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Introduction to Remote Sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
 REMOTE   SENSING includes all
 methods and techniques used to
 gain qualitative and quantitative
 information about distant objects
 without coming into direct contact
 with these objects.
 Look-Look,   NO Touch
What is REMOTE SENSING ?

    Remote Sensing (RS) methods try to
           answer four basic questions:
  HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
  What is the SHAPE and EXTENT
   of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments, ...)
  Has it CHANGED?
  What is the MIX of Objects
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
 HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
    WHAT: Type, Characteristic and
     Properties of Object.     Eg. Water,
     Vegetation, Land;       Temperature,
     Concentration, State of Development;
      Subtype, Species, Use of ... ;
     Includes determination of generic
     object type, character and property
     as well as it’s abstract meaning.
        => DATA INTERPRETATION
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
   HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
 HOW MUCH: determine by simple
  COUNTING, measuring AREA covered or
  percentage of total area coverage.
 WHERE: Relate locations and area covered
  to either a standard map or to the actual
  location on the ‘ground’ where the object
  occurs.
NOTE: WHERE also refers to a moment in time
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
   What is the SHAPE and EXTENT
    of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments, ...)
This extends the ‘WHERE’ to be a completely
 GEOMETRIC problem. MAP PRODUCTION
 methods are to be applied to the analysis of
 RS information. These include:
         Photogrammetric Methods:
Identification and Delineation of Boundaries
 and Lineaments (Roads, Rivers, Fault Lines)
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
   Has it CHANGED?




CHANGE may occur with progress of TIME.
Change may be detected through comparison of
  observed states at different moments in time.
=> CHANGE DETECTION
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
    What is the MIX of Objects?
 The surface of the Earth is covered by
   objects like Soil, Water, Grass, Trees,
   Houses, Roads and so on. These are
   ‘GENERIC OBJECTS’. We know these
   well, but we also know objects like Open
   Forest, Residential and Industrial
   Estates, etc. Each of these ABSTRACT
   OBJECTS are made up of a typical
   collection of Generic Objects.
What is REMOTE SENSING ?

    What is the MIX of Objects?
 One important task for Remote Sensing is to
   identify
 GENERIC OBJECTS as well as
 ABSTRACT OBJECTS within areas of
   interest

 The following lessons will be devoted to
   techniques and methods as well as to the
   logistic for finding answers to the four
   basic questions.
What is REMOTE SENSING ?

                                   Remote Sensing (Look-
                                    Look, No Touch) is a
                                    much wider field than we
                                    will discuss in this lecture
                                    series. We will
   Vision     Medical Imaging
                                    concentrate on that part
                                    of RS dealing with
                                   EARTH LAND
                                    RESOURCES



 Sound and Radio Wave Detection
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
             What makes it tick ???
 (1) RS requires a CARRIER of information,
   which can bridge distances.
 (2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect
   changes in the carried Signal.
 (3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS,
   INTERPRETATION and
   REPRESENTATION of the sensed
   information in a purposeful way.
What is REMOTE SENSING ?

 (1) RS requires a CARRIER of information,
   which can bridge distances.
 These Carriers of Information are FIELDS of
   FORCES:
 * Pressure Wave Fields of Sound,
 * Gravity Force Fields,
 * Magnetic Force Fields and
 * Electro-magnetic Force Fields.
 The latter are of our main interest, since they
   include visible and invisible LIGHT.
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
   (2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect
    changes in the carried Signal.
  Apart from our own eyes and ears, technology has
    provided us with a multitude of sensors operating
    in the detection of force fields:
  microphones, geophones,
  photographic film, video cameras and photo
    detectors,
  radio wave receivers, gravimeters and
    magnetometers.
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
 (3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS,
   INTERPRETATION and
   REPRESENTATION of the sensed
   information in a purposeful way.
 This is a technique based topic. It is essential
   for the success or failure of RS in respect of
   it’s anticipated purpose.
 This topic will be dealt with in it’s main
   aspects (but not completely) in the
   following lessons.
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
                  Sensor System   eg. Camera
Source of Force
    Field



                                               Resulting RS Data Set
                          DATA                       eg. Image
                       ACQUISITION
                  Reflection




     Object (generic)
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
                           DATA
                        PROCESSING
                              Interpretation
                        (secondary) Measurements
                 Data Processing & Mapping (geometric)
                     Presentation of Processing Results
               Explaining deduced OBJECT INFORMATION
 RS Data Set
 eg. Image



                              Object(s)
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
   Fraunhofer, Joseph (1877-1826), German optician and
    physicist, Spectroscopy
   Wien, Wilhelm (1864-1928), German physicist, 1911
    Nobel Prize in Physics, Wien’s Displacement Law
   Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947), German
    physicist, 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics, laid basis to
    Quantum Physics, developed Planck’s Law
   Einstein, Albert (18779-1955), German(?) physicist,
    1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, General Theory of
    Relativity, and E = m c^2
   Serious, Jahoo (still alive), son of Tasmanian apple
    grower,, How to put bubbles into beer: E = m c^2
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                                  Fraunhofer discovered ‘black
                                   lines’ in the spectrum of light
                                   emitted by various superheated
                                   chemical elements. These lines
                   Fraunhofer Lineswere as typical for each of the
                                   elements as fingerprints for
                                   humans.


                                    Chemical Composition of
                                     objects effects emitted ER
                                     in a unique way for each
                                     element.
(found empirically by observation)
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                    In Einstein's formula
                        E = mc^2
       Fraunhofer Lines E = Energy
                        m = mass (of matter/object)
                        c = propagation velocity of
                                    light
                    What does that tell us ?
                     There is a well defined
                        relationship between
                        MATTER, ENERGY and
           2            ELECTROMAGNETIC
 E = mc                 RADIATION (eg. light)
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
             The basic building blocks of all
               matter are ATOMS
             The basic building blocks of
               Atoms are the NUCLEUS
               (Neutrons and Protons) and
               several ELECTRONS.
             Electrons are thought to be
               spinning around the
               Nucleus at orbits of
               different, but well pre-
               defined discrete sequential
               radii.
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
            Neutrons are thought to carry NO
              Energy charge.
            Protons are thought to carry a
              charge of energy defined as
              being positive.
            Electrons are thought to carry a
              charge of energy defined as
              being negative.
            Because of the dual polarity
              (positive <=> negative) an
              energy potential exists
              between Nucleus and
              Electrons
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
            An equal number of Electrons
              and Protons exist in all atoms
              (isotopes excluded).
            A balance exists quasi
              mechanical between the
              attraction forces of opposite
              charges and centrifugal forces
              of the spinning Electrons.
            This balance is an intricate
              compromise of these forces
              and the actual energy level
              inherent to each atom.
ER, the Physical Basis of RS

              The energy level contained in
                an atom can be changed
                (eg. by heating or cooling).
              The balance of forces inside
                the atom will automatically
                adept to energy level
                changes by moving
                electrons to higher or
                lower orbits.
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
             To have an electron move
               from it’s current orbit to the
               next outer orbit, an energy
               amount equal to one
               Planck’s Quantum has to
               be added to the atom (eg.
               by heating).
             To have an electron drop back
               from an outer orbit to the
               next inner one, the same
               amount of energy has to be
               extracted from the atom.
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                              It is this EXTRACTION of
                                  energy from an atom when
                                  electrons drop back to
                                  lower orbits which is of
                                  interest to us.
                              One widely accepted theory
                                  says, that atoms lose
                                  energy in form of
                              Electromagnetic
                                Radiation

Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                                     Electromagnetic
                                       Radiation
                                     One theory explains ER as a
                                       WAVE field,
                                     another as a field of a stream
                                       of PHOTONS, particles so
                                       small that they have no
                                       mass.
                                     Both are said to propagate at
                          Wave         light speed.
                                           Photon

Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum     E = mc^2
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
c = const ~ 300000 km/sec
                            Electromagnetic Radiation
                               Some atoms may have been
                                charged to a higher energy
                                level; pushing electrons
                                further than one orbital level.
                                In turn they can drop back
                                over more than one orbit
                                level: more energy than one
                                Quantum
                          Wave
                                           Photon

Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum     E = mc^2
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
c = const ~ 300000 km/sec
2 Quantum charge          Electromagnetic Radiation
                                Gerd’s interpretation:
                          Since c is constant, all photons
                             travel about 300,000 km/sec
                            Those with a higher energy
                                charge will use a ‘more
                              wiggly’ (thus, longer) wave
                              path than those with lesser
                                         charge.
                          Wave
                                           Photon

Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum     E = mc^2
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                        Electromagnetic Radiation
                               Wave characteristics:
                 λ         λ = Wave length = distance
                             between consecutive wave
                              peaks (measured in µm)
                        f = frequency = number of wave
                            peaks (wiggles) in the wave
                             train propagating for 1 sec
                                 (measured in Hz)
                                      λ=c/f

c = const ~ 300000 km/sec
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                        Electromagnetic Radiation
                        Summing up:
                 λ       High Energy Radiation
                          proceeds at higher
                          frequencies (shorter
                          wavelength compared to low
                          energy radiation.
                         Radiation wave length mix
                          depends on amount of (heat)
                          energy contain in an atom
                             PLANCK’s LAW
c = const ~ 300000 km/sec
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                               PLANCK’s LAW
                 λ
                            Total Radiation
                            Energy emitted
                                       Radiation Energy Curve for
                                       an object (BLACK BODY)
                                       at constant temperature.


                                            peak

                               short                       long
c = const ~ 300000 km/sec                Wave Length λ
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                    WIEN’s DISPLACEMENT LAW
                       Total Radiation
                λ      Energy emitted
                                     Radiation Energy Curves for
                                     an object (BLACK BODY)
                                     at various constant
                                     temperatures.
                                               6000K
                                                      3000k
                                                          1000K
                                                              300K

0K = -273 degree Celsius      short                      long
300K = 27 degree Celsius               Wave Length λ
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                        Using Fraunhofer’s Observations
                        A Black Body is a theoretical, not a
                           real object.
                 λ
                        Real Objects will produce somewhat
                           different radiation output pattern.

                                Radiation Energy Curve for
                                an object at constant temperature.
                                                       Gerd’s real
                                                         object


                                short                      long
c = const ~ 300000 km/sec                Wave Length λ
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
 Using Fraunhofer’s Observations
    The variation in Radiation output from a REAL OBJECT
     depends on it’s chemical composition. Water has a different
     SPECTRAL SIGNATURE than soil or chlorophyll containing
     leaf matter, etc.

  QUESTIONS:
                                      Radiation Energy Curve for
 • Can we use these facts to
                                      an object at constant temperature.
   measure object temperatures?
 • Can we use these facts to                                 Gerd’s real
   identify the chemical                                       object
   composition of objects and
 • can we use the latter to
                                      short                      long
   identify the object itself?
                                              Wave Length λ
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
The Average Temperature ofWIEN’s DISPLACEMENT
    Earth’s Surface rarely                  LAW
   exceeds 300 K, an object Total Radiation
     temperature to low to    Energy emitted
                                        Radiation Energy Curves for
    provide for EMITTED
                                        an object (BLACK BODY)
  RADIATION of sufficient               at constant temperatures.
 strength to register on most                     6000K
    of the available sensors                            3000k
    (except in thermal IR).                                 1000K
                                                                300K
 (Even warm nights can be pitch
             black)                  short                   long
                                             Wave Length λ
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
The surface of the Sun’s outer WIEN’s DISPLACEMENT
                            
  atmosphere (photosphere) LAW
  has a temperature of about Total Radiation
     5800K, hot enough to      Energy emitted
                                         Radiation Energy Curves for
  provide adequate radiation
                                         an object (BLACK BODY)
    energy. (Peak output in              at constant temperatures.
    GREEN of visible light).                       6000K
                                                         3000k
   Most RS systems utilise
                                                             1000K
      reflected sun light.
                                                                 300K

                                     short                   long
                                             Wave Length λ
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                        WIEN’s DISPLACEMENT
QUESTION: Does incident
                                  LAW
  sun light interact in a        Total Radiation
  similar way with matter as Energy emitted
  described is the case for                 Radiation Energy Curves for
  emitted radiation?                        an object (BLACK BODY)
                                            at constant temperatures.
ANSWER:       YES!                                    6000K
  ER (including light) is a form                            3000k
  of energy (as is heat). Matter                                1000K
  (atoms) can absorb as well as                                       300K
  emit energy.
                                        short                    long
                                                Wave Length λ
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
Objects under illumination by
  sun light will partially   WIEN’s DISPLACEMENT
  absorb radiation.
                              Total Radiation
Absorption level varies with  Energy emitted
  wave length depending on               Radiation Energy Curves for
  chemical composition of                an object (BLACK BODY)
  the object                             at constant temperatures.
                                                   6000K
Radiation not absorbed is                                3000k
  mostly reflected and                                       1000K
  available for RS.                                                300K
Spectral Signatures                   short                   long
                                              Wave Length λ
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
              Examples of Spectral Signatures
                    (not to exact scale; see Textbook)
         %
    Reflectance                                           Vegetation (green)
   (of Sun Light)

     50
                                                   Bare Soil (Grey/Brown)



                                              Water (clear)
       0
                                                                           µm
(<= UV) 0.4 (blue) 0.5 (green) 0.6 (red) 0.7 (IR=>) 0.8         1.0
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
            The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                   (not to exact scale; see Textbook)
                        Wave Length
10^-6      10^-3     0.1 1     100          10^5      10^8 µ m

                                                             (.... Sound
                                                            not part of ER)

                                      Micro-
γ -Rays   X-Ray    UV                 Wave
                                               TV/Radio
                                                               Note: outside
                                       Thermal Infrared        the visible Range,
                      Visible         Near & Mid Infrared      no colours or
                                                               shades will be
                 Blue Green Red                                perceived.
           0.4      0.5     0.6   0.7 µ m
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
             The General Remote Sensing
             Radiation   Model
             Source
                              S
I = Incident ER                    Sensor
R = Reflected                                Simplified
A = Absorbed                                 Radiation-
T = Transmitted           I                  Balance
S = Scattering
                                            I=R+A+T
                                        R
                                            R=I-A-T

                          T
                      A             A
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                       A bright Idea for RS
        %          G        R         IR
                                                          Vegetation (green)
   Reflectance
  (of Sun Light)
                                                     Bare Soil (Grey/Brown)
     50                                                     Truth Table
                                                            Veg.      Soil
                                                          G med       med
                                                          R low       high
                                                          IR high+    high
       0
                                                                             µm
(<= UV) 0.4 (blue) 0.5 (green) 0.6 (red) 0.7 (IR=>) 0.8         1.0
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
                                 Truth Table
    A bright Idea for RS          Veg.     Soil
                                G med      med
                                R low      high
                                IR high+   high
    G                R     IR
Introduction to remote sensing
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Introduction to remote sensing
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Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
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Introduction to remote sensing

  • 42. What is REMOTE SENSING ?  REMOTE SENSING includes all methods and techniques used to gain qualitative and quantitative information about distant objects without coming into direct contact with these objects.  Look-Look, NO Touch
  • 43. What is REMOTE SENSING ? Remote Sensing (RS) methods try to answer four basic questions:  HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?  What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments, ...)  Has it CHANGED?  What is the MIX of Objects
  • 44. What is REMOTE SENSING ? HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?  WHAT: Type, Characteristic and Properties of Object. Eg. Water, Vegetation, Land; Temperature, Concentration, State of Development; Subtype, Species, Use of ... ; Includes determination of generic object type, character and property as well as it’s abstract meaning. => DATA INTERPRETATION
  • 45. What is REMOTE SENSING ?  HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?  HOW MUCH: determine by simple COUNTING, measuring AREA covered or percentage of total area coverage.  WHERE: Relate locations and area covered to either a standard map or to the actual location on the ‘ground’ where the object occurs. NOTE: WHERE also refers to a moment in time
  • 46. What is REMOTE SENSING ?  What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments, ...) This extends the ‘WHERE’ to be a completely GEOMETRIC problem. MAP PRODUCTION methods are to be applied to the analysis of RS information. These include: Photogrammetric Methods: Identification and Delineation of Boundaries and Lineaments (Roads, Rivers, Fault Lines)
  • 47. What is REMOTE SENSING ?  Has it CHANGED? CHANGE may occur with progress of TIME. Change may be detected through comparison of observed states at different moments in time. => CHANGE DETECTION
  • 48. What is REMOTE SENSING ?  What is the MIX of Objects? The surface of the Earth is covered by objects like Soil, Water, Grass, Trees, Houses, Roads and so on. These are ‘GENERIC OBJECTS’. We know these well, but we also know objects like Open Forest, Residential and Industrial Estates, etc. Each of these ABSTRACT OBJECTS are made up of a typical collection of Generic Objects.
  • 49. What is REMOTE SENSING ?  What is the MIX of Objects? One important task for Remote Sensing is to identify GENERIC OBJECTS as well as ABSTRACT OBJECTS within areas of interest The following lessons will be devoted to techniques and methods as well as to the logistic for finding answers to the four basic questions.
  • 50. What is REMOTE SENSING ?  Remote Sensing (Look- Look, No Touch) is a much wider field than we will discuss in this lecture series. We will Vision Medical Imaging concentrate on that part of RS dealing with  EARTH LAND RESOURCES Sound and Radio Wave Detection
  • 51. What is REMOTE SENSING ? What makes it tick ??? (1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances. (2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal. (3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way.
  • 52. What is REMOTE SENSING ? (1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances. These Carriers of Information are FIELDS of FORCES: * Pressure Wave Fields of Sound, * Gravity Force Fields, * Magnetic Force Fields and * Electro-magnetic Force Fields. The latter are of our main interest, since they include visible and invisible LIGHT.
  • 53. What is REMOTE SENSING ?  (2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal. Apart from our own eyes and ears, technology has provided us with a multitude of sensors operating in the detection of force fields: microphones, geophones, photographic film, video cameras and photo detectors, radio wave receivers, gravimeters and magnetometers.
  • 54. What is REMOTE SENSING ? (3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way. This is a technique based topic. It is essential for the success or failure of RS in respect of it’s anticipated purpose. This topic will be dealt with in it’s main aspects (but not completely) in the following lessons.
  • 55. What is REMOTE SENSING ? Sensor System eg. Camera Source of Force Field Resulting RS Data Set DATA eg. Image ACQUISITION Reflection Object (generic)
  • 56. What is REMOTE SENSING ? DATA PROCESSING Interpretation (secondary) Measurements Data Processing & Mapping (geometric) Presentation of Processing Results Explaining deduced OBJECT INFORMATION RS Data Set eg. Image Object(s)
  • 57. ER, the Physical Basis of RS  Fraunhofer, Joseph (1877-1826), German optician and physicist, Spectroscopy  Wien, Wilhelm (1864-1928), German physicist, 1911 Nobel Prize in Physics, Wien’s Displacement Law  Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947), German physicist, 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics, laid basis to Quantum Physics, developed Planck’s Law  Einstein, Albert (18779-1955), German(?) physicist, 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, General Theory of Relativity, and E = m c^2  Serious, Jahoo (still alive), son of Tasmanian apple grower,, How to put bubbles into beer: E = m c^2
  • 58. ER, the Physical Basis of RS  Fraunhofer discovered ‘black lines’ in the spectrum of light emitted by various superheated chemical elements. These lines Fraunhofer Lineswere as typical for each of the elements as fingerprints for humans.  Chemical Composition of objects effects emitted ER in a unique way for each element. (found empirically by observation)
  • 59. ER, the Physical Basis of RS In Einstein's formula E = mc^2 Fraunhofer Lines E = Energy m = mass (of matter/object) c = propagation velocity of light What does that tell us ?  There is a well defined relationship between MATTER, ENERGY and 2 ELECTROMAGNETIC E = mc RADIATION (eg. light)
  • 60. ER, the Physical Basis of RS The basic building blocks of all matter are ATOMS The basic building blocks of Atoms are the NUCLEUS (Neutrons and Protons) and several ELECTRONS. Electrons are thought to be spinning around the Nucleus at orbits of different, but well pre- defined discrete sequential radii.
  • 61. ER, the Physical Basis of RS Neutrons are thought to carry NO Energy charge. Protons are thought to carry a charge of energy defined as being positive. Electrons are thought to carry a charge of energy defined as being negative. Because of the dual polarity (positive <=> negative) an energy potential exists between Nucleus and Electrons
  • 62. ER, the Physical Basis of RS An equal number of Electrons and Protons exist in all atoms (isotopes excluded). A balance exists quasi mechanical between the attraction forces of opposite charges and centrifugal forces of the spinning Electrons. This balance is an intricate compromise of these forces and the actual energy level inherent to each atom.
  • 63. ER, the Physical Basis of RS The energy level contained in an atom can be changed (eg. by heating or cooling). The balance of forces inside the atom will automatically adept to energy level changes by moving electrons to higher or lower orbits.
  • 64. ER, the Physical Basis of RS To have an electron move from it’s current orbit to the next outer orbit, an energy amount equal to one Planck’s Quantum has to be added to the atom (eg. by heating). To have an electron drop back from an outer orbit to the next inner one, the same amount of energy has to be extracted from the atom.
  • 65. ER, the Physical Basis of RS It is this EXTRACTION of energy from an atom when electrons drop back to lower orbits which is of interest to us. One widely accepted theory says, that atoms lose energy in form of Electromagnetic Radiation Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum
  • 66. ER, the Physical Basis of RS Electromagnetic Radiation One theory explains ER as a WAVE field, another as a field of a stream of PHOTONS, particles so small that they have no mass. Both are said to propagate at Wave light speed. Photon Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum E = mc^2
  • 67. ER, the Physical Basis of RS c = const ~ 300000 km/sec Electromagnetic Radiation  Some atoms may have been charged to a higher energy level; pushing electrons further than one orbital level. In turn they can drop back over more than one orbit level: more energy than one Quantum Wave Photon Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum E = mc^2
  • 68. ER, the Physical Basis of RS c = const ~ 300000 km/sec 2 Quantum charge Electromagnetic Radiation Gerd’s interpretation: Since c is constant, all photons travel about 300,000 km/sec Those with a higher energy charge will use a ‘more wiggly’ (thus, longer) wave path than those with lesser charge. Wave Photon Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum E = mc^2
  • 69. ER, the Physical Basis of RS Electromagnetic Radiation Wave characteristics: λ λ = Wave length = distance between consecutive wave peaks (measured in µm) f = frequency = number of wave peaks (wiggles) in the wave train propagating for 1 sec (measured in Hz) λ=c/f c = const ~ 300000 km/sec
  • 70. ER, the Physical Basis of RS Electromagnetic Radiation Summing up: λ  High Energy Radiation proceeds at higher frequencies (shorter wavelength compared to low energy radiation.  Radiation wave length mix depends on amount of (heat) energy contain in an atom PLANCK’s LAW c = const ~ 300000 km/sec
  • 71. ER, the Physical Basis of RS PLANCK’s LAW λ Total Radiation Energy emitted Radiation Energy Curve for an object (BLACK BODY) at constant temperature. peak short long c = const ~ 300000 km/sec Wave Length λ
  • 72. ER, the Physical Basis of RS WIEN’s DISPLACEMENT LAW Total Radiation λ Energy emitted Radiation Energy Curves for an object (BLACK BODY) at various constant temperatures. 6000K 3000k 1000K 300K 0K = -273 degree Celsius short long 300K = 27 degree Celsius Wave Length λ
  • 73. ER, the Physical Basis of RS Using Fraunhofer’s Observations A Black Body is a theoretical, not a real object. λ Real Objects will produce somewhat different radiation output pattern. Radiation Energy Curve for an object at constant temperature. Gerd’s real object short long c = const ~ 300000 km/sec Wave Length λ
  • 74. ER, the Physical Basis of RS Using Fraunhofer’s Observations  The variation in Radiation output from a REAL OBJECT depends on it’s chemical composition. Water has a different SPECTRAL SIGNATURE than soil or chlorophyll containing leaf matter, etc. QUESTIONS: Radiation Energy Curve for • Can we use these facts to an object at constant temperature. measure object temperatures? • Can we use these facts to Gerd’s real identify the chemical object composition of objects and • can we use the latter to short long identify the object itself? Wave Length λ
  • 75. ER, the Physical Basis of RS The Average Temperature ofWIEN’s DISPLACEMENT Earth’s Surface rarely LAW exceeds 300 K, an object Total Radiation temperature to low to Energy emitted Radiation Energy Curves for provide for EMITTED an object (BLACK BODY) RADIATION of sufficient at constant temperatures. strength to register on most 6000K of the available sensors 3000k (except in thermal IR). 1000K 300K (Even warm nights can be pitch black) short long Wave Length λ
  • 76. ER, the Physical Basis of RS The surface of the Sun’s outer WIEN’s DISPLACEMENT  atmosphere (photosphere) LAW has a temperature of about Total Radiation 5800K, hot enough to Energy emitted Radiation Energy Curves for provide adequate radiation an object (BLACK BODY) energy. (Peak output in at constant temperatures. GREEN of visible light). 6000K 3000k Most RS systems utilise 1000K reflected sun light. 300K short long Wave Length λ
  • 77. ER, the Physical Basis of RS WIEN’s DISPLACEMENT QUESTION: Does incident LAW sun light interact in a Total Radiation similar way with matter as Energy emitted described is the case for Radiation Energy Curves for emitted radiation? an object (BLACK BODY) at constant temperatures. ANSWER: YES! 6000K ER (including light) is a form 3000k of energy (as is heat). Matter 1000K (atoms) can absorb as well as 300K emit energy. short long Wave Length λ
  • 78. ER, the Physical Basis of RS Objects under illumination by sun light will partially WIEN’s DISPLACEMENT absorb radiation. Total Radiation Absorption level varies with Energy emitted wave length depending on Radiation Energy Curves for chemical composition of an object (BLACK BODY) the object at constant temperatures. 6000K Radiation not absorbed is 3000k mostly reflected and 1000K available for RS. 300K Spectral Signatures short long Wave Length λ
  • 79. ER, the Physical Basis of RS Examples of Spectral Signatures (not to exact scale; see Textbook) % Reflectance Vegetation (green) (of Sun Light) 50 Bare Soil (Grey/Brown) Water (clear) 0 µm (<= UV) 0.4 (blue) 0.5 (green) 0.6 (red) 0.7 (IR=>) 0.8 1.0
  • 80. ER, the Physical Basis of RS The Electromagnetic Spectrum (not to exact scale; see Textbook) Wave Length 10^-6 10^-3 0.1 1 100 10^5 10^8 µ m (.... Sound not part of ER) Micro- γ -Rays X-Ray UV Wave TV/Radio Note: outside Thermal Infrared the visible Range, Visible Near & Mid Infrared no colours or shades will be Blue Green Red perceived. 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 µ m
  • 81. ER, the Physical Basis of RS The General Remote Sensing Radiation Model Source S I = Incident ER Sensor R = Reflected Simplified A = Absorbed Radiation- T = Transmitted I Balance S = Scattering I=R+A+T R R=I-A-T T A A
  • 82. ER, the Physical Basis of RS A bright Idea for RS % G R IR Vegetation (green) Reflectance (of Sun Light) Bare Soil (Grey/Brown) 50 Truth Table Veg. Soil G med med R low high IR high+ high 0 µm (<= UV) 0.4 (blue) 0.5 (green) 0.6 (red) 0.7 (IR=>) 0.8 1.0
  • 83. ER, the Physical Basis of RS Truth Table A bright Idea for RS Veg. Soil G med med R low high IR high+ high G R IR

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