cuddly
doe-eyed mammals, and do not worry about the inconsistency of such a ban
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being enforced by a group of nations which kills its own seals for the expediency
of fishermen, and kills tens of millions of farmed foxes and minks for their pelts
every year.
Ali većina ljudi ne jede foke i ne nosi njihovo krzno i preosetljivi su kada je u
pitanju ubijanje ovih nežnih i nevinih sisara. Oni ne brinu zbog nedoslednosti
takve zabrane koju je uvela grupa nacija. Ove nacije ubijaju foke zbog koristi
ribara kao i na desetine miliona domaćih lisica i kuna zbog krzna svake godine.
In contrast to the previously mentioned type of present, the habitual present
occurs in various sections of quality weekly press. Even though in the second example
the adverb of frequency is not explicitly stated, the context suggests that the ‘comedy
special’ is frequently repeated. In the third example of sentences, the verb to be/‘biti‘ is a
copulative verb followed by a nominal predicate, which is an adjectival phrase. This
adjectival phrase consists of the head (adj.) followed by a prepositional phrase and a
temporal clause respectively functioning as a postmodifier.
1.1.4 Instantaneous present
There are actions that begin and end approximately at the time of speaking which
represent the instances of the instantaneous present. These can be found in:
commentaries, demonstrations and other self-commentaries, special exclamatory
sentences and performatives.
• “I’m very grateful that the isotopic composition of helium has not become a key
matter of public interest.”
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“Veoma sam zahvalan što izotopski sastav helijuma nije postao kjučni
predmet interesa javnosti.”
In both English and Serbian the copulative verb to be is followed by a nominal
predicate. The Present Tense 1st
person singular is translated with the same form. This
sentence is the instance of performative since the act of uttering the message represents a
happening by the mere fact that this act is realized ( Helbec, 2009: 55).
• When phones and laptops are placed on an eCoupled surface, the power
transmitter in the work-surface detects the resonant circuit in the device’s
receiver, which then tells the transmitter how much power to send.
Kada se telefoni i laptopovi postave na eCoupled površinu, transmiter energije na
radnoj površini detektuje zvučno strujno kolo u prijemniku uređaja, koji onda
šalje poruku transmiteru koliko energije da pošalje.
• Dr Tygar therefore recommends that typed passwords be phased out, to be
replaced with biometric checks or multiple types of authorisation that combine
a password with some form of silent verification (clicking on a pre-chosen
picture in a selection of images, for example).
Doktor Tajger stoga predlaže da se kucane lozinke postepeno ukinu, da se
zamene biometrijskim potvrdama ili višestrukim tipovima odobrenja koja
kombinuju lozinke sa nekim oblikom tihe verifikacije (na primer, kliktanje na
ranije odabranu sliku u nizu slika).
Instantaneous present is most often found in the articles which deal with science
and technology. Scientific instances of instantaneous present are mostly found in
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demonstrations of certain steps, as these characteristic of scientific activities and
processes. They are also common in performatives because scientists usually have a
message to convey or advice to give.
1.2. Special non-present uses of the Simple Present Tense
The Simple Present Tense can be used in sentences referring to the past, those
referring to the future and it can also be used in fictional narrative. The Simple Present
referring to the past has several types.
1.2.1. Historic present is typical of popular narrative style and quality dailies and
weeklies are abundant in it. The past can be expressed by verbs of communication such
as understand, hear, learn, say and tell. In its optional use it refers to writers,
composers, artists, etc who are not alive and it describes general characteristics of
authors.
• I meet him in a cold little room full of flags, called the south bastion, next to the
gatehouse of Nottingham castle.
Sastajemo se u hladnoj sobici prepunoj zastava, koju zovu južni bastion, pored
vratareve kućice zamka Notingam.
In English, the verb form is transitive, lexical, simple in the 1st
person singular, where as
in Serbian the verb is pseudo-reflexive, lexical, simple in the 1st
person plural.
•Newcomers start to learn English, learn how to vote, adopt the work ethic, serve
in the military, and become passionately patriotic.
Pridošlice počnu da uče engleski, nauče kako da glasaju, usvoje radnu etiku,
služe vojsku i postanu stastvene patriote.
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• George Osborne, the shadow chancellor, says that he wants to tackle both tax
and regulation to make Britain a more competitive proposition for companies.
Džordž Ozborn, kancelar vlade u senci, kaže da želi da se izbori i sa porezom i sa
propisima kako bi Britaniju učinio primamljivijom ponudom za kompanije.
• The culture of piano-duet arrangements begins in the early-to-mid 19th century;
the great epoch of bourgeois music-making, with its easy availability of decent
instruments for every front parlour or glittering salon.
Kultura prilagođavanja kompozicija za dva klavira počinje u prvoj polovini
devetnaestog veka; to je značajna epoha buržoaskog stvaranja muzike, sa lakom
mogućnošću korišćenja prigodnih instrumenata za svaki prijemni salon ili
blistavu dnevnu sobu.
Historical present is frequently used in the articles on culture which shows a
tendency of journalists to make articles vivid as if the situations described were taking
place before readers’ eyes. Simic does not make a difference between the historic present
and the fictional narrative in Serbian, placing them in the category of narrative present
(Simic 2001: 126).
1.2.2. The Simple Present referring to the future
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The Simple Present referring to the future appears both in main and dependent
clauses. In the former it expresses events fixed in advance and it is usually accompanied
by time-position adverbials. This use of the Present Simple is more frequent in
conditional and temporal clauses.
• He calculates that even if the household savings rate remains at 2.2%, by 2015
gross public debt could exceed households’ financial assets, which might make
domestic funding more difficult and lead Japan to rely more on foreigners.
On proračunava da čak i ako stopa štednje domaćinstva ostane 2,2 % do 2015.
bruto javni dug bi mogao da prevaziđe finansijska sredstva domaćinstva, što
može otežati domaća finansiranja i dovesti Japan u položaj da se više oslanja na
strane investitore.
In English and in Serbian the verb form is intransitive, lexical, simple in the 3rd
person singular, and it is found in conditional dependent clauses referring to future.
• According to Anglo-Nigerian comic Gina Yashere, now living and working in the
US: "Unless they see you on TV, or they know you, white crowds won't go to a
black comedy night because they think that nothing is going to relate to them."
Prema rečima anglo-nigerijske komicarke Djine Jašir, koja danas živi i radi u
SAD: „Ako vas ne vidi na TV-u, ili ako vas ne zna, bela publika neće ići na veče
crnačke komedije, jer misli da se ništa neće odnositi na nju.“
• Do not be surprised if, whatever proper name it is eventually assigned, the new,
mountain-dwelling, central-Asian species actually becomes known as the yeti.
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Nemojte se iznenaditi ako, kakvo god ime da joj se naposletku da, nova centralno-
azijska vrsta koja živi na planinama zapravo postane poznata kao jeti.
•At the end of the debate, if someone talks about the moderator, then the
moderator has failed to do their job.
Na kraju debate ako neko priča o moderatoru, onda je moderator loše odradio
svoj posao.
•APPLY online for visa-free entry to the United States and the Department for
Homeland Security offers 251 choices for “country where you live”.
Prijavite se putem interneta za ulazak u Sjedinjene Američke Države bez vize i
Odeljenje za nacionalnu bezbednost nudi 251 opciju da odaberete stavku
,,država u kojoj živite”
Rarely do we find present simple in main clauses referring to the events fixed in
advance. On the other hand, dependent clauses, especially conditional ones, contain a
considerable amount of such instances. Simić introduces the term ‘present of time and
manner’ for this usage of present (Simić 2001: 125,126).
1.2.2. The Simple Present Tense in fictional narrative is similar to the historic
present, the only difference being that the events narrated by the historic present are real,
as opposed to unreal events in fictional narrative.
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• Michael goes by helicopter and Rolls to visit an amateur cook in their home.
Majkl ide helikopterom, a zatim se vozi Rols-Rojsom da poseti kuvara amatera u
njihovom domu.
• The sage teacher, now imprisoned, is challenged by the governor to make
Allah bash his brains in.
Mudrog učitelja, koji je sada uhapšen, izaziva upravnik da učini da mu Alah
uništi mozak.
In both Serbian and English the verb form is intransitive, lexical, simple and in
the 3rd
person singular. This instance of present simple is rarely found in quality press
since it deals with imaginary situations.
2.0. Present Progressive
According to the authors, the three components of meaning of the progressive
aspect are as follows: a) the happening has duration (when expressing single events), b)
the happening has limited duration (when describing states and habits) and c) the
happening is not necessarily complete (when expressed by the so-called conclusive
dynamic verb meaning).
2.1. State, event and habit with progressive
There are three kinds of progressive: state, event and habitual progressive. When
progressive aspect is used with stative verb meanings it implies temporarines, whereas
when these meanings are used in the Present Simple Tense they imply permanence.
• “Things are moving in a bad direction. Governments know it, scientists know it,
but things are not changing”.
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“Sve ide u pogrešnom pravcu. Vlade to znaju, naučnici takođe, ali se ništa ne
menja.”
In English the verb form consists of the auxilliary to be, given in the trird person
plural, and the main verb which is intransitive, lexical, simple and in the 3rd person
plural. Thus in English there is congruence in number and person. On the other hand,
Serbian verb form is represented only with a single intransitive, lexical and simple verb
in the third person singular.
• The problem with tax breaks and other subsidies, however, is that they
complicate the tax system and distort incentives.
Problem u vezi sa poreskim pauzama i drugim subvencijama je, međutim, u tome
što one otežavaju poreski sistem i deformišu podsticaje.
In English and in Serbian the verb forms consist of the copulative verb, followed
by NomPred in the form of clause. The first pair of sentences illustrates temporariness
and not something that is a permanent state of affairs, as opposed to the second pair
which exemplifies the indefinite state of being.
The main characteristic of the event progressive is that an event which hasn’t
been finished has duration.
• China is developing ash-mining for reasons of energy security more than
economics, according to Wang Hongfang, a marketing manager at CNNC.
Prema rečima Vang Hongfangua, marketinškog menadžera u CNNC, Kina više
razvija rudarstvo pepela nego ekonomiju da bi obezbedila energetsku sigurnost.
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In English the verb form consists of the Aux to be which is in 3rd
person singular
and the main verb which is transitive, lexical, and simple. In Serbian the present tense is,
as usual, represented by only by the main verb, which is in this case transitive, lexical and
simple. The event described takes place over a certain period of time which stretches well
into the future.
Habitual progressive is used to express temporary habits. Therefore the repetition
of the habit occurs within the limited time period.
• Otherwise, we're playing the Comedy Store, but it never means anything and we
never progress.
U protivnom, mi ćemo igrati komediju Prodavnica, ali to nikad ništa ne znači i mi
nikada ne napredujemo.
In English the verb form comprises the auxiliary to be in the 1st
person plural and
the main verb which is transitive, lexical and simple in the same person. In Serbian
Present Progressive is translated with the Simple Future Tense, which is not typical for
the habitual progressive. The Serbian form is complex as well, consisting of the auxiliary
biti in the Present Tense and the main transitive, lexical, simple verb in the 1st
person
singular.
2.2. Situation types
Situation types are used to distinguish between different uses of the progressive.
The main classification of situations depends on the division between two types of verb
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meanings, namely stative and dynamic, rather than stative and dynamic verbs. This is
because certain verbs can express both meanings. To refer to verb meanings we use
eleven situation types. However, we should bear in mind that this division into categories
is only artificial because it depends on the context in which a verb occurs.
Stative situation types are divided into qualities, states and stance. Both qualities
and states are typically expressed by the present simple tense. However, it is not unusual
that they occur in the form of the progressive present when we want to express
temporariness of a certain state or quality. Authors explain this as a transfer. Stative
verbs are used to express intellectual states, states of emotion or attitudes, states of
perception and states of bodily sensation which are all referred to as private states.
Typically, verbs such as live, stand, sit and lie denote stance, because these can be used
both with the nonprogressive to express a permanent state and with the progressive to
express a temporary state.
Dynamic situation types are divided into eight categories. This division is based
on three binary oppositions which are duration versus punctuality, nonconclusiveness
versus conclusiveness and agentivity versus nonagentivity. While durative situation
types are typically expressed with the present progressive because they expand over time,
punctual situation types are not commonly expressed by this form. Therefore, when
occurring in the form of present progressive they require special interpretation.
The main characteristic of conclusive and nonconclusive is that the former implies
a certain change which leads to a result whereas the latter does not. We differentiate
between agentive and nonagentive situation types on the basis of whether the agent or
“doer of the action” is animate or inanimate, respectively.
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A. Quality
Quality situation type is characteristic of stative verb meanings and typically
represented by the Simple Present Tense because qualities are “relatively permanent and
inalienable properties of the subject referent” (Quirk 1985: 200). When used with Present
Progressive, the implied meaning changes and the verb acquire the properties of dynamic
verb meanings. This situation type is not found in any of the sentences included in the
corpus.
B. State
• "I'm feeling pretty good myself," Whitney tells the crowd, "thank you for asking.”
„Sada se osećam vrlo dobro,“ kaže Vitni publici, „hvala na pitanju.“
In English the verb form consists of the Aux to be which is in 1st
person singular
and the main verb is intransitive, lexical and simple. In Serbian the present tense is
represented only by the main verb, which is reflexive, lexical, simple and also in 3rd
person singular.
• It is, in other words, a fourth example of anthropological tourism from Africa to
the rest of the world, on what is now looking like a well-worn route.
To je, drugim rečima, četvrti primer antropološkog turizma iz Afrike ka ostatku
sveta, na onome što sada izgleda kao dobro utabana staza.
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•The Afghanistan campaign is now becoming as unpopular as Iraq was despite
for years being heralded as the war everyone could agree on.
Rat u Avganistanu postaje podjednako nepopularan kao onaj u Iraku iako je
godinama najavljivan kao rat oko koga bi se svi mogli saglasiti.
• Mortgage approvals rose in February but buyers are staying away.
Odobranja za hipoteke su se povećala u februaru ali su kupci i dalje suzdržani.
The common denominator of these sentences is that they express a state of one’s
being. Resemble, which is a typical stative verb, and look like from the second example
are interchangeable. The verb feel falls into the category of “private stative verbs”
expressing bodily sensation.
C. Stance
• He is wearing a black gown, a gold chain and is seated on a wooden throne.
Nosi crni orgrtač, zlatni lanac i sedi na drvenoj stolici.
person singular
and the main verb which is transitive, lexical, and simple. In Serbian the present tense is
represented only by the main verb, which is transitive, lexical, simple and also in 3rd
person singular. The verb wear is not the most representative of stance verbs, which
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when used with the Simple Present Tense expresses permanent stance, whereas when
used with the Present Progressive it denotes temporary stance.
D. Goings-on
• And that is exactly what Sparton Resources, a firm based in Toronto, is doing.
I to je upravo ono što Sparton Risorsiz, firma sa sedištem u Torontu, radi.
The verb form in the English sentence consists of the Aux to be and the main verb
is lexical, transitive and simple. Both the Aux and the main verb are in 3rd
person
singular. In Serbian the verb is lexical, simple and transitive, in 3rd
person singular.
• ‘The BBC is a part of public space because the public themselves have put it
there,’ suggests the BBC’s DG, Mark Thompson, at the beginning of the report
which is recommending, among other things, that Radio 6 Music and the Asian
Network be shut down.
„Bi-Bi-Si je deo javnog prostora jer ga je sama javnost postavila tamo,“ kaže
Mark Tompson, glavni direktor Bi-Bi-Sija, na početku izveštaja koji preporučuje,
između ostalog, da se Radio 6 Mjuzik i Ejzan Netvork ukinu.
• When everything is humming, there are no fewer than 15 transformers plugged
into various wall sockets and power strips, along with all the other electrical
cables for powering computers, monitors, printers and still hungrier office gear.
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Kad sve bruji, ima bar 15 transformatora koji su uključeni u različite utičnice na
zidu i produžne kablove, zajedno sa svim drugim električnim kablovima za
napajanje kompjutera, monitora, štampača i još gladnijih kancelarijskih uređaja.
• Asia’s developing countries are risking a renewed economic crisis by intervening
extensively in foreign exchange markets, the Asian Development Bank warned in
its annual regional review on Tuesday.
Azijske zemlje u razvoju rizikuju da ponovo izazovu ekonomsku krizu time što
pojačano učestvuju na deviznim tržištima, upozorila je Azijska razvojna banka u
utorak u svom godišnjem regionalnom pregledu.
The main characteristic of the dynamic situation type of goings-on (type D in the
fig.1) is that it is durative, non-conclusive and nonagentive, thus implying an inanimate
force.
E. Activities
• Kojo is already putting that philosophy into practice.
Kojo vec sprovodi takvu filozofiju.
person singular
and the main verb is transitive, lexical, and simple. In Serbian the present tense is
represented with the main verb, which is transitive, lexical, complex and also in 3rd
person singular.
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• I am looking for the prototype of Robin Hood, the origin of the stories that have
spun out of control over the centuries.-G
Ja tražim prototip Robin Huda, izvor priča koje su se vekovima brzo menjale i
otrzale kontroli.
• „[...]But by the 1260s these names, Hod and Robhod, are being used as popular
monikers for outlaws."
Ali do 1260-ih ova imena, Hud i Robhud, koriste se kao popularni nadimci za
prestupnike.
• Some people are even turning to seawater as a source of uranium, in an eerie
recapitulation of Fritz Haber’s attempt to pay off Germany’s first-world-war
debts by extracting gold from the ocean.
Neki ljudi se čak okreću morskoj vodi kao izvoru uranijuma, u sablasnoj
rekapitulaciji pokušaja Frica Haberta da otplati dugove Nemačke iz Prvog
svetskog rata vađenjem zlata iz okeana.
• These are, in effect, what some critics are offering (though with what the report
calls “a rather selective and uncharitable approach”).
Ovo je u stvari ono što neki kritičari izlažu ( iako onim što se u izveštaju naziva
“prilično selektivnim i bezobzirnim pristupom”).
• To change this, he is developing a process using only renewable energy.
22

Da bi ovo promenio, on razvija postupak koji koristi samo obnovljivu energiju.
This situation type (Type E, Fig 1) is representative of durative, non-conclusive
and agentive dynamic verb meanings. The difference between the goings-on and
activities is that the former are non-agentive, while the latter are agentive. Only at times
does the Type E occur in passive voice, which is the case in 3rd example. The activities
are traditionally expressed by the intransitive verbs. However, they may occur with the
transitive verbs, together with direct object, which is normally uncountable. Therefore,
the most typical examples are not listed above because they do not occur in our corpus.
Most of the given examples are found in the articles on culture as well as science and
technology.
F. Processes
• Very significantly, the Rics survey indicates that more properties are coming on
to the market while buyer interest is faltering.
Veoma značajno, izveštaj Riks pokazuje da se na tržištu pojavljuje sve više
nekratnina dok interesovanje kupaca slabi.
In English the first verb form consists of the Aux to be which is in 3rd
person
plural and the main verb is intransitive, lexical and simple. In Serbian the equivalent is
represented with the main verb, which is pseudo-reflexive, lexical and also in 3rd
person
plural. The second verb form comprises the Aux to be which is in 3rd
person singular and
the main verb is intransitive, lexical and simple. This second pair of verbs demonstrates
the contrast in forms but almost absolute similarity in meaning.
23

• The black comedy circuit is booming, with packed crowds and a host of stars.
Putujeće crnačko pozorište cveta; imaju mnogobrojnu publiku i mnoštvo zvezda.
• The seal population in Canada is healthy – enough so that the Canadians are
increasing the numbers they cull.
Populacija foka u Kanadi je brojna- dovoljno brojna da Kanađani ubijaju sve
više foka da bi smanjili njihov broj.
• In the week of the Asilomar meeting Science published evidence that more
pollutants than previously appreciated, including oxides of sulphur, are getting
into the lower stratosphere.
U nedelji kada se održava sastanak u Asilomaru, časopis Sajans objavio je
dokaze da više zagađivača nego što je ranije procenjeno, uključujući i okside
sumpora, ulazi u donju stratosferu.
• Given that a shortage of properties has been a key factor in the rise in house
prices from their early-2009 lows, this suggests that a key prop for house prices
is crumbling.
Uzimajući u obzir da je manjak nekretnina bio ključni faktor za porast cena kuća
od početka 2009. kada su bile niske, zaključujemo da se glavni stub cena opada.
24

• Though the government did cut the corporate-tax headline rate from 30% to 28%
in 2008, it is now discussing controversial proposals to extend its tax reach over
foreign subsidiaries controlled by British-domiciled companies.
Iako vlada jeste smanjila korporativnu poreznu stopu sa 30% na 28% u 2008.,
sada raspravlja o kontroverznim predlozima da proširi domet poreza na
inostrane filijale kojima upravljaju kompanije sa sedištem u Britaniji.
• The Hong Kong Monetary Authority is managing its burgeoning reserves more
aggressively by putting more money into higher risk, higher return investments
such as hedge funds and private equity.
Monetarna vlast u Hong Kongu agresivnije upravlja svojim pojačanim
rezervama time što više novca ulaže u visokorizične, profitabilnije investicije kao
što su hedž fondovi i privatni kapital.
• The government is offering three or four blocks of spectrum in each of the 22
geographical “circles” that make up the Indian market.
Vlada nudi tri ili četiri bloka spektra u svakom od 22 geografska okruga koji
čine indijsko tržište.
The processes (Type F, Fig 1) are durative, conclusive and non-agentive. A
partial change of state is inherent in them. Having examined our corpora, we have
25

concluded that they are plentiful in articles in the field of economics. These articles
address current dynamic situations which change quickly.
G. Accomplishments
• In the Cascade mountains of California, north of Lassen Peak, astronomers are
looking for aliens.
U Kaskadnim planinama u Kaliforniji, severno od parka Lasen, astronomi traže
vanzemaljce.
person plural
and the main verb is transitive, lexical and simple. In Serbian the verb form is represented
with the main verb, which is transitive, lexical, simple and also in 3rd
person plural. Thus
they contrast in forms and show a significant similarity in meanings. This pair of
sentences is the most representative of accomplishments (Type G, Fig1), for the goal is
specified explicitly.
• Humans are, after all, increasingly using fibre optics to talk to each other.
Ljudi, povrh svega, sve više i više koriste optička vlakna da bi razgovarali.
• The conference’s organising committee is now working on a further statement of
principles, to be released later.
Organizacioni odbor konferencije sada radi na daljem prikazu principa, koji će
biti objavljeni kasnije.
26

• Meanwhile Britain’s main scientific academy, the Royal Society, and the
Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, which has members from around
90 countries, are planning further discussions that will culminate at a meeting to
be held this November.
U međuvremenu glavna britanska Akademija nauka, Kraljevsko društvo, i
Akademija nauka za zemlje u razvoju, koja broji članove iz oko 90 zemalja,
planiraju dalje razgovore koji će dostići vrhunac na sastanku koji će se održati u
novembru.
• Researchers are now devising ways to extract energy from magnesium in a more
controlled fashion.
Istraživači sada smišljaju kako da izdvoje energiju iz magnezijuma na način koji
je pod većom kontrolom.
• The world’s drivers are increasingly turning to smaller, more efficient vehicles
as environmental regulations bite harder and populations age in rich countries.
Vozači u svetu se sve više okreću manjim, efikasnijim vozilima jer se ekološki
propisi sve više nameću a sve je više starih ljudi u bogatim zemljama.
Accomplishments are durative, conlusive and agentive. They are similar to
activities in that they both denote a durative action/activity. Nonetheless,
accomplishments are conclusive since they contain a direct object or an adverbial of
27

destination. What happens usually is that activities turn into accomplishments when the
direct object is added. This situation type is found in scientific discourse because
everything done in this area is directed towards achieving a certain goal and has a
purpose.
H. Momentary events
I. Momentary acts
J. Transitional events
K. Transitional acts
None of the punctual types is found in quality press articles. Occasionally, they
may be found in readers’ comments, but we have not taken these into consideration.
Seldom do we come across momentary events and acts, because they are restricted to
verbs such as nod, fire and jump. On the other hand, what is happening at the time of
speaking, in other words transitional acts and events, does not occur in our corpus. This
usage of Present Progressive is most commonly found in spoken language and literary
texts, rather than in quality journalist style.
Simic does not offer such an extensive classification given the fact that the
Serbian language has only one present. Nevertheless, what is most similar to The Present
Progressive is “indicative present”, which is restricted to actions happening at the time of
speaking and present states.
2.0. Conclusion
28

Figure 2 – Present Simple
Having examined a random sample from the assigned corpora, we are inclined to
conclude that the Simple Present is most frequently used to refer to the future in quality weekly
press (Figure 2). Less frequent occurrences have been found in the examples containing the State
Present and Historic Present. The State Present is, as expected, associated with scientific
discourse. The Historic Present brings the events or states closer, as if they were happening now,
thus contributing to the dynamism and vividness of the situation described. The habitual and
instantaneous presents are even less frequent. Moreover, our hypothesis was that we will find
more occurrences of them which would support Đorđević’s and McCarthy’s observations.
However, it turned out, that quality weeklies are not abundant in these occurrences. Finally,
fictional narrative is rarely found in our sample because it is typical of literary texts.
29

Figure 3- Present Progressive Situation Types
As one can observe from the Figure 3, processes are plentiful in our corpora. This
is because the articles concerning politics, economy, science and culture usually deal with
dynamic ever-changing processes happening over a certain period of time. Activities and
accomplishments are less frequent as is the case with states and goings-on. Stance only
occasionally appears. Momentary events, momentary acts, transitional events and
transitional acts are not found in our corpus. The reason for this is that they are typically
associated with transient events and acts describing the situation happening at the time of
speaking. Similarly, qualities, which are typically expressed with the Present Simple, are
not found.
Our final conclusion is that the sentences with Present Progressive occur
significantly less frequently than the ones with Present Simple as the authors of
established grammars emphasise. This paper offers more examples of the Present
Progressive, only due to the nature of the classification established by Quirk. Yet, our
corpus illustrates that only one fifth of the instances contain Present Progressive whereas
great majority contain Present Simple.
30

Bibliography:
Carter,R., McCarthy M. (2006): Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press
Đorđević, R. (1997): Gramatika engleskog jezika. Beograd: Čigoja stampa
Hlebec, B. (2009): Opšta načela prevođenja. Beograd: Beogradska knjiga
Simić, R. (2001):Srpska gramatika II-Sintaksa. Beograd: Mx Aktuel
31

Quirk,R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svartvik J. (1985): A Comprehensive
Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Philology
English Department
32

The corpus used in the contrastive project
The Present Simple Tense and the Present Progressive in English
and Their Equivalent Forms in Serbian
(Quality Weeklies Corpus)
Compiled by:
Milena Milicevic 060930 Supervisor Ivana Trbojevic PhD
Milena Kostic 060949
Ana Radulovic 061080
Olivera Petrovic 060986
Milena Milicevic’s corpus:
Articles on Politics
Sprectator
1st Article To win the election, the Tories must learn to fight dirty-James Forsyth
http://www.spectator.co.uk/politics/all/5781128/to-win-the-election-the-tories-must-
learn-to-fight-dirty.thtml
33

1. Having to work on a Sunday is a chore — doubly so when that
Sunday is Valentine’s Day.
Raditi nedeljom predstavlja obavezu, posebno ako je te nedelje Dan zaljubljenih.
2. The Tories do, though, seem to have toughened up in the last
fortnight.
Čini se da su torijevci očvrsli u poslednje dve nedelje.
3. Indeed, some Cabinet ministers are already grumbling that Ed Balls’s
desire always to go on the attack is hampering Labour.
Zaista, neki ministri u Vladi se već žale da zbog Ed Bolove namere da uvek napada
opada reputacija Radničke partije.
4. At the moment, more scrutiny is being directed at the Tories than at
Labour.
Trenutno se pažljivije prati rad konzervativaca nego laburista.
2nd
Article The unspeakable truth is that we lost in Iraq. We must not lose in
Afghanistan too-James Forsyth
http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/5592488/the-unspeakable-truth-is-that-we-
lost-in-iraq-we-must-not-lose-in-afghanistan-too.thtml
5. (Britain has fought more wars than any other country, but rarely has
it suffered two defeats in a row. ) That humiliation is what this country is
currently drifting towards, following failure in Iraq with failure in
Afghanistan.
(Britanija je vodila više ratova nego bilo koja zemlja na svetu, ali gotovo da nije
doživela dva uzastopna poraza.) Sa takvim poniženjem se zemlja trenutno
suočava dok neuspeh u Iraku prati neuspeh u Avganistanu.
6. The Afghanistan campaign is now becoming as unpopular as Iraq was
despite for years being heralded as the war everyone could agree on.
Rat u Avganistanu postaje podjednako nepopularan kao onaj u Iraku iako je
godinama najavljivan kao rat oko koga bi se svi mogli složiti/ saglasiti.
34

7. As one shadow Cabinet member says, ‘It makes you want to vomit,
that British troops are risking their lives for Karzai and his brother.’
Kako je jedan minister vlade u senci rekao: ,,Mučno vam je kad pomislite da
britanski vojnici rizikuju živote za Karzaija i njegovog brata.”
8. If Cameron is the next prime minister, one of his first tasks will be to
make sure that he is not left hanging by Obama as Brown has been.
Ako Kameron postane novi premijer, njegov prvi zadatak biće da se postara da
ga Obama ne ostavi na cedilu kao što se dogodilo Braunu.
9. Even before one considers the defence cuts that are coming, a period
of retrenchment in British foreign policy seems certain regardless of who
wins the next election.
Čak i pre nego što počnu da se razmatraju nastupajuća smanjenja u budžetu za
odbranu, očigledno je da će doći do smanjenja troškova u Ministarstvu spoljnih
poslova bez obzira ko pobedi na sledećim izborima.
3rd
Article Downing Street is now the last refuge of the electorally damned- Martin
Bright
http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/5549793/downing-street-is-now-the-last-refuge-of-
the-electorally-damned.thtml
10. Where does Gordon Brown find solace in these darkest of times? In
Downing Street, a rather desperate numbers game is being played.
Gde Gordon Braun nalazi utehu u ovim najtežim trenucima? U Ulici Dauning
igra se beznadežna igra brojki.
11. In many ways, the ageing Brown and Mandelson bear comparison
with Estragon and Vladimir in Waiting for Godot, a desperate pair railing at
the world to ‘keep the terrible silence at bay’.
Postariji Braun i Mandelson se mogu na više načina uporediti sa junacima
drame ,,Čekajući Godoa” Estragonom i Vladimirom, sa tim parom očajnika
koji se ogorčeno žali da svet ,, drži mase u neznanju i čini pasivnim po svaku
cenu”.
12. The parliamentary party looks and behaves like it has already been
defeated.
35

Ta parlamentarna stranka deluje i ponaša se kao da je već poražena.
ECONOMIST
4th
Article Hungary's election Victory for Viktor?
http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15868591
13. POWER is a politician’s sweetest birthday present. Viktor Orban,
who founded Fidesz, Hungary’s centre-right opposition party, 22 years ago in
March 1988, hopes for a double celebration after this weekend’s election.
Moć je najlepši rođendanski poklon za političara. Viktor Orban, koji je osnovao
Fidesz, mađarsku desničarsku opozicionu partiju, pre 22 godine, u Martu 1988,
nada se dvostrukoj proslavi nakon izbora ovog vikenda.
14. Foreign investors, once seen as Hungary’s saviours, now spark sour
resentment.
Strani investitori, nekada smatrani spasiocima Mađarske, sada bude ogorčenost.
15. Mr Orban plans a radical overhaul of Hungary’s complex tax system,
an attack on the black economy, a simplification of the bureaucracy and new
laws bringing openness to public procurement.
Gospodin Orban planira da se drastično reformiše složeni poreski sistem u
Mađarskoj, izvrši napad na sivu ekonomiju i pojednostave brokratske
procedure i novi zakoni koji će doneti otvorenost u javnim nabavkama.
5th
Article Defining what makes a country - In quite a state
http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15868439
36

16. APPLY online for visa-free entry to the United States and the
Department for Homeland Security offers 251 choices for “country where
you live”.
Prijavite se putem interneta za ulazak u Sjedinjene Američke Države bez vize i
Odeljenje za nacionalnu bezbednost vam nudi 251 opciju da odaberete
stavku ,,država u kojoj živite”
17. For example, lots of countries that do not recognise Kosovo accept
travellers bearing its passports.
Recimo, mnogo zemalja koje ne priznaju nezavisnost Kosova prihvataju da
putnici imaju kosovski pasoš.
18. Being outside the UN means that Kosovo is still waiting for its own
internet domain name, phone prefix and chance to play international
football. But Taiwan, recognised by even fewer countries, manages to have all
three.
Pošto Kosovo nije član UN-a, to znači da i dalje čeka svoj internet domen
državni pozivni broj i priliku da igra fudbal na međunarodnom terenu. Ali
Tajvan, čiju je nezavisnost priznalo još manje zemalja, uspeva da ima sva tri
sadržaja.
19. And whatever diplomatic theory says, life goes on.
Šta god teorija diplomatije tvrdi, život se nastavlja.
20. Taiwan is celebrating a friendly resolution from the European
Parliament, and dishing out aid to Haiti. Kosovo rents dialling codes from
Monaco and Slovenia.
Tajvan proslavlja priateljsku rezoluciju od Evropskog parlamenta i šalje pomoć
za Haiti. Kosovo iznajmljuje pozivne brojeve od Monaka i Slovenije.
6th
Article Europe.view We regret the inconvenience
http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15865532
37

21. AS THIS column noted recently, the era of “therapeutic
historiography” is drawing to a close in central and eastern Europe (with the
odd exception).
Kao što je nedavno istaknuto u ovoj kolumni, era terapeutske istoriografije se
bliži kraju u centralnoj i istočnoj Evropi (uz poneke izuetke).
22. The Russian authorities are also trying to clean up, at least in part,
their country’s most toxic historical debris.
Vlasti u Rusiji takođe pokušavaju makar delimično da uklone najštetnije
tragove istorije.
23. On the other hand, Mr Yanukovych, often seen as “pro-Russian”,
needs to be careful not to appear a soft touch.
Sa druger strane, gospodin Janukovič koga često doživljavaju kao proruski
orijentisanog mora biti oprezan u nastupu da ne deluje kao suviše pristupačan.
24. That leaves the Baltic states, where the demand for justice about the
past is still burning.
Time ostaju Baltičke države, gde je i dalje goruća tema zadovoljenje pravde oko
prošlosti.
25. But the ground is shifting. Russia is flirting with Lithuania, where
President Dalia Grybauskaitė is convinced that her personal touch can bring
a breakthrough in relations.
Ali težište???? se pomera. Rusija flertuje sa Litvanijom, dok je Predsednica
Dalija Gribauskajte ubeđena da njen lični pečat može doprineti proboju u
diplomatskim odnosima.
Financial Times
7th
Article Politics and the people By Matthew Engel
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/52d56278-3cf8-11df-bbcf-
00144feabdc0,dwp_uuid=a712eb94-dc2b-11da-890d-0000779e2340.html
26. I enjoy seeing ministers who have spent years bossing us around,
suddenly confront their own political mortality.
38

Volim da vidim ministre koji su nam godinama govorili šta da radimo kako se
iznenada suočavaju sa sopstvenom političkom smrtnošću.
27. Election-time is the heart of British democracy, which beats faintly
enough these days and is almost on life-support, its blood supply weakened
by the mutually reinforcing cynicism of politicians and voters.
Vreme izbora je srce britanske demokratije, što jedva da kuca ovih dana i
održava se u životu, i ima slabiji dotok krvi jer uzajamno jača cinizam političara
i glasača.
THE OBSERVER
8th
Article Fife gives local boy Gordon Brown the thumbs up- by Polly Curtis
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/apr/11/fife-welcomes-gordon-brown
28. "Private housing has dried up, the council isn't doing anything, first-
time buyers are struggling. Brown has helped, but this is a long battle,"
Black said.
,,Privatni smeštaj je nedostižan, veće ne čini ništa po tom pitanju, a oni koji
kupuju stan prvi put se grčevito bore. Braun je pomogao, ali ova bitka će dugo
trajati.’’, rekao je Blek.
29. "He's having to run the country on a shoestring. Let's face it, it
doesn't matter what happens. It's the working man who gets it – the ordinary
guy who can't afford it."
On mora da vodi državu uz minimalne resurse. Suočimo se sa tim, nije bitno šta
se dešava. Radnici su ti koji to shvate- obični ljudi koji ne mogu sebi nešto da
priušte.
9th
Article 'I've seen how one slip of the tongue can be fatal' by Paul Harris
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/apr/11/party-leader-debates-tv-danger
30. US campaigns go on for months, with a long process under which a
slate of candidates is whittled down to one.
Kampanje u SAD-u traju mesecima, a u dugotrajnoj poceduri se lista kandidata
suzi na jednog pojedinca.
39

31. At the end of the debate, if someone is talking about the moderator,
then the moderator has failed to do their job.
Na kraju debate ako neko priča o moderatoru, onda je moderator loše odradio
svoj posao.
32. In the era of television – especially in high definition – the candidates
communicate with more than just words. "The body language of a candidate
matters just as much as the spoken word," Lehrer said.
U eri televizije, posebno televizije visoke rezolucije, kandidati koriste više od reči
u komunikaciji. ,, Kandidatov govor tela ima podjednaku važnost kao i
izgovorena reč.’’
33. Still, Lehrer will admit to being pleased that Britain is following
America's lead and scheduling debates between its political leaders.
Ipak, Lehrer će priznati da je zadovoljan što Britanija prati Ameriku u stopu i
što pravi raspored za debate svojih političkih lidera.
SPECTATOR
10th
Article The great American melting pot
http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/5931343/the-great-american-melting-pot.thtml
34. Americans are panicking again about immigration and the size of
their population.
Amerikanci opet paniče zbog imigranata i veličine njihove populacije.
35. Newcomers start to learn English, learn how to vote, adopt the work ethic,
serve in the military, and become passionately patriotic.
Pridošlice počnu da uče engleski, nauče kako da glasaju, usvoje radnu etiku,
služe vojsku i postanu strastvene patriote.
36. Their children go to American schools, learn to speak unaccented English,
adapt to American popular culture, and upset their grandparents by marrying
children from other immigrant groups.
Njihova deca idu u američke škole, nauče da govore engleski bez akcenta,
prilagode se američkoj popularnoj kulturi i zabrinu bake i deke time što se
venčavaju pripadnicima drugih imigrantskih grupa.
40

37. Canada is a mild and amiable place, to be sure, untroubled by the spectre of
ethnic cleansing, but it stands as a reminder that acculturation doesn’t happen
automatically.
Kanada je mirno i srdačno mesto zasigurno i ne potresaju je utvare etničkog
čišćenja, ali podseća da se akulturacija ne dešava automatski.
11th
Article British politicians will need to act more like the Germans – only faster
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/apr/28/act-like-germans-bond-
markets
38. Yet somehow Germany today does not seem to resemble the ghastly chaos
with which the Daily Mail and the Sun are now trying to scare their readers.
Pa ipak čini se da Nemačka danas ne liči na jezivi haos kojim Dejli mejl i San
pokušavaju sada da prestrave svoje čitaoce.
39. But Germany does show that you can run an effective economic policy with
coalition governments; and Greece shows that you can run a lousy one with a
clear single-party majority.
Ali Nemačka pokazuje da možete voditi efektivnu ekonomsku politiku u vladi
sastavljenoj od koalicija; dok Grčka pokazujr da možete voditi slabu politiku u
okviru jasno definisane partijske većine.
40. German-style "change through consensus" takes longer than the Margaret
Thatcher-type, but is less socially divisive and ultimately more durable.
,,Promena putem konsenzusa’’ tipična za nemački sistem zahteva više vremena
nego ona u stilu Margaret Tačer, ali manje deli ljude po društvenom staležu i
dugotrajnija je u krajnjoj liniji.
12th
Article Elections in the UK-Britain's choice
http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15867683
41. WHATEVER they tell you in school, not all elections matter equally.
Bez obzira na sve što su vam rekli u školi nisu svi izbori podjednako važni.
42. It is hard to have influence in Europe if you do not have allies there; and, with
money tight at home, some will be more inclined to spray it around the world than
others.
41

Teško je biti uticajan u Evropi, ako nemate saveznika tamo i pošto kod kuće ima malo
novca, neki će biti spremniji da ga potroše po svetu od drugih.
43. The biggest issue in this campaign is getting the public finances under control
without snuffing out economic recovery.
Najveće sporno pitanje u ovoj kampanji je kako držati javne finansije pod kontrolom
a da se ne uguši ekonomski oporavak.
44. Mr Cameron blames Mr Brown for much of the present fiscal mess, which he
says he will deal with more effectively.
Gospodin Kameron okrivljuje gospodina Brauna za sadašnji fiskalni nered u velikoj
meri, sa kojima će se on, po njegovim tvrdnjama, delotvornije izboriti.
45. The Tories lost ground in the polls after vowing fiscal austerity last autumn, and
are now talking more about tax cuts than spending cuts.
Torijevci su izgubili popularnost na izborima pošto su se opredelili za fiskalnu
uzdržanost prošle jeseni i sada govore više o poreskim olakšicama nego o
potrošačkim olakšicama.
46. Nobody is saying much about how they would fix things.
Niko ne govori detaljno o tome kako bi trebalo popraviti stvari.
47. The electoral system is biased against the Tories anyway (see article), support for
smaller parties is growing and voters—who are, after all, choosing constituency MPs
rather than a prime minister directly—have all sorts of reasons, from pot-holes to
fiddled expenses, to defy nationwide predictions.
Izborni sistem svakako ima predrasude o Torijevcima (pogledajte članak), podrška
manjim partijama raste i glasači, koji, naposletku, biraju poslanike u svojim okruzima
pre nego premijera direktno, imaju najrazličitije razloge, od rupa u asfaltu do
malverzacija oko troškova, da se ne uklope u statistička predviđanja o naciji.
13th
Article Sudan's election- Let those people go
http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15867994
48. Just in the west and the south together, more than 9m people depend on food
handouts from abroad.
Samo na zapadu i na jugu ukupno, više od devet miliona ljudi zavisi od pomoći u
hrani iz inostranstva.
42

49. Mr Bashir is wanted by the International Criminal Court at The Hague for alleged
crimes against humanity.
Bašira traži Međunarodni krivični sud u Hagu za zločine protiv čovečnosti.
50. If they do, and the split happens, it could be a rare example of an African country
breaking up in peace.
Ako oni to učine i dođe do razdvajanja, biće to redak primer da se afrička zemlja
raspala mirnim putem.
Olivera Petrovic’s corpus
Articles on Culture
Guardian
1st
Article Heard the one about the black standups?
http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2010/apr/13/black-comedy
1. The black comedy circuit is booming, with packed crowds and a host of stars.
Putujeće crnačko pozorište cveta; imaju mnogobrojnu publiku i mnoštvo zvezda.
2. I meet Crawford and the show's co-producer, standup Angie Le Mar, in a dressing
room whose movement-sensitive lights keep plunging us into darkness.
Sastajem se sa Krafordom i ko-režiserom predstave, komičarem Le Marom, u
presvlačionici čija nas svetla osetljiva na kretanje uljujkuju u tamu.
3. We talk about their lowly beginnings.
Pričamo o njihovim skromnim počecima.
4. "Everything was building," remembers Le Mar, "and then it stopped."
„Sve je napredovalo,” priseća se Le Mar, “a onda je prestalo.”
5. "I'm puzzled by that," says Le Mar.
„To me zbunjuje,“ kaže LaMar.
43

6. According to Anglo-Nigerian comic Gina Yashere, now living and working in the
US: "Unless they see you on TV, or they know you, white crowds won't go to a black
comedy night because they think that nothing is going to relate to them."
Prema rečima anglo-nigerijske komičarke Đine Jašir, koja danas živi i radi u SAD: „Ako
vas ne vidi na TV-u, ili ako vas ne zna, bela publika neće ići na veče crnačke komedije,
jer misli da se ništa neće odnositi na nju.“
7. As a result, black comedy on TV is severely rationed.
Kao rezultat toga, crnačka komedija je strogo ograničena na televiziji.
8. I have my own comedy special, where I, by myself, am taking up an hour of
primetime American television.
Ja imam svoju posebnu emisiju, gde je samo meni na raspolaganju sat udarnog vremena
na američkoj televiziji.
9. "Television is run by white middle-class people, and they want TV shows made by
people like them," she says.
„ Televizijom upravljaju belci iz srednje klase i oni žele da televizijske emisije stvaraju
ljudi poput njih,“ kaže ona.
10. "For me," he says, "New York is the mecca of comedy."
„Za mene je,“ kaže on, „ Njujork Meka komedije.“
11. The performers are hugely charismatic, but the material is not sophisticated.
Glumci su veoma harizmatični, ali materijal nije prefinjen.
12. "Otherwise, we're playing the Comedy Store, but it never means anything and we
never progress."
U protivnom, mi ćemo igrati komediju Prodavnica, ali to nikad ništa ne znači i mi nikada
ne napredujemo.
13. Kojo is already putting that philosophy into practice.
Kojo već sprovodi takvu filozofiju.
2nd
Article Whitney Houston
http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/apr/14/whitney-houston-review-birmingham
14. "I'm feeling pretty good myself," Whitney tells the crowd, "thank you for asking."
44

„Sada se osećam vrlo dobro,“ kaže Vitni publici, „hvala na pitanju.“
3rd
Article My search for the real Robin Hood
http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/apr/14/robin-hood-russell-crowe
15. Ridley Scott claims his new film starring Russell Crowe will be the most historically
accurate ever.
Ridli Skot tvrdi da će njegov novi film u kojem glavnu ulogu tumači Rasel Krou istorijski
gledano biti najprecizniji koji je ikada snimljen.
16. But what do we actually know about the real outlaw and his merrie men?
Ali šta mi zapravo znamo o stvarnom odmetniku i njegovim pratiocima?
17. "I'm a traitor to my own place," Crook tells me.
„Ja sam izdajica svog rođenog grada,“ kaže mi Kruk.
18. Leon Unczur, the current sheriff of Nottingham, has a wonderfully medieval face.
Leon Uncur, sadašnji odgovorni za javni red Notingema, ima divno srednjovekovno lice.
19. I meet him in a cold little room full of flags, called the south bastion, next to the
gatehouse of Nottingham castle.
Sastajemo se u hladnoj sobici prepunoj zastava, koju zovu južni bastion, pored vratareve
kućice zamka Notingam.
20. He is wearing a black gown, a gold chain and is seated on a wooden throne.
Nosi crni orgrtač, zlatni lanac i sedi na drvenoj stolici.
21. They take Robin Hood seriously hereabouts.
Oni u ovom mestu shvataju Robina Huda ozbiljno.
22. Plenty of people think Robin is a myth, beginning life as a woodland sprite
somewhere in a lost pagan past.
Mnogo ljudi misli da je Robin mitski čovek, koji je započeo život kao šumski vilenjak
negde u izgubljenoj paganskoj prošlosti.
23. This is not what I want to hear.
Ovo nije ono sto želim da čujem.
24. I am looking for the prototype of Robin Hood, the origin of the stories that have spun
out of control over the centuries.
45

Ja tražim prototip Robin Huda, izvor priča koje su se vekovima brzo menjale i otrzale
kontroli.
25. Over coffee in the castle's cafe, I ask White: what is the reality of Robin? "
Dok pijemo kafu u gostionici u zamku, pitam Vajta: „Šta je Robinova stvarnost?“
26. „[...]But by the 1260s these names, Hod and Robhod, are being used as popular
monikers for outlaws."
Ali do 1260-ih ova imena, Hud i Robhud, koriste se kao popularni nadimci za
prestupnike.
27. 'Welcome to Robin Hood county," say the signs as you drive along the A60 towards
Sherwood Forest.
„Dobro došli u grofoviju Robina Huda,“ piše na znakovima pored puta A60 koji vodi ka
Šervudskoj šumi.
28. He gives me a tour of this remnant of forest, to which visitors flock as the last vestige
of the hideaway of the outlaw.
On me je proveo po tom ostatku šume, u kojem se posetioci okupljaju, jer je poslednji
trag skrovišta ovog odmetnika.
29. Visitors are sometimes disappointed by the forest: not just its restricted size, but the
type of trees it contains.
Posetioce nekad razočara šuma: ne samo smanjena veličina, već i vrsta drveća koja se u
njoj nalazi.
30. I travel to Wentbridge with David Greenwood, an amateur historian besotted with
Robin Hood since his mother took him to see the Errol Flynn film more than 60 years
ago.
Putujem u Ventbridž sa Dejvidom Grinvudom, istoričarem amaterom koji je zaljubljenik
u Robina Huda od kada ga je majka pre vise od 60 godina odvela da pogleda film Erola
Flina.
4th
Article Great Ormond Street and Olympic Dreams
http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2010/apr/14/great-ormond-street-olympic-
dreams
46

31. After all, this is the country's leading children's hospital: there must be thousands of
people who have its doctors and nurses to thank for their still being around.
Povrh svega, ovo je vodeća dečija bolnica u državi: mora da postoji na hiljade ljudi koji
zahvaljuju doktorima i medicinskim sestrama sto su još tamo.
32. "There's a difference between merely existing as a breathing human and having a
humanity, a sense of personhood," said Dr Andy Petros, ethics specialist.
„Postoji razlika između pukog postojanja čoveka koji diše i čoveka koji je human i ima
osecaj čovečnosti,“ rekao je dr Andi Petros, specijalista za etiku.
Spectator
5th
Article Sentimental journey
http://www.spectator.co.uk/arts-and-culture/film/5862728/sentimental-journey.thtml
33. Michael is big, black, 17, homeless and has learning difficulties, but with the Tuohys’
help he makes it through high school and becomes an all-American college football
player.
Majkl je debeo, crn, beskućnik, ima 17 godina i teškoće u učenju, ali uz pomoć
Tiohisijevih uspeva da završi srednju školu i postaje vrhunski fudbaler na koledžu.
6th
Article Pale imitation
http://www.spectator.co.uk/arts-and-culture/theatre/page_2/
34. Peter Brook, the world’s most maddening theatre director, returns to London with an
adaptation of a novel set in the French colony of Mali in west Africa.
Piter Bruk, najiritantniji pozorišni režiser na svetu, vraća se u London sa adaptacijom
romana čija se radnja dešava u Maliju, francuskoj koloniji na zapadu Afrike.
35. Brook is never as bad as his critics hope nor as good as his fans dream.
47

Bruk nikada nije toliko loš koliko se kritičari nadaju niti toliko dobar koliko njegovi
obožavaoci sanjaju.
36. So he always disappoints somebody.
Dakle, on uvek razočara nekog.
37. (The full moon, we’re told, is the eternal symbol of truth.)
(Pun mesec je, rekli su nam, večni simbol istine.)
38. There’s no escalation, and no momentum, in this play.
U ovoj predstavi nema pojačavanja i inercije.
39. A writer who steals must also improve.
Pisac koji krade od drugih mora takođe i da se usavršava.
40. The sage teacher, now imprisoned, is challenged by the governor to make
Allah bash his brains in.
Mudrog učitelja, koji je sada uhapšen, izaziva upravnik da učini da mu Alah uništi
mozak.
7th
Article One true voice
http://www.spectator.co.uk/arts-and-culture/radio/page_2/5831243/one-true-voice.thtml
41. ‘The BBC is a part of public space because the public themselves have put it there,’
suggests the BBC’s DG, Mark Thompson, at the beginning of the report which is
recommending, among other things, that Radio 6 Music and the Asian Network be
shut down.
„Bi-Bi-Si je deo javnog prostora jer ga je sama javnost postavila tamo,“ kaže Mark
Tompson, glavni direktor Bi-Bi-Sija, na početku izveštaja koji preporučuje, između
ostalog, da se Radio 6 Mjuzik i Ejzan Netvork ukinu.
42. The report is all about this virtual concept, ‘the public space’, and claims that it’s an
‘open and enriching experience’, and that ‘in public space, everyone’s as important
and valuable as everyone else’.
Čitav izveštaj je o ovom virtuelnom pojmu „javnog prostora“. U njemu se tvrdi da je ovaj
prostor „otvoreno i obogaćujuće iskustvo“ i da „je u javnom prostoru svako podjednako
važan i dragocen“.
48

43. ‘Hi! Wonder if you’re free on Saturday to come round and award us points. It’ll be
very simple — just you, us and a camera crew.’
„Zdravo. Pitam se da l’ si slobodan u subotu da svratiš i daš nam poene. Biće vrlo
jednostavno – samo ti, mi i kamermani.“
44. Michael goes by helicopter and Rolls to visit an amateur cook in their home.
Majkl ide helikopterom, a zatim se vozi Rols-Rojsom da poseti kuvara amatera u
njihovom domu.
8th
Article Building bridges
http://www.spectator.co.uk/arts-and-culture/music/page_2/
45. Father technically and spiritually to Mozart and Beethoven, revered by Brahms and
(unexpectedly) by Wagner, beloved of Stravinsky, Britten and Ligeti, Haydn was
something of a well-kept secret, but is now a universal possession, treasured as equal
with the highest.
Otac Mocartu i Betovenu u pogledu tehnike i spiritualnisti, koga su Brams i
(neočekivano) Vagner poštovali, a Stravinski, Briten i Liđeti obožavali, Hajdn je bio
nešto kao dobročuvana tajna, ali je danas deo opšte kulture i u rangu je najboljih.
46. The culture of piano-duet arrangements (Olivera: a piece of music that has been
changed for other instrumenets) begins in the early-to-mid 19th century; the great
epoch of bourgeois music-making, with its easy availability of decent instruments for
every front parlour or glittering salon.
Kultura prilagođavanja kompozicija za dva klavira počinje u prvoj polovini devetnaestog
veka; to je značajna epoha buržoaskog stvaranja muzike, sa lakom mogućnošću
korišćenja prigodnih instrumenata za svaki prijemni salon ili blistavu dnevnu sobu.
Economist
9th
Article Musing on an English master
http://www.economist.com/culture/displaystory.cfm?story_id=16004372
49

47. Sir Frank is affectionate, but not uncritical.
Ser Frank je nežan, ali ne i nekritičan.
10th
Article Theirs but to do and die
http://www.economist.com/culture/displaystory.cfm?story_id=16004400
48. And he points out some sorry truths of the American justice system.
I on naglašava neke tužne istine o američkom pravnom sistemu.
Financial Times
11th
Article A crisis for the faithful heart
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/61ed5312-5ea2-11df-af86-00144feab49a.html
49. This is a drama in which principles and pragmatism, conscience and compromise
fight it out in every scene.
Ovo je drama u kojoj se principi i pragmatizam, savest i kompromis bore za prevagu u
svakoj sceni.
50. He reminds us that the role of religious belief in daily life is a fundamental one for
many people worldwide.
On nas podseća da je uloga religijskog uverenja najvažnija za mnoge ljude širom sveta.
50

Milena Kostić’s Corpus
Articles on Science and Technology
The Economist
1st
Article Europe’s ban on imported seal fur is under fire
http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15900213
• The EU reckons the hunt is cruel; the locals in Nunavut, and hunters elsewhere
in Canada, disagree, and have some evidence to back this up.
Evropska Unija smatra da je lov okrutan; lokalno stanovništvo u Nunavutu i lovci
širom Kanade se ne slažu sa ovim i imaju dokaze da podrže svoje stavove.
• They also point out that the EU is somewhat two-faced in its attitudes to seals, as
fishermen in Britain, Sweden, and Finland are free to kill seals as a way of
protecting fish stocks.
Oni takođe neglašavaju da je stav Evropske Unije prema fokama donekle
kontradiktoran pošto ribolovci u Britaniji, Švedskoj i Finskoj mogu slobodno da
ubijaju foke kako bi se zaštitile ribe.
• The WTO process involves an initial consultation phase between the countries
involved, which is supposed to last 60 days.
Sudski postupak Svetske trgovinske organizacije podrazumeva fazu uvodnih
konsultacija između zemalja koje su uključene, što bi trebalo da traje 60 dana.
• The seal population in Canada is healthy – enough so that the Canadians are
increasing the numbers they cull.
Populacija foka u Kanadi je brojna- dovoljno brojna da Kanadjani ubijaju sve više
foka da bi smanjili njihov broj.
51

• But most people do not eat or wear seals, are squeamish about killing cuddly
doe-eyed mammals, and do not worry about the inconsistency of such a ban
being enforced by a group of nations which kills its own seals for the expediency
of fishermen, and kills tens of millions of farmed foxes and minks for their pelts
every year.
Ali većina ljudi ne jede foke i ne nosi njihovo krzno i preosetljivi su kada je u
pitanju ubijanje ovih nežnih i nevinih sisara. Oni ne brinu zbog nedoslednosti
takve zabrane koju je uvela grupa nacija.Ove nacije ubijaju foke zbog koristi ribara
kao i na desetine miliona domaćih lisica i kuna zbog krzna svake godine.
2nd
Article Is it time for a new approach to finding extraterrestrials?
http://www.economist.com/science-technology/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15905827
• In the Cascade mountains of California, north of Lassen Peak, astronomers are
looking for aliens.
U Kaskadnim planinama u Kaliforniji, severno od parka Lasen, astronomi traže
vanzemaljce.
• The Allen Telescope Array (mostly paid for by Paul Allen, co-founder of
Microsoft) consists of 42 dish antennas, each six metres across, scattered across
the countryside
Postavka teleskopa Alen (za koji je sredstva dao većim delom Pol Alen, ko-osnivač
Majkrosofta) sastoji se od 42 satelitske antene, od kojih svaka ima 6 metara u
prečniku i koje su razbacane po selu.
• The Allen telescope is looking for aliens the traditional way: by searching for
radio signals that have either been sent out deliberately, or leaked into space
accidentally, as human radio signals are.
Teleskop Alen traži vanzemaljce na tradicionalan način, - tako sto traži radio signale
koji su ili otposlati namerno ili koji su se slucajno našli u prostoru, kao što je slučaj
sa ljudskim radio signalima.
• Humans are, after all, increasingly using fibre optics to talk to each other.
Ljudi, povrh svega, sve više i više koriste optička vlakna da bi razgovarali.
• His first idea is to look for pollution in the atmospheres of promising planets.
Njegova prva zamisao je da potraži zagađenje u atmosferama planeta koje
obećavaju.
52

11. The birth and death phases of stars, for example are associated with heavy dust
clouds that give off an infra-red signal which might resemble the swarm of
artificial satellites constituting a Dyson sphere.
Faze nastajanja i nestajanja zvezda, na primer, povezane su sa teškim oblacima
prašine koji emituju infra-crvene signale. Ovi signali mogu da predstavljaju
mnoštvo veštačkih satelita koji cine Dajsonovu sferu.
3rd
Article Sir James Black, pharmacologist, died on March 22nd, aged 85
http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15900222
12. He invented white or pink capsule of the beta-blocker propranolol which, taken
every day before breakfast, slows down the racing heart, lowers the blood
pressure, soothes migraine headaches and calms stage-fright.
On je izmislio belu ili roze kapsulu beta-bloker propranolola koji, ako se uzima
svakog dana pre doručka, usporava ubrzano lupanje srca, smanjuje krvni pritisak,
ublažava glavobolje i smanjuje tremu.
4th
Article Loose clicks sink ships
http://www.economist.com/science-technology/technology-monitor/displaystory.cfm?
story_id=15894494
13. The new approach employs methods developed for speech-recognition software
to group together all the similar-sounding keystrokes in a recording, generating an
alphabet of clicks.
Novi pristup koristi metode razvijene za softver koji prepoznaje govor kako bi
grupisao na snimku sve slične zvukove koji nastaju kucanjem na tastaturi i kako bi
stvorio alfabet klikova.
14. But once those requirements are met, the program can decode anything from epic
prose to randomised, ten-character passwords.
Ali onda kada se ti zahtevi ispune, program može da dekodira sve od epske proze do
nasumično izabranih lozinki od deset karaktera.
15. Dr Tygar therefore recommends that typed passwords be phased out, to be
replaced with biometric checks or multiple types of authorisation that combine a
53

password with some form of silent verification (clicking on a pre-chosen picture
in a selection of images, for example).
Doktor Tajger stoga predlaže da se kucane lozinke postepeno ukinu, da se zamene
biometrijskim potvrdama ili višestrukim tipovima odobrenja koja kombinuju lozinke
sa nekim oblikom tihe verifikacije (na primer, kliktanje na ranije odabranu sliku u
nizu slika).
5th Article Unbearable lightness?
16. All things being equal, the driver of a large SUV (sports-utility vehicle) is less
likely to be killed than the driver of a small car in a head-on collision between the
two.
Da se radi samo o tome, u čeonom sudaru velikog sportskog automobila i malog
automobila, pre ce poginuti vozač malog automobila.
17. The Environment Protection Agency claims average prices on the forecourt will
rise by only $1,300. (Someone, somewhere, seems to have got their sums wrong. )
Udruženje za zaštitu životne sredine tvrdi da ce se prosečne cene za dvorišta ispred
zgrada povećati za samo 1300 dolara. Neko se negde izgleda pogrešno preračunao.
6th
Article Protection racket
18. Their work follows a group of individuals over time and looks at how different
factors contribute to different outcomes—in this case, the development of cancer.
Njihov rad prati grupu pojedinaca tokom određenog vremena ispituje kako različiti
faktori doprinose različitim rezultatima - u ovom slučaju, razvijanju raka.
19. A separate investigation of the people involved in Dr Boffetta’s study suggests
that those who eat five servings a day of fruit and vegetables have a 30% lower
incidence of heart disease and strokes than those who eat less than one and a half
servings.
Posebno istraživanje ljudi koji su uključeni u analizu doktora Bofeta navodi na
pomisao da su kod ljudi koji jedu dnevno pet porcija voća i povrća šanse za
54

oboljevanje srca i šlog manje za 30% nego kod onih koji jedu manje od jedne i po
porcije dnevno.
7th Article Cutting the clutter
http://www.economist.com/science-technology/displaystory.cfm?
story_id=15695522
20. BENEATH your correspondent’s desk is a cat’s cradle of tangled cables linking a
pair of computers to numerous peripherals and laptops around the office.
Ispod radnog stola vašeg poslovnog korespondenta je zamršeno klupko isprepletanih
kablova koji povezuju dva računara sa brojnim perifernim jedinicama i laptopovima u
kancelariji.
21. When everything is humming, there are no fewer than 15 transformers plugged
into various wall sockets and power strips, along with all the other electrical
cables for powering computers, monitors, printers and still hungrier office gear.
Kad sve bruji, ima bar 15 transformatora koji su uključeni u različite utičnice na zidu
i produžne kablove, zajedno sa svim drugim električnim kablovima za napajanje
kompjutera, monitora, štampača i još gladnijih kancelarihjskih uređaja.
22. When phones and laptops are placed on an eCoupled surface, the power
transmitter in the work-surface detects the resonant circuit in the device’s
receiver, which then tells the transmitter how much power to send.
Kada se telefoni i laptopovi postave na eCoupled površinu, transmiter energije na
radnoj površini detektuje zvučno strujno kolo u prijemniku uređaja, koji onda šalje
poruku transmiteru koliko energije da pošalje.
8th
Article The old man of the mountain
23. MYTH and fantasy populate the world with “othermen”—the elves, goblins,
dwarfs and giants that live in the wild wood, in the cave or on the high mountain
peak.
Mitovi i fantazije naseljavaju svet različitim stvorenjima – vilenjacima, goblinima,
patuljcima i divovima koji žive u divljini, pećinama ili na visokim planinskim
vrhovima.
55

24. The rate at which random changes over the generations occur in mitochondrial
DNA is fairly well known and, using that knowledge, Dr Krause estimates that
the newly discovered species last shared an ancestor with modern humans about
1m years ago.
Stopa u kojoj se nesistamatski javlaju promene u mitohondrijskoj DNK kroz
generacije je prilično dobro poznata. Koristeći se tim znanjem doktor Kraus
procenjuje da su novootkrivene vrste poslednji put delile pretka sa modernim ljudima
pre oko milion godina.
25. It is, in other words, a fourth example of anthropological tourism from Africa to
the rest of the world, on what is now looking like a well-worn route.
To je, drugim rečima, četvrti primer antropološkog turizma iz Afrike ka ostatku sveta,
na onome što sada izgleda kao dobro utabana staza.
26. Do not be surprised if, whatever proper name it is eventually assigned, the new,
mountain-dwelling, central-Asian species actually becomes known as the yeti.
Nemojte se iznenaditi ako, kakvo god ime da joj se naposletku da, nova centralno-
azijska vrsta koja živi na planinama zapravo postane poznata kao jeti.
9th
Article Flash in the pan
27. Does Apple’s latest clamp down on Flash mean that people who have bought
iPhones, iPods and iPads are now stuck with a crippled version of the web?
Da li Eplova najnovija restrikcija na Flešu znači da su ljudi koji su kupili iPhones,
iPods i iPads sada zaglavili sa obogaljenom verzijom veba?
28. Experts agree that the H.264 algorithm produces a superior picture, but it is a
proprietary technology.
Strucnjaci se slažu da algoritam H.264 stvara nadmoćnu sliku, ali je on vlasnička
tehnologija.
10th
Article Rising from the ashes
56

29. And that is exactly what Sparton Resources, a firm based in Toronto, is doing.
I to je upravo ono sto Sparton Risorsiz, firma sa sedištem u Torontu, radi.
30. The acids dissolve the uranium, and various other things, leaching them from the
ash.
Kiseline rastvaraju uranijum i razne druge stvari, tako što ih ispiraju iz pepela.
31. China is developing ash-mining for reasons of energy security more than
economics, according to Wang Hongfang, a marketing manager at CNNC.
Prema recima Vang Hongfangua, marketinškog menadžera u CNNC, Kina više
razvija rudarstvo pepela nego ekonomiju da bi obezbedila energetsku sigurnost.
32. Some people are even turning to seawater as a source of uranium, in an eerie
recapitulation of Fritz Haber’s attempt to pay off Germany’s first-world-war debts
by extracting gold from the ocean.
Neki ljudi se čak okreću morskoj vodi kao izvoru uranijuma, u sablasnoj
rekapitulaciji pokušaja Frica Haberta da otplati dugove Nemačke iz Prvog svetskog
rata vađenjem zlata iz okeana
11th
Article A place in the sun
33. These are, in effect, what some critics are offering (though with what the report
calls “a rather selective and uncharitable approach”).
Ovo je u stvari ono što neki kritičari izlažu ( iako onim sto se u izveštaju naziva
“prilično selektivnim i bezobzirnim pristupom”).
34. “What I want to do”, he says, “is bang their heads together and say ‘Sit down
together and work out what’s going on’.”
“Ono sto ja hoću da uradim”, kaže on, “je da lupim njihove glave jednu o drugu i
kažem “Sedite zajedno i saznajte šta se dešava”.
35. “I’m very grateful that the isotopic composition of helium has not become a
key matter of public interest.”
57

‘Veoma sam zahvalan što izotopski sastav helijuma nije postao kjučni predmet
interesa javnosti.’
12th
Article We all want to change the world
36. Geoengineers argue that this may prove insufficient and that ways of
tinkering directly with the atmosphere and the oceans need to be studied.
Geoinženjeri uveravaju da se ovo može pokazati nedovoljnim i da načini direktnog
petljanja sa atmosferom i okeanima treba da se prouče.
37. Some would like to carry out preliminary experiments, and wish to do so in a
clear regulatory framework so that they know what is allowed and what is not.
Neki bi želeli da izvedu uvodne eksperimente, i žele to da urade u ( jasnom
regulatornom okviru kako bi znali šta je dozvoljeno a šta nije.
38. In the week of the Asilomar meeting Science published evidence that more
pollutants than previously appreciated, including oxides of sulphur, are getting
into the lower stratosphere.
U nedelji kada se održava sastanak u Asilomaru, časopis Sajans objavio je dokaze da
više zagađivača nego što je ranije procenjeno, uključujući i okside sumpora, ulazi
u donju stratosferu.
39. Exhaust gases from shipping already brighten clouds over various bits of the
ocean, and in so doing are thought to cool the Earth appreciably.
Izduvni gasovi sa brodova već razvedravaju oblake iznad različitih delova okeana, i
zbog toga se smatra da znatno smannjuju tempreraturu na Zemlji.
40. The conference’s organising committee is now working on a further statement of
principles, to be released later.
Organizacioni odbor konferencije sada radi na daljem prikazu principa, koji će biti
objavljeni kasnije.
41. Meanwhile Britain’s main scientific academy, the Royal Society, and the
Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, which has members from around
90 countries, are planning further discussions that will culminate at a meeting to
be held this November.
58

U međuvremenu glavna britanska Akademija nauka, Kraljevsko društvo, i Akademija
nauka za zemlje u razvoju, koja broji članove iz oko 90 zamalja, planiraju dalje
razgovore koji ce dostići vrhunac na sastanku koji će se održati u novembru.
13th
Article White-hot energy
http://www.economist.com/science-technology/technology-monitor/displaystory.cfm?
story_id=15939644
42. As school chemistry lessons show, metallic magnesium is highly reactive and
stores a lot of energy.
Kao što se na školskim časovima hemije zaključuje, kovni magnezijum je izuzetno
reaktivan i ima dosta energije.
43. Researchers are now devising ways to extract energy from magnesium in a more
controlled fashion.
Istrazivači sada smišljaju kako da izdvoje energiju iz magnezijuma na način koji je
pod većom kontrolom.
44. To change this, he is developing a process using only renewable energy.
Da bi ovo promenio, on razvija postupak koji koristi samo obnovljivu energiju.
45. When the magnesium is mixed with water, it produces heat, boiling the water to
produce steam, which can then drive a turbine and do useful work..
Kada se magnezijum pomeša sa vodom, on proizvodi toplotu, čini da voda ključa i
proizvede paru, koja onda može da pokrene turbine i uradi nešto korisno.
THE OBSERVER
14th
Article Bolivia climate change talks to give poor a voice
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/apr/18/bolivia-climate-change-talks-
cochabamba
59

46. “Things are moving in a bad direction. Governments know it, scientists know it,
but things are not changing”.
“Sve ide u pogrešnom pravcu. Vlade to znaju, naučnici takodje, ali se ništa ne
menja.”
47. In an office plastered with images of Che Guevara, Solon says Bolivia is taking
the initiative because of its indigenous constituency.
U kancelariji oblepljenoj Če Gevarinim slikama, Solon kaže da Bolivija preuzima
inicijativu zbog svojih birača.
48. "What is behind all this discussion is that we have broken the harmony with
Mother Earth, with nature, and because we have broken that harmony we are now
suffering the consequences of climate change," said Solon.
“Ono što je u pozadini ove diskusije je činjenica da smo uništili harmoniju sa
Majkom Zemljom, sa prirodom, i pošto smo uništili taj sklad sada snosimo posledice
klimatskih promena,” rekao je Solon.
15th
Article Volcano shows our lack of sustainability
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/apr/19/iceland-volcano-sustainable-
development
49. Their argument: if we insist on closing our eyes to the threat of climate change, if we
insist on making the wrong choices in our business and personal lives, if we deny our
addiction to air travel and fail to develop better solutions, then we deserve to suffer when
the airports are closed.
Njihov argument: ako zatvaramo oči pred pretnjom klimatskih promena, pravimo
pogrešne izbore u načim poslovnim i privatnim životima, ako poričemo sopstvenu
zavisnost od vazdušnog saobraćaja i ne uspevamo da razvijemo bolja rešenja, onda
zaslužujemo da patimo kada se aerodromi zatvore.
50. All of these are vital issues, all of them present economic opportunities, and none
of them is being adequately addressed by our political leaders.
Sve ovo su ključne stavke, i sve predstavljaju ekonomske prilike, a nijednu od nijh
naši polticari ne uzimaju adekvatno u obzir/razmatranje.
60

Ana Radulović’s Corpus
Articles on Economy
GUARDIAN
1st
Article Mortgage approvals rise but housing market remains flat
http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2010/apr/13/mortgage-approvals-rise-housing-market-
flat
1. Mortgage approvals rose in February but buyers are staying away.
Odobrenja za hipoteke su se povećala u februaru ali su kupci i dalje suzdržani.
2. Remortgaging activity increased for the first time in five months but remains
weak, with just 24,000 loans advanced during the month.
Aktivnost refinansiranja hipoteka se povećala po prvi put u poslednjih pet meseci
ali je i dalje slaba, sa samo 24.000 ostvarenih zajmova u toku meseca.
3. The weakness in remortgaging is expected to continue for some time yet as low
interest rates deter borrowers from switching away from cheap standard variable
rates.
61

Očekuje se da će se slabo refinansiranje hipoteka nastaviti još neko vreme jer
niske kamatne stope odvraćaju uzajmljivače od povoljnih standardnih varijabilnih
stopa.
4. This was a 2% increase on January figure, but is 35% down on last February's
number.
Ovo je bio porast od 2% u odnosu na brojke u januaru, ali je pad od 35% u
odnosu na brojno stanje u february prošle godine.
5. Very significantly, the Rics survey indicates that more properties are coming on
to the market while buyer interest is faltering.
Veoma značajno, izveštaj Rics pokazuje da se na tržištu pojavljuje sve više
nekratnina dok je interesovanje kupaca slabi.
2nd
Article Treasury saw buy-to-let threat to first-time buyers
http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2010/apr/12/buy-to-let-first-time-buyers
6. The report also cites other pressures on first-time buyers such as the size of
deposits, high demand for housing and rising interest rates.
Izveštaj takođe navodi druge pritiske na prvi put kupce poput veličine depozita,
visoko interesovanje za domaćinstva i podiyanje kamatnih stopa.
7. This shows a government more than happy to benefit from the feel good effect of
rising house prices yet unconcerned about reigning in the negative social
consequences.
62

Ovo pokazuje vladu koja je više nego zadovoljna da ima koristi od dobrog efekta
uvećanja cena kuća a koje nije zabrinuta zbog vladanja u negativnim društvenim
posledicama.
3rd
Article Greece passes latest test with debt sell-off
http://woofeed.com/Greek-crisis-faces-latest-test-with-debt-sell-
off/business/Guardian
8. The T-Bills are short-term debt which Greece promises to repay in either six
months or a year's time.
T-menice su kratkoročna zaduženja koje Grčka obaćava da otplati u roku od šest
meseci ili godinu dana.
9. It needs to sell them to help finance its deficit, which is running at over 12% of
GDP.
Potrebno je da ih proda da bi se izborila sa deficitom koji prelazi preko 12% bruto
domaćeg proizvoda.
10. The financial markets will be watching keenly to see how high a rate, or yield,
investors demand in return for buying Greece's debt.
Finansijska tržišta će pažljivo posmatrati da vide koliku visoku stopu ili prinos
investitori zahtevaju u zamenu za kupovinu grčkog duga.
4th
Article Greece passes latest test with debt sale
http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/13/greece-crisis-faces-latest-test
11. On Monday bond trader Pimco warned that it would not buy Greek debt, as it
does not believe the eurozone rescue plan goes far enough to address the country's
underlying economic problems.
63

U ponedeljak je trgovac obveznicama Pimko upozorio da neće kupiti dug Grčke
jer ne veruje da je plan za spasavanje evrozone u mogućnosti da reši osnovne
ekonomske probleme u toj zemlji.
THE ECONOMIST
5th
Article Britain 2010: An election briefing Rebalancing act
http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15861770
12. Given that a shortage of properties has been a key factor in the rise in house prices
from their early-2009 lows, this suggests that a key prop for house prices is
crumbling.
Uzimajući u obzir da je manjak nekretnina bio ključni faktor za porast cena od
početka 2009. kada su bile niske, zaključujemo da glavni stub cena opada.
13. The problem with tax breaks and other subsidies, however, is that they complicate
the tax system and distort incentives.
Problem u vezi sa poreskim pauzama i drugim subvencijama je, međutim, u
tome što one otežavaju poreski sistem i deformišu podsticaje.
14. Though the government did cut the corporate-tax headline rate from 30% to 28%
in 2008, it is now discussing controversial proposals to extend its tax reach over
foreign subsidiaries controlled by British-domiciled companies.
Iako vlada jeste smanjila korporativnu poreznu stopu sa 30% na 28% u 2008.,
sada raspravlja o kontraverznim predlozima da proširi domet poreza na inostrane
filijale kojima upravljaju kompanije sa sedištem u Britaniji.
64

15. George Osborne, the shadow chancellor, says that he wants to tackle both tax and
regulation to make Britain a more competitive proposition for companies.
Džordž Ozborn, kancelar vlade u senci, kaže da želi da se izbori i sa porezom i sa
propisima kako bi Britaniju učinio primamljivijom ponudom za kompanije.
16. For all the seductive talk of rebalancing the economy, of reviving manufacturing,
of supporting the creative industries, high-tech start-ups or whatever, the best
thing that any new government can do for enterprise is to restore the public
finances and stop dominating the credit markets.
Od svih primamljivih priča o rebalansiranju ekonomije, o ponovnom oživljavanju
proizvodnje, o pružanju podrške kreativnim industrijama, visoko tehnološki
preduzećima ili čemu već, najbolje što svaka vlada može da učini za preduzeće je
da se vrati javnim finansijama i prestane da dominira kreditnim tržištem.
17. THERE is little dispute, going into the election, that the British economy needs a
bit of rebalancing.
Nije sporno da, idući ka izborima, britanska ekonomija treba malo da se
rebalansira.
18. As the government retrenches, it will have to be the private sector that pulls the
country out of the doldrums.
Pošto se vlada povlači, privatni sector će morati da izvuče ekonomiju iz mrtve
sezone.
19. Figures from the Bank of England show that bank lending to business, except for
property lending, fell in the last nine months of 2009.
65

Cifre iz Engleske banke pokazuju da su bankarski zajmovi poslovnom sketroru,
osim zajmova za imovinu, opali u poslednjih devet meseci 2009. godine.
20. Though bankers insist that demand is not there, anecdotal evidence suggests the
opposite, and business investment fell by 19% last year.
Iako bankari insistiraju na tome da nema potražnje, anegdotski dokazi pokazuju
suprotno i poslovne investicije su opale za 19% prošle godine.
21. Sir James Dyson, an entrepreneur and author of a report for the Tories on
Britain’s exporting future, urges more tax breaks for research-intensive high-tech
start-ups.
Ser Džejms Dajson, preduzetnik i autor izveštaja za Totijevce o budućnosti izvoza
Velike Britanije zahteva više poreskih olakšica za viskoko tehnološke firme foje
se bave istraživanjem.
6th
Article Daimler and Renault-Nissan join forces A big plan for small cars
http://www.economist.com/business-finance/displaystory.cfm?
story_id=15869484
22. The world’s drivers are increasingly turning to smaller, more efficient vehicles as
environmental regulations bite harder and populations age in rich countries.
Vozači u svetu se sve više okreću manjim, efikasnijim vozilima jer se ekološki
propisi sve više nameću a sve je više starih ljudi u bogatim zemljama.
7th
Article Japan's debt-ridden economy Crisis in slow motion
http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15867844
66

23. Falling prices mean that nominal GDP, which last year hit its lowest level since
1991, is likely to remain in the deep freeze.
Opadanje cena znači da će nominalni BDP (bruto domaći proizvod), koji je prošle
godine bio na najnižem nivou od 1991., najverovatnije ostati zamrznut.
24. Some argue that this combination of deflation-sapped growth and high debt
makes Japan next in line for a Greek-style debt crisis.
Mnogi tvrde da ova kombinacija rasta izazvana deflacijom i velikog duga čine da
Japan bude sledeći zahvaćen dužničkom krizom poput Grčke.
25. Other assets, such as land and shares, remain at paltry levels compared with their
bubble-era peaks.
Druge vrednosti poput zemlje i deonica ostaju na neznačajnom nivou u poređenju
sa maksimumima iz perioda maksimuma.
26. The bank thinks the real problems are low productivity growth in Japan, which
keeps wages low and suppresses demand for goods and services, and high public
debt.
Banke smatraju da su stvarni problem niska produktivnost u Japanu koja ne
omogućava porast primanja i umanjuje potražnju za robom i uslugama kao i veliki
javni dug.
27. But the tax system is hardly conducive to growth, with some of the highest
corporate-tax rates and lowest consumption-tax rates in the rich world.
67

Ali poreski sistem nije pogodan za razvoj jer ima neke od najviših poreznih
korporativnih stopa i najmanje potrošačke porezne stope u razvijenom svetu.
28. To bureaucrats in the finance ministry, this suggests there is plenty of fiscal
flexibility in Japan to deal with the debt problem.
Birokratama iz Ministarstva finansija ovo nagoveštava da postoji veliki prostor za
fiskalnu fleksibilnost u Japanu prilikom suočavanja sa problemom duga.
29. The IMF’s Mr Tokuoka reckons that as the population ages, savings will dwindle,
which could reduce inflows to the government-bond market.
Gospodin Takouka iz Međunarodnog monetarnog fonda samtra da će sa starenjem
stanovništva štednja opasti što bi moglo da samnji priliv na tržište obveznica.
30. He calculates that even if the household savings rate remains at 2.2%, by 2015
gross public debt could exceed households’ financial assets, which might make
domestic funding more difficult and lead Japan to rely more on foreigners.
On proračunava da čak i ako stopa štednje domaćinstva ostane 2,2 % do 2015.
bruto javni dug bi mogao da prevaziđe finansijska sredstva domaćinstva, što može
otežati domaća finansiranja i dovesti Japan u položaj da se više oslanja na strane
investitore.
31. Many observers agree that fiscal looseness is the best first step to faster nominal
GDP growth.
Mnogi posmatrači smatraju da je finansijska labavost najbolji prvi korak ka bržem
rastu nominalnog BDP-a (bruto domaćeg proizvoda).
68

32. One of the biggest challenges in stimulating growth is to persuade households and
firms to borrow again.
Najveći izazov prilokom stimulisanja rasta je ubediti domaćinstva i firme da
ponovo pozajmljuju.
8th
Article India's mobile-telecoms auction Better late than never
http://www.economist.com/business-finance/displaystory.cfm?
story_id=15883062
33. INDIA is not known for the efficient management of its natural resources.
India nije poznata po efikasnim upravljanjem svojim prirodnim resursima.
34. Many farmers cannot get the water they need to irrigate their crops; industrialists
often struggle to buy land to build factories on; and power stations are sometimes
unable to get enough coal to fire their turbines
Mnogi farmeri ne mogu da dođu do vode koja im je neophodna za navodnjavanje
useva, industrijalci se često bore da kupe zemlju na kojoj bi gradili fabrike a
elektrane ponekad nisu u mogućnosti da dobiju dovoljno uglja da bi pokrenule
turbine.
35. So a big auction of the country’s airwaves to its mobile-network operators, which
began on April 9th and may last a couple of weeks, represents a welcome advance
in economic governance.
69

Contrastive analysis: University project, the Present Simple Tense and the Present Progressive in English and their equivalent forms in serbian

Contrastive analysis: University project, the Present Simple Tense and the Present Progressive in English and their equivalent forms in serbian

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Contrastive analysis: University project, the Present Simple Tense and the Present Progressive in English and their equivalent forms in serbian