Native Americans to colonization in APUS History

1. FOUNDING THE NEW
NATION
c. 33,000 B.C.- A.D.1783

2. I. PEOPLING THE
AMERICAS
I. The Land Bridge theory.
1. End of Ice Age diminished glaciers over North
America.
2. Land Bridge emerged linking Asia & NA across
Bering Sea.
3. People walked across the "bridge" before the sea
level rose
4. The Land Bridge occurred around 35,000 years
ago.
II. Many peoples
A. Groups spread across North, Central, and South
America.
B. Tribes emerged with an estimated 2,000
languages. Notably:
1. Incas: Peru, with elaborate network of roads
and bridges linking their empire.
2. Mayas: Yucatan Peninsula, with their step
pyramids.
3. Aztecs: Mexico, with step pyramids and huge
sacrifices of conquered peoples.

3. II. EARLIEST AMERICANS
I. Development of corn or maize around 5,000 B.C. in
Mexico was revolutionary in that:
A. Didn't have to be hunter-gatherers, could settle down
and be farmers.
B. Began to establish permanent settlements
1. No large concentration of pop. Like in SA or
Mesoamerica
2. Scattered pop. allowed Europeans to defeat Native
Americans easier
C. Corn arrived in the present day U.S. around
1,200 B.C.
II. Pueblo Indians
A. 1st American corn growers (12,00 B.C.)
B. They lived in adobe houses and pueblos. Pueblos like
apartment complex often beneath cliffs.
C. Developed elaborate irrigation systems to draw water
away from rivers to grown corn.
III. Mound Builders
A. Built huge ceremonial, burial mounds- located in
the Ohio Valley.
B. Established large settlements after introduction of
corn
C. Cahokia, near East St. Louis today, held 40,000

4. II. EARLIEST AMERICANS
IV. Eastern Indians
A. Grew corn, beans, and squash in three sister farming:
1. Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk,
squash's broad leaves kept the sun off the ground, kept the moisture in the soil.
2. This group likely had the best (most diverse) diet of all NA Indians and is typified
by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw (South) and Iroquois (North).
V. Iroquois Confederation
A. Hiawatha legendary leader
B. Closest approximation to Mex., SA nation-states
C. The Iroquois Confederation- group of 5 tribes in New York state.
D. Matriline al- authority and possessions passed down through the female line.
E. Each tribe kept their independence, met occasionally to discuss matters of common
interest, like war/defense.
F. Political/ military alliance menaced neighbors for over a century

5. II. Earliest Americans
VI. Native Americans had different view of things as
compared to Europeans.
A. Native Americans-no man owned the land, the tribe
did. (Europeans- private property)
B. Indians- nature was mixed with many spirits.
(Europeans-Christian and monotheistic)
C. Indians- nature was sacred. (Europeans- nature and
land to be subdued and put to use).
D. Indians- little or no concept or interest in money.
(Europeans- loved money or gold)

6. I. The 1st Europeans to come to
America were the Norse (Vikings
fromNorway).
1. 1000 AD, the Vikings landed in
Newfoundland (L’Anse aux
Meadows)
2. No strong nation- state to support
other voyages, settlements
abandoned
II. Growing powerof nations,
governments wanted contact with
world fortrade orconquest
1. Christian Crusaders fought in
Palestine regain the Holy Land from
Muslims.
2. Mixing of East and West – European
desire for Asian spices, goods
3. Marco Polo traveled to China stirred

7. V. Columbus Comes upon a New
World
I. Convinced King and Queen of Spain to
finance expedition to bypass Africa route to
Asia
II. 1492 “discovers” America
III. Voyage eventually leads to beginnings of
interdependent global system
 Europe would provide the market, capital,
technology.
 Africa would provide the labor.
 The New World would provide the raw materials
(gold, soil, lumber).

8. V. Columbus Comes upon a
New World
I. Causes biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds.
 traded plants, foods, animals, germs
II. Columbian Exchange:
 Fromthe New World (America) to the Old
 corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash,
tomato, wild rice, etc. also, syphilis
 Fromthe Old World to the New
 cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus,
carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc.
 devastating diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, malaria), as Indians
had no immunities.
 The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up over
generations.
 An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to
disease.

9. VII. The Spanish Conquistadores
I. Spain secured claim to Americas from Treaty of
Tordesillas (1494)
II. 1500’s dominant explorers/ colonizers of Americas
III. Conquistadores explored and conquered much of N and
S America
 Vasco Balboa: "discovered“ the Pacific Ocean across
isthmus of Panama
 Ferdinand Magellan: circumnavigates the globe (1st to
do so)
 Ponce de Leon: touches and names Florida looking for
legendary Fountain of Youth
 Hernando Cortes: enters Florida, travels up into present
day Southeastern U.S., dies and is "buried“ in Mississippi
River
 Francisco Pizarro: conquers Incan Empire of Peru
and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain.
This huge influx
of precious metals made European prices skyrocket
(inflation).
 Francisco Coronado: ventured into current Southwest

10. VII. The Spanish Conquistadores
I. Flood of silver from SA, Mexico caused inflation in
Europe
A. Led to rise of capitalism and commercial banking,
paid for international trade
II. Encomienda system established
A. Indians "commended“ or given to Spanish landlords
B. The idea was that Indians would work and be
converted to Christianity, but it was basically just
slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary
work.

11. VIII. The Conquest of Mexico
 Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs at
Tenochtitlan.
 Cortez went from Cuba to present day Vera Cruz,
then marched over mountains to the Aztec capital.
 Montezuma, Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the
god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear
 Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan.
 The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack on
the nochetriste, sad night. Cortez and men fought
their way out, but it was
smallpox that eventually beat the Indians.
 The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, building the
Spanish capital (Mexico City) exactly on top of the
Aztec city.
 A new race of people emerged, mestizos, a mix of
Spanish and Indian blood.

12. IX. The Spread of Spanish America
I. Spain’s empire grew quickly
II. Threats from other European
powers- English, French
III. Spanish set up forts (presidios) to
protect borders- from Florida to
California
IV. Rebellions in New Mexico against
Spanish (Pope’s Rebellion 1680)
V. BlackLegend: The Black Legend
was the notion that Spaniards only
brought bad things (murder,
disease, slavery); though true,
they also brought good things
such as law systems, architecture,
Christianity, language, civilization,
so that the Black Legend is partly,
but not entirely, accurate.

13. PLANTING OF THE
ENGLISH IN AMERICA
1500-1733

14. I. ELIZABETHENERGIZES
ENGLAND
Within 100 years of Columbus landing Americas radically transformed
 1600 most of North America unclaimed, unexplored
 In the 1500s, Britain failed to effectively colonize due to internal
conflicts.
 1530’s King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church
launched the English Protestant Reformation.
 Elizabeth I became queen, Britain became basically Protestant,
rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified.
 Ireland, Catholics sought Spain’s help in revolting against England,
English crushed the uprising with brutal atrocity, developed
contempt for natives.
 Late 1500’s English attack Spanish ships for gold (Sir Francis
Drake)
 First English attempts at colonization (Newfoundland 1583,
Roanoke 1585) failed
 1588 English defeat Spanish Armada
 Allows English to cross North Atlantic
 Victory gives English reason for exploration/settlement
A. Strong government/popular monarch, more religious unity, a sense
of nationalism

15. II. England on the Eve of the
Empire
 Reasons for English colonization of the Americas
A. 1500’s growing population
B. New enclosure laws – less land for poor
C. Wool industry collapsed
D. Population became mobile (looking for jobs)
E. Tradition of primogeniture = 1st born son inherits
ALL father’s land. Younger sons tried their luck with fortunes elsewhere, like
America.
 Early1600s, joint-stockcompanyperfected (investors put money into the
company with hopes for a good return), provided financing for colonization
 Joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, stockholders invested to
make a profit, then quickly sell for profit a few years later
 Charter gave settlers same rights as Englishmen
 Joint Stock Company (VirginiaCompany) given charter by King James I to
settle in New World

16. III. England Plants the Jamestown
Seedling
 On May 24, 1607, about 100
English settlers disembarked
from their ship and founded
Jamestown.
 Problems included:
(a) the swampy site of
Jamestown, poor drinking
water, mosquitoes caused
malaria and yellow fever.
(b) men wasted time looking
for gold rather than doing
useful tasks (digging wells,
building shelter, planting
crops),
(c) zero women on the initial
ship.

17. III. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling
 1608 Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists
into shape, gave order and discipline, highlighted by his “no work, no
food” policy.
 Colonists had to eat cats, dogs, rats, even other people. One fellow
wrote of eating “powdered wife.”
 1610 a relief party headed by Lord De La Warr arrived to alleviate the
suffering.
 1625 out of an original overall total of 8,000 would-be settlers, only
1,200 had survived.

18. IV. Culture Clash in the New
World
 At first English seen potential allies, relations grew worse
when English began to raid Indian food supplies
 De La Warr began “total war” against Indians
 Early 1600’s clashes decimated Indians pushed them
westward, removed them from ancestral lands
 European colonization disrupted way of life
 Disease took out population
 Trade intensified competition among tribes
 Tribes along Atlantic seaboard felt effects the most
 When colonists could grow their own food they had little
use for Indians, Europeans wanted their land

19. V. Virginia Child of Tobacco
 Tobacco savior of Virginia Colony
 cash crop- Jamestown had
found its gold.
 Tobacco created a greed for
land- heavily depleted the soil
and ruined the land.
 Representative self-government in
Virginia
 1619 settlers created the House of
Burgesses, a committee to work out
local issues. This set Americaona
pathwaytoself-rule
 1619 first Africans sold as slaves

20. VI. Maryland: Catholic
Haven
I. 1634 founded by Lord Baltimore as Catholic
refuge (from Protestant English)
II. Second plantation colony
III. Huge estates given to Catholic families,
poorer, Protestants settled there also, created
friction between two groups
IV. Tobacco main crop, labor source was
indentured servants (slaves came in late
1600’s)
V. Religious toleration
A. Permitted freedom of worship to all Christians
B. 1649- Act of Toleration, guaranteed religious
toleration to all Christians, but decreed the
death penalty to Jews, atheists, others who
didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus
C. More Catholics in Maryland than any English
speaking colony in the New World

21. VII. The West Indies Way Station
to Mainland America
I. Decline of Spanish power led British to secure Caribbean Islands
II. Sugar main crop
• Labor intensive, capital intensive
• Needed to be wealthy to start plantation
• Caused large numbers of slaves to be imported
III. SlaveCodes established in West Indies
• 1700 slaves outnumber settlers 4:1
• defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the masters. They were
typically strict and exacted severe punishments for offenders.
IV. Sugar plantation system caused islands to depend on American colonies for
food, basic supplies
• Smaller farmers left islands and settled in southern colonies
V. 1670 group arrives in Carolina, brings slaves from Barbados
• Slave codes adopted in Carolina 1696
• Slave codes became model for statutes governing slavery across colonies

22. IX. Colonizing the Carolinas
 Developed close economic ties
with “sugar islands”
 Many immigrated from region ,
brought slave trade with them
 Traded Indian slaves throughout
colonies
 Rice major export crop
 African slaves had knowledge to
grow rice
 Slaves had natural immunity to
malaria
 Ideal laborers for rice plantations
 By 1710 majority of people in
Carolinas were African slaves
 Charles Town major seaport
 Diverse tolerant community
 Attracted French Protestant refugees
 Caused friction with Spain

23. IX. Emergence of North
Carolina
 Wild northern expanse of Carolina
 Settled more slowly because lack of
good harbors
 Attracted outcasts and religious
dissenters
 Raised tobacco and other crops on small
farms, little need for slaves
 Distinctive traits: irreligious, hospitable
to pirates, spirit of resistance to authority,
, democratic, independent minded, least
aristocratic of 13 colonies
 1712 separated from S.C.

24. X. Late Coming Georgia: The Buffer
Colony
 1733-Last colony to be “planted”
 Savannah major port
 Established as buffer between
English, Spanish
 Only colony to receive money
from English government
 Founded by prison reform group,
major leader James Oglethorpe
 Debtors from England sent there
 Diverse communities
 Religious toleration for all except
Catholics
 Least populous colony
 Restrictive slavery laws

25. Plantation Colonies
 Agriculture export based
economies
 Slavery in all colonies
 Small group owned most of
the land
 Rural population made it
hard to establish towns,
schools and churches
 Religiously tolerant
 Agriculture spurred
expansion and
confrontation with Native
Americans

26. SETTLING THE
NORTHERN COLONIES
1619-1700

27. Overview
 Established different patterns of settlement
than plantation/southern colonies
 Different economies than plantation/southern
colonies
 Different set of values than plantation/southern
colonies
 Distinctive regional characteristics began to
develop during this time

28. I. Protestant Reformation Produces
Puritanism
 Social unrest and rise of
Calvinism led to attraction to
Puritanism
 Many from economically
depressed areas in England,
Puritanism provided comfort
 King James I harassed
Puritan separatists, went to
Holland

29. II. Puritans End their Pilgrimage at
Plymouth
 Looked for haven where they
could be free to worship and live
 1620- Negotiated with Virginia
Company, missed destination
landed in New England
 Leader Myles Standish
 Signed MayflowerCompact- set
up crude government, submit to
the will of the majority, first step
toward self government
 Male settlers met in open
discussion town meetings

30. II. Puritans End their Pilgrimage at
Plymouth
 First winter took heavy toll (44
of 102 survived), nobody left
colony
 Next year bountiful harvests,
Pilgrims saw some sign of
success
 Found economic success in
fish, fur, lumber
 William Bradford early leader
 Colony never important
politically or economically
 Significant for moral and
spiritual qualities, established
pattern in New England
 1691- Merged with

31. III. Bay Colony Bible
Commonwealth
 Separatist Puritans wanted “purified” form of Christianity, not
welcome in England, still members of Church of England
 1629 more moderate group secured royal charter, formed Mass.
Bay Company
 Used charter as a form of constitution, had advantage of being
out of the reach of royal authority
 Well equipped group settles 1630, larger scale than previous
settlements
 Continuing turmoil in England (Great Migration), more people
left (70,000) only about 20,000 came Mass. Many others went
to Caribbean
 John Winthrop gov. of Bay colony for 19 years (came because
“called by God”)
 Important industries fishing, shipbuilding
 Became biggest, most influential colony in New England

32. III. Bay Colony Bible
Commonwealth
 Benefitted from shared sense of purpose, idea of “covenant” with
God
 “We shall be a city upon a hill”
 Believed they had a covenant with God, society a model to
humanity

33. IV. Building the Bay Colony
Common convictions shaped life
 All free adult males, that were members of Puritan Congregations
(Congregational Church) had right to vote, participate in political life
 Three-fifths of adult males enjoyed privileges
 Town governments were more inclusive, all male property holders could
participate, all business decided by majority vote
 Was not a democracy
 All people paid taxes
 “Freemen” voted for governor and representative assembly (General Court)
 Clergy could not hold political office
 Religious leaders had enormous influence, govt. duty to enforce religious rules
 Congregations had right to hire, fire ministers
 Limitedendorsement of separationof churchandstate
 Protestant ethic emerges- serious commitment to work, worldly pursuits
 For Puritans hellfire was very real, community pressure to act in accordance
with community

34. V. Trouble in the Bible
Commonwealth
 Roger Williams radical separatist, wanted clean
break from English church
 Challenged legality of Bay Colony charter,
taking land from Indians
 Did not want civil government to regulate
religion
 1635- Banished from colony
 Williams established religious tolerance in
Rhode Island
 Most liberal of all colonies
 Opposed special privilege, provided freedom
of opportunity
 Settlements consisted of exiles and
malcontents from Bay Colony
 Strongly Independent colony
 Challenge to Puritan orthodoxy from Anne
Hutchinson, holy life no sure way to salvation,
why bother with following God’s laws
(antinomianism)
 1638- Banished from Mass. colony

35. VI. New England Spreads
Out
 1635 Connecticut River Valley
settled, largest area of fertile land in
New England
 1639 Fundam e ntalO rde rs o f
Co nne cticut- like a modern
constitution, democratic regime
controlled by “substantial” citizens
 Established unified government in
CT
 First written constitution in America
 1662- More religious colony, New
Haven merged with Connecticut
colony
 1677 Maine- absorbed by Mass.
 1679 New Hampshire became a
royal colony


36. VII. Puritans vs. Indians
 Spread of English led to conflict with
Indians
 Epidemics left them with no position
to resist English
 1637 Pequot War– English destroy
Pequot (in CT) led to forty years of
uneasy peace
 English tried to convert natives, put
them in praying towns (early
reservations?)
 Only hope for resistance was in
unity
 1675 King Phillip (Metacom) led
series of attacks on English
 1676 KingPhillips Warended,
slowed westward advance of English

37. VIII. Seeds of Colonial Unity and
Independence
 1643 New EnglandConfederation(two Mass. And two CT
colonies)
 Purpose: defense, intercolonial problems
 England did not provide support b/c of Civil Wars, let colonies
become semiautonomous
 Each colony had two votes
 Exclusive Puritan club
 Milestone toward colonial unity
 1660 Royalists restored (Stuart Restoration) in England,
Charles II takes more active role, colonies seen as economic
asset
 1662-Gives Connecticut a sea to sea grant, legitimized
squatter settlements
 1663 Rhode Island receives new charter


38. IX. Andros Promotes First American
Revolution
 1686 Dominionof New Englandestablished
 Policy known as mercantilism, basically political
control of the economy by the state
 Created by royal authority, controlled from
London
 Colonies existed to benefit mother country
 Promoted English Navigation Laws, control trade
within English colonies to benefit England,
despised by colonists
 1651-1696 British pass series of NavigationActs
that spell out goods to be sold, and put the British
government in charge of trade
 Unintended consequence smuggling became
popular
 Sir Edmund Andros head of Dominion, PUT
COLONIES UNDER ROYAL CONTROL
 Restrictions on courts, press, mail, town
meetings, schools; revoked land titles
 Tax colonies without consent, enforced
Navigation Laws

39. IX. Andros Promotes First American
Revolution
 Glorious Revolution ended Dominion
 1691 Mass. Made a royal colony
 Royal gov. appointed
 ALL qualified males could vote (men with
property, expanded franchise to more
men)
 1681-1691 colonists resist royal authority
 Monarchs relax control of colonial trade,
begin period of salutaryneglect
 Residue: more English officials in America,
prevented rise of local leaders,
resentment toward England

40. X. Old Netherlanders at New Netherland
 17th
century Dutch emerged as
major commercial, naval power
 Challenged England
 Leading colonial power
 1609 Henry Hudson filed Dutch
claim to New York area
 1623-1624 Ne w Ne the rland planted
(Dutch West India Company)
 New Amsterdam established for fur
trade, quick profit for stockholders,
not democratic
 cosmopolitan population, landed
aristocracy
 Land granted for people who would
settle 50 people on them
(patroons)

41. XI. Friction With English and Swedish
Neighbors
 Dutch directors incompetent
 Shareholders wanted profit
 Indians attacked New Amsterdam (Dutch erected wall for defense, later
became Wall Street)
 New England hostile to growth, wanted to attack Dutch, stopped by Mass.
veto
 Sweden planted colonies on Delaware R.
 Dutch attacked Swedes, absorbed into Dutch colony

42. XII. Dutch Residues in New
York
 Regarded by English as
intruders, attacked by
English navy and
surrendered
 Became New York
 English had strategic harbor
in middle of colonies
 Autocratic (self- governance)
spirit remained, also
influences of architecture
and place names

43. XIII. Penn’s Holy Experiment in
Pennsylvania
 Quakers, began in England 1600’s
 “quaked” with religious conviction
 Refused to support Church of England
with taxes, serve in military
 William Penn establishes an asylum in
New World
 1681 receives land grant from crown
 Best advertised of colonies
 Welcomed all types of settlers
 Wanted forward looking settlers,
liberal land policy
 Attracted many immigrants

44. XIV. Quaker Pennsylvania and Its
Neighbors
 Many settlers already there- along banks of
Delaware River
 Philadelphia was well planned city
 Tolerant of Indians
 Many came from other regions, non-Quaker settlers
undermined this treatment

45. XIV. Quaker Pennsylvania and Its
Neighbors
 Government liberal
 Representative assembly elected by
landowners
 Freedom of worship for all
 Death penalty only for treason and murder
 No plans for military defense
 Dislike of slavery (important by early
1800’s)
 Liberal policies attracted rich mix of ethnic
groups
 Quakers good businessmen
 Exporters of grain, other foodstuffs
 New Jersey started out as small Quaker
settlements
 1702 New Jersey made a royal colony
 Delaware had own assembly, under
control of Pennsylvania until

46. XV. The Middle Way in the Middle
Colonies
 Middle colonies had fertile soil, known as
“bread colonies”
 Rivers- ease of travel, brought people to
backcountry
 Landholdings were intermediate in size
 Ethnically diverse, religious toleration
 Economic, social democracy found in
middle colonies

47. America 1720
 Population growing
 Permanent
settlements
established
 Transportation,
communication
improving
 British kept hands off
policy
 Colonists developed
own churches,
governments,

48. AMERICAN LIFE IN THE
17TH
CENTURY
1607-1692

49. I. Unhealthy Chesapeake
 Disease took toll on population
 Caused region to grow slowly
 Men outnumbered women 6:1
 Hard to form families
 Eventually resistance to disease,
presence of more women allowed
region’s population to grow

50. II. Tobacco Economy
 Chesapeake good for growing
tobacco
 exhausted soil, constant
movement looking for more
fertile land
 production depressed worldwide
prices
 Needed labor- Indians died too
quickly, African slaves too
expensive
 England had surplus of laborers,
turned to indentured servitude
 By 1700 more than 100,000
indentured servants came to the
region
 Eventually prime land became
scarce, land owners did not want
to give up land
 Freed workers had to hire out for
low wages

51. II. Tobacco Economy
Headright System:Headright System:
 Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose
passage they paid..
Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:
 5-7 years.
 Promised “freedom dues” [land, money]
 Forbidden to marry.
 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured
contracts

52. III. Frustrated Freeman and Bacon’s
Rebellion
Early Colonial Virginia
 Landless, penniless freemen
 Single, young
 No women, money
 Only land in backcountry
Bacon’s Rebellion
 VA Gov. Berkeley- friendly policies
toward Indians, monopoly on fur
trade
 Did not retaliate after Indian attack
 1676 Nathaniel Bacon and
followers, attacked Indians ,
chased gov. from Jamestown and
burned town
 Bacon dies from disease,
Berkeley captures and hangs 20

53. Results of Bacon’s Rebellion
 Exposed resentments between
inland frontiersmen/landless former
servants against gentry on coastal
plantations.
 So cio -e co no m ic class
diffe re nce s/clashe s be twe e n
rural/urban co m m unitie s wo uld
co ntinue thro ug ho ut Am e rican
histo ry.
 Upper class planters searched for
laborers less likely to rebel- black
slaves
 Gave right to political participation

54. IV. Colonial Slavery
 Majority of African slaves arrive after 1700
 Wages rise in England, shrink pool of laborers (indenture less
attractive)
 Mid-1680’s black slaves outnumber whites in plantation colonies
 Most from west Africa, high death rate on slave ships
 Newport, R.I. and Charlestown, S.C. large slave markets
 South, British and New England merchants all benefitted from trade

55. IV. Colonial Slavery
 Some early slaves gained
freedom, as numbers
increased white colonists
reacted to perceived threat
o 1662 first slave codes in VA
(blacks and children
property, could not learn to
read, write)
 Slavery transformed from
economic to economic and
racial institution (justify
enslavement)
 Early 1600s  differences
between slave and servant
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1607 1630 1650 1670 1690
White
Black

56. V. Africans in America
 Deep south slave life severe
 Rural plantations conditions poor, needed
to import more slaves for labor
 Different in Virginia, tobacco farming
easier, plantations closer together
 Families grew faster, population grew
through natural increase
 Stable, distinctive culture
 SC- Gullah language
 Religious traditions
 Cleared land for development
 1712 slave revolt NY
 1739 Stono River rebellion SC
 Slaves more reliable labor source than
indentured servants

57. VI. Southern Society
 Social hierarchy develops by late
1600’s
 Plantation owners (“first families
of Virginia)
 Small farmers largest group
 Landless whites, many former
indentured servants
 Oppressed black slaves
 Few cities, urban professional
class slow to emerge
 Life revolved around plantation
 Transportation by rivers, poor
roads

58. VII. The New England
Family
 Climate healthier
than south
 Migrated to region as
families, population
grew by natural
increase
 Family stability,
intergenerational
continuity (concept
of grandparents)

59. Women New England and the South
New England
• Authoritarian male
father figures
controlled each
household.
Recognition of
property rights
undermine marriage
• Laws established to
defend integrity of
marriage
South
• Fragility of family gave
women economic
independence
• Women could own,
inherit property

60. VIII. Life in New England Towns
 Tight knit society based on communities
 Surrounded by other colonial powers,
Puritan unity of purpose
 Society grew in orderly fashion,
distribution of land by town fathers
 Towns of more than 50 had to provide
elementary education in Mass.
 Democracy in church govt, political govt.

61. Land Division in
Sudbury, MA: 1639-1656

62. XI. Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch
Trails
 Factors: growing population, migration
from towns, less religious zeal, decline of
conversions
 1662 – Half Way Co ve nant, weakened
distinction from “elect” and others
 Results: wider religious participation,
more women as church members
 1692 – Salem, MA women accused of
bewitching others, 20 put to death
 Resulted from social prejudices- Puritan
ide as vs. Rising Yanke e co m m e rcialism
(m any accuse d fro m pro spe ro us part o f
to wn), m istrust o f o utside rs (Quake rs,
Baptists accuse d by Puritan se ttle rs)),
culturalm istrust o f wo m e n (m o st accuse d
we re o ld wo m e n)

63. XII. New England Way of Life
 Lack of good farmland led to frugality of
settlers
 Region less ethnically mixed
 Diversified industry, experts in ship
building and commerce
 Slavery not profitable
 Saw duty to “improve” land, clearing,
planting, building
 Religion, soil, climate led to
purposefulness, self- reliance,
resourcefulness

64. COLONIAL SOCIETY ON
THE EVE OF
REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 5
1700-1775

65. I. Conquest by the Cradle
 1775- British had 32
colonies in NA
 13 original colonies not the
wealthiest
 Average age 16
 Most population east of
Alleghenies, Appalachian
Mts.
 By 1775 some had moved
west
 90% lived in rural areas
 Shifted balance of power

66. II. Mingling of the Races
 Mostly English
 Germans- 6% mostly Protestant, settled mainly in
Pennsylvania
 Scots- Irish- 7%, most important non-English group
 Became squatters, quarreled with Indians, white
landowners
 1720’s first moved into backcountry in NC, VA, MD, PA
 Were squatters on land
 Tradition of violence, individualistic
 1764- Paxton Boys protest Quaker treatment of Indians
 Late 1760’s Regulator Movement in NC, insurrection
against eastern dominance of colonies affairs
 5% other groups- French Huguenots,, Welsh, Dutch,
Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, Scots-Highlanders
 African slave trade contributed to population diversity
 Laid foundations for multi-cultural American national
identity

67. III. Structure of Colonial Society
 America land of opportunity
 No titled nobility
 Social structure very fluid
 By mid 1700’s- class differences emerge small
group of aristocrats had most power
 Wars in 1700’s enriched a few merchants, made
orphans and widows (mostly in NE)

68. III. Structure of Colonial
Society
Southern Social Pyramid
 Plantation owners at
top (planters) had many
slaves
 Small farmers, owned
land, few slaves
 Landless whites, some
indentured servants
 Black slaves at the
bottom

69. IV. Clerks, Physicians, Jurists
 Ministry most well respected
profession
 Physicians poorly trained,
medical knowledge was
limited and crude
 Epidemics, plague feared by
people
 Lawyers not respected at first,
criminals represented
themselves in court
 By 1750 lawyers seen as
useful, played an important
role in American history

70. V. Workaday America
 Agriculture leading industry
 Chesapeake staple crop
tobacco
 Middle colonies- grain
 Fishing major industry in NE
 Yankee (NE) seamen good
sailors, international
commerce
 Triangulartrade- goods from
American colonies, travel to
Africa (or Europe) traded for
slaves, then to West Indies
traded for sugar, sold to
Americas, huge profits made
on each leg of trip

71. V. Workaday America
 Manufacturing not as important
 Some small industry- rum, iron making, spinning weaving (by
women)
 Lumber most important mfg. activity (for shipbuilding)
 British navy depended on American colonies to supply them
 Americans demand more British products (b/c fast growing
pop.)
 British could not buy enough American goods
 Colonists seek foreign markets
 Trade imbalance between colonies, British
 1733- Parliament passes Molasses Act (along with the earlier
Navigation Acts) to stop American trade with French West
Indies
 American merchants bribe and smuggle their way around

72. VI. Transportation and Religion
 Roads dangerous, poor in 1700’s, only connected large
cities
 Towns clustered around water sources
 Taverns, bars along roads places of gossip, news
 Mail system set up by mid-1700’s, unreliable, postmen
not trustworthy
 Two established (tax supported) churches by 1775
Ang lican, Co ng re g atio nal
 Anglican- NY,NC,SC,GA,VA,MD
 Closely connected with monarchy in England
 Congregational- NE except in RI.
 Many ministers dealt with political issues, early
rumblings of revolution from Cong. ministers

73. VIII. Great Awakening
 Religion lost steam in 1700’s , New ideas challenged old ways (predestination),
new ideas of free will
 1730’s and 1740’s -Great Awakening
 Started in Mass.- JonathanEdwards
 Deeply emotional sermons, well reasoned, Message of human helplessness,
divine omnipotence
 Most famous sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
 GeorgeWhitfield- emotional sermons, style of shaking, heaping blame on
sinners imitated by others
 Orthodox clergy “old lights” skeptical of emotionalism
 “New Light” ministers defended role in revitalizing religion
 Split congregations, increased number and competitiveness of religions
 Direct spirituality undermined older clergy
 First mass movement of American people
 Contributed to sense that Americans were common people united by shared
experience

74. Effects of the Great Awakening and
Enlightenment
 Ideas of Enlightenment brought over from Europe,
affected American thought challenged
government and religious authority
 Emphasized power of rational thought to explain
world, appealed to urban, merchant class
 Led to expansion of education (colleges and
universities)
 Ideas represented by Ben Franklin
 In the South Great Awakening appealed to
landless whites and African Americans,
questioned authority of Anglican Church and
powerful economic interests

75. IX. Schools and Colleges
 Education more important in New England
 Towns established primary, secondary
schools, had to be able to read Bible
 High number of college graduates
 South- rural population, could not effectively
establish schools
 Education done on plantations by private
tutors, wealthy sent children abroad for higher
education
 Co lle g e Educatio n- originally to prepare people
for ministry
 New England est. first colleges (Harvard first
1636)
 New Light” universities Princeton, Brown,
Rutgers, Dartmouth
 By 1750’s move toward other subjects
 First nondenominational college University of
Pennsylvania est. by Ben Franklin

76. X. Pioneer Presses
 Many small newspapers, pamphlets, journals around
colonies
 Powerful agents for airing colonial grievances, rallying
opposition
PeterZengerCase 1734-1735
 New York printer
 Accused of seditious libel for writing about royal
governor
 Case not about if statements were true or not, but fact
that they were printed
 Found not guilty, allowed for freedom of the press, open
public discussion, eventually led to freedom to print

77. XI. The Great Game of Politics
 Varietyof governments in13colonies
 By 1775 8 had royal governors appointed by king, 3 run by
proprietors and chose own governors, 2 had self governing charters
 All had two house legislatures (upper house-appointed, lower
house- elected)
 Had to own property to be a voter
 Self taxation through representation cherished privilege
 Some governors corrupt
 Most had trouble with colonial legislatures, saw gov. as British
mouthpiece
 Colonial legislatures held money from royal authorities
 South- local government on county level (run by planters)
 New England –town meeting, direct democracy
 Almost half of all males “disenfranchised”
 Property requirements to vote, ease of acquiring land made this
attainable

78. XI. American Colonies in 1775
 By 1775 America more democratic
than Europe
 Basically English in language and
custom
 Protestant religion
 Democratic ideas of tolerance,
educational advantages, equality of
economic opportunity, freedom of
speech, assembly and representative
government emerged in this period