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Mike Cohn
Norwegian Developer’s Conference
6 June 2012
Advanced
Agile Planning
1
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
The planning onion
Daily
Iteration
Release
Product
Portfolio
Strategy
Team focuses here
Team focuses here
Team focuses here
2
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Release and iteration planning
Release Plan
Iteration 2Iteration 1 Iteration 3 Iterations 4–7
Code the … 8
Test the … 12
Design a … 8
Code the … 6
Iteration Plan
Code the … 6
Decide … 4
Test the … 6
Automate … 8
Iteration Plan
3
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
What’s a good plan?
A good plan is one that supports reliable
decision-making
Will go from
We’ll be done in the third quarter
We’ll be done in December
We’ll be done 18 December
“It’s better to be
roughly right than
precisely wrong.”
—J.M. Keynes
4
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Velocity
An iteration
4
10 1
3
Velocity = 15
5
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software®
Velocity
A useful long-term measure of the amount of
work completed per iteration
Most useful over at least a handful of iterations
0
10
20
30
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Velocity is measured
in the units you use
to estimate product
backlog items
Velocity
6
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Five Planning Scenarios
A team with historical data
Fixed-date plans
Fixed-scope plans
A team with no velocity data
A team changing size
7
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software®
Calculate a confidence interval from
historical data
27
34
35
38
39
40
40
41
45
90% confidence
interval
# of
historical
iterations
Iterations to
throw out
from each
each end
0–7 0
8–10 1
11–12 2
13–15 3
16–17 4
18–20 5
21–22 6
23–25 7
26+ 8
Sorted Velocities
8
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software®
Extrapolate from the velocity range
Product
Backlog
Assume there
are five
iterations left
We’ll almost certainly get here (5×34=170)
The most we can realistically expect (5×41=205)
9
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Use the online velocity
range calculator at
mountaingoatsoftware.com/tools
10
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Five Planning Scenarios
A team with historical data
Fixed-date plans
Fixed-scope plans
A team with no velocity data
A team changing size
11
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Fixed-date planning
Three steps
1. Determine how many iterations
you have.
2. Estimate velocity as a range.
3. Use that range × the number of
iterations to partition the backlog
into Will Have, Might Have, and
Won’t Have.
12
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Count the iterations
APRIL
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
MAY
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
JUNE
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
3
10
17
24
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
13
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Determine a velocity range
0
10
20
30
40
50
StoryPoints
Iterations
30
21
25
34
25
30 29 29
14
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Product
Backlog
Might have
Won’t have
Will have
6×25
Determine what to commit to
If you promise this
You probably won’t get
the contract
everything if you do
If you promise this
You will probably win
the contract
everything in time
15
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Balancing risk
Low
ExpectationRisk
Delivery RiskLow High
High
Promise Just
the
Will-Haves
Promise All
the
Might-Haves
16
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Five Planning Scenarios
A team with historical data
Fixed-date plans
Fixed-scope plans
A team with no velocity data
A team changing size
17
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Fixed scope planning
Three steps
1. Sum the product backlog
items.
2. Estimate velocity as a range.
3. Use the sum of the backlog
divided by the velocity
range to determine a date
range.
18
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
= 120 story points
}=15–20
0
5
10
15
20
25
StoryPoints
Iterations
19
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
120 ÷ 15 =
JUNE
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
3
10
17
24
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
JANUARY
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
FEBRUARY
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
2
9
16
23
3
10
17
24
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
MARCH
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
APRIL
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
MAY
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
JULY
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
AUGUST
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
4
11
18
25
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
120 ÷ 20 =
JUNE
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
3
10
17
24
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
JANUARY
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
FEBRUARY
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
2
9
16
23
3
10
17
24
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
MARCH
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
APRIL
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
MAY
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
22
29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
31
4
11
18
25
5
12
19
26
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
If you promise the long
duration
You probably will not
get the contract
But it should be easy to
If you promise the short
duration
You probably get the
contract
everything in time
20
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Ranges
Notice in both cases we had a range
For a fixed date project, use a scope
range:
“By that date you’ll have all of these features
and some of these.”
For a fixed-scope project, use a date
range:
“It will take us between 6 and 8 iterations to
deliver all of those features.”
21
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
The impending tradeshow
Your company develops tools for managing agile
projects.
You’ve finished version 1.0 (on time, of course).
Now the boss needs a new version for the big
trade show that is 4 iterations away.
• Which features can you “guarantee” will be in
for the trade show?
• Which features are likely to be in? Use the following
user stories,
estimates and
velocities.
22
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Past velocities
Historiccal Data
Iteration Velocity
1 20
2 14
3 23
4 18
5 25
6 30
7 12
8 22
9 15
10 23
Your estimates
23
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Product backlog item Estimate
1. As the product owner I want to drag items onto a release
burndown chart and see the impact to the release date.
20
2. As a user at a company with lots of cash, I want your product to
support touch screens so I can put a large one in our team
room.
13
3. As a user I would like performance to be about twice as fast as
now during peak use periods.
20
4. As a team member, I’d like to be able to do online planning
poker estimating right inside the tool.
13
5. As a third party, I would like an SOA interface so that I can
integrate my product with yours.
8
6. As a team member I want RSS support for all changes to tasks
or user stories so that I’m notified.
8
7. As the product owner, I want a new report that shows
differences in the product backlog between different time
periods.
3
8. As a team member I’d like to define templates of tasks that
recur for lots of different stories so that I can reuse them
13
24
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Five Planning Scenarios
A team with historical data
Fixed-date plans
Fixed-scope plans
A team with no velocity data
A team changing size
25
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Forecast an initial velocity
Get the team together as though there were going
to plan a real iteration (2–4 weeks)
Iteration planning involves
Breaking product backlog items (features) into
tasks
Estimating the hours for each task
Repeating until the iteration feels full
See how many points are represented by the work
they select
Consider planning a second iteration this way
26
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Consider this team
Person Hours/Day Hours / Iteration
Sergey 4–6 40–60
Yuri 4–6 40–60
Carina 2–3 20–30
Tootal 100–150
27
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Establishing their velocity
100–150 hours per iteration
Capacity
Code… 12
Design … 6
Test … 8
Decide … 8
Automate … 12
… 22
46
22
Story Points
As a frequent
flyer …
3
As a visitor … 5
As a vacation
planner …
5
As a frequent
flyer …
2
Code… 8
Test … 6
Design … 12
Test … 5
… 48
31
48
28
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Turn the point estimate into a range
If you don’t have historical data
Take a wild guess, perhaps:
+/– 10% for a known team working in a known
domain with known technologies
+/– 50% if all that is unknown
If you have historical data from other
teams
Calculate the relative standard deviation of
those teams
29
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Using data from other teams
Teamm A
Iteration Velocity
1 20
2 28
3 24
4 16
5 18
6 23
7 26
8 21
Team A
Mean
Standard
Deviation
22 3.8
Relative standard
deviation
3.8 / 22 = 17%
30
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software®
Product Backlog
Will Have
Might Have
Won’t Have
Estimated
velocity = 11
13
9
119%
81%
Adjust velocity
by ±19%
multiply by
number of
iterations
31
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Five Planning Scenarios
A team with historical data
Fixed-date plans
Fixed-scope plans
A team with no velocity data
A team changing size
32
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Initial
Team
Size
New
Team
Size
Iteration
+1
Iteration
+2
Iteration
+3
6 7 –20% –4% +12%
6 7 0% –6% +15%
7 5 –12% –8% –8%
8 6 –20% –20% –16%
7 8 –15%
Track across
the entire
organization.
Track velocity when size changes
33
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
Initial
Team
Size
New
Team
Size
Iteration
+1
Iteration
+2
Iteration
+3
6 7 –20% –4% +12%
6 7 0% –6% +15%
7 5 –12% –8% –8%
… … … … …
Impact of going from 6–7 people
Iteration
Average
Velocity Change
1 –10%
2 –5%
3+ +13%
34
© Copyright Mountain Goat Software
®
mike@mountaingoatsoftware.com
www.mountaingoatsoftware.com
twitter: mikewcohn
(888) 61-AGILE
Mike Cohn
35

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Advanced Topics in Agile Planning

  • 1. Mike Cohn Norwegian Developer’s Conference 6 June 2012 Advanced Agile Planning 1
  • 2. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® The planning onion Daily Iteration Release Product Portfolio Strategy Team focuses here Team focuses here Team focuses here 2
  • 3. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Release and iteration planning Release Plan Iteration 2Iteration 1 Iteration 3 Iterations 4–7 Code the … 8 Test the … 12 Design a … 8 Code the … 6 Iteration Plan Code the … 6 Decide … 4 Test the … 6 Automate … 8 Iteration Plan 3
  • 4. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® What’s a good plan? A good plan is one that supports reliable decision-making Will go from We’ll be done in the third quarter We’ll be done in December We’ll be done 18 December “It’s better to be roughly right than precisely wrong.” —J.M. Keynes 4
  • 5. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Velocity An iteration 4 10 1 3 Velocity = 15 5
  • 6. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software® Velocity A useful long-term measure of the amount of work completed per iteration Most useful over at least a handful of iterations 0 10 20 30 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Velocity is measured in the units you use to estimate product backlog items Velocity 6
  • 7. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Five Planning Scenarios A team with historical data Fixed-date plans Fixed-scope plans A team with no velocity data A team changing size 7
  • 8. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software® Calculate a confidence interval from historical data 27 34 35 38 39 40 40 41 45 90% confidence interval # of historical iterations Iterations to throw out from each each end 0–7 0 8–10 1 11–12 2 13–15 3 16–17 4 18–20 5 21–22 6 23–25 7 26+ 8 Sorted Velocities 8
  • 9. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software® Extrapolate from the velocity range Product Backlog Assume there are five iterations left We’ll almost certainly get here (5×34=170) The most we can realistically expect (5×41=205) 9
  • 10. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Use the online velocity range calculator at mountaingoatsoftware.com/tools 10
  • 11. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Five Planning Scenarios A team with historical data Fixed-date plans Fixed-scope plans A team with no velocity data A team changing size 11
  • 12. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Fixed-date planning Three steps 1. Determine how many iterations you have. 2. Estimate velocity as a range. 3. Use that range × the number of iterations to partition the backlog into Will Have, Might Have, and Won’t Have. 12
  • 13. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Count the iterations APRIL 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT MAY 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT JUNE 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT 13
  • 14. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Determine a velocity range 0 10 20 30 40 50 StoryPoints Iterations 30 21 25 34 25 30 29 29 14
  • 15. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Product Backlog Might have Won’t have Will have 6×25 Determine what to commit to If you promise this You probably won’t get the contract everything if you do If you promise this You will probably win the contract everything in time 15
  • 16. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Balancing risk Low ExpectationRisk Delivery RiskLow High High Promise Just the Will-Haves Promise All the Might-Haves 16
  • 17. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Five Planning Scenarios A team with historical data Fixed-date plans Fixed-scope plans A team with no velocity data A team changing size 17
  • 18. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Fixed scope planning Three steps 1. Sum the product backlog items. 2. Estimate velocity as a range. 3. Use the sum of the backlog divided by the velocity range to determine a date range. 18
  • 19. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® = 120 story points }=15–20 0 5 10 15 20 25 StoryPoints Iterations 19
  • 20. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® 120 ÷ 15 = JUNE 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT JANUARY 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT FEBRUARY 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 2 9 16 23 3 10 17 24 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT MARCH 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT APRIL 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT MAY 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT JULY 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT AUGUST 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT 120 ÷ 20 = JUNE 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT JANUARY 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT FEBRUARY 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 2 9 16 23 3 10 17 24 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT MARCH 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT APRIL 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT MAY 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT If you promise the long duration You probably will not get the contract But it should be easy to If you promise the short duration You probably get the contract everything in time 20
  • 21. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Ranges Notice in both cases we had a range For a fixed date project, use a scope range: “By that date you’ll have all of these features and some of these.” For a fixed-scope project, use a date range: “It will take us between 6 and 8 iterations to deliver all of those features.” 21
  • 22. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® The impending tradeshow Your company develops tools for managing agile projects. You’ve finished version 1.0 (on time, of course). Now the boss needs a new version for the big trade show that is 4 iterations away. • Which features can you “guarantee” will be in for the trade show? • Which features are likely to be in? Use the following user stories, estimates and velocities. 22
  • 23. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Past velocities Historiccal Data Iteration Velocity 1 20 2 14 3 23 4 18 5 25 6 30 7 12 8 22 9 15 10 23 Your estimates 23
  • 24. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Product backlog item Estimate 1. As the product owner I want to drag items onto a release burndown chart and see the impact to the release date. 20 2. As a user at a company with lots of cash, I want your product to support touch screens so I can put a large one in our team room. 13 3. As a user I would like performance to be about twice as fast as now during peak use periods. 20 4. As a team member, I’d like to be able to do online planning poker estimating right inside the tool. 13 5. As a third party, I would like an SOA interface so that I can integrate my product with yours. 8 6. As a team member I want RSS support for all changes to tasks or user stories so that I’m notified. 8 7. As the product owner, I want a new report that shows differences in the product backlog between different time periods. 3 8. As a team member I’d like to define templates of tasks that recur for lots of different stories so that I can reuse them 13 24
  • 25. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Five Planning Scenarios A team with historical data Fixed-date plans Fixed-scope plans A team with no velocity data A team changing size 25
  • 26. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Forecast an initial velocity Get the team together as though there were going to plan a real iteration (2–4 weeks) Iteration planning involves Breaking product backlog items (features) into tasks Estimating the hours for each task Repeating until the iteration feels full See how many points are represented by the work they select Consider planning a second iteration this way 26
  • 27. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Consider this team Person Hours/Day Hours / Iteration Sergey 4–6 40–60 Yuri 4–6 40–60 Carina 2–3 20–30 Tootal 100–150 27
  • 28. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Establishing their velocity 100–150 hours per iteration Capacity Code… 12 Design … 6 Test … 8 Decide … 8 Automate … 12 … 22 46 22 Story Points As a frequent flyer … 3 As a visitor … 5 As a vacation planner … 5 As a frequent flyer … 2 Code… 8 Test … 6 Design … 12 Test … 5 … 48 31 48 28
  • 29. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Turn the point estimate into a range If you don’t have historical data Take a wild guess, perhaps: +/– 10% for a known team working in a known domain with known technologies +/– 50% if all that is unknown If you have historical data from other teams Calculate the relative standard deviation of those teams 29
  • 30. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Using data from other teams Teamm A Iteration Velocity 1 20 2 28 3 24 4 16 5 18 6 23 7 26 8 21 Team A Mean Standard Deviation 22 3.8 Relative standard deviation 3.8 / 22 = 17% 30
  • 31. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software® Product Backlog Will Have Might Have Won’t Have Estimated velocity = 11 13 9 119% 81% Adjust velocity by ±19% multiply by number of iterations 31
  • 32. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Five Planning Scenarios A team with historical data Fixed-date plans Fixed-scope plans A team with no velocity data A team changing size 32
  • 33. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Initial Team Size New Team Size Iteration +1 Iteration +2 Iteration +3 6 7 –20% –4% +12% 6 7 0% –6% +15% 7 5 –12% –8% –8% 8 6 –20% –20% –16% 7 8 –15% Track across the entire organization. Track velocity when size changes 33
  • 34. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® Initial Team Size New Team Size Iteration +1 Iteration +2 Iteration +3 6 7 –20% –4% +12% 6 7 0% –6% +15% 7 5 –12% –8% –8% … … … … … Impact of going from 6–7 people Iteration Average Velocity Change 1 –10% 2 –5% 3+ +13% 34
  • 35. © Copyright Mountain Goat Software ® mike@mountaingoatsoftware.com www.mountaingoatsoftware.com twitter: mikewcohn (888) 61-AGILE Mike Cohn 35