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24 Original article




  Hypertension in seven Latin American cities: the
  Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin
  America (CARMELA) study
  Rafael Hernandez-Hernandeza, Honorio Silvab, Manuel Velascoc,
              ´            ´
  Fabio Pellegrini , Alejandro Macchiae, Jorge Escobedof, Raul Vinuezab,
                  d

  Herman Schargrodskyg, Beatriz Champagneh, Palmira Pramparoi and
  Elinor Wilsonj, on behalf of the CARMELA Study Investigators

  Background Little information is available regarding                     Conclusion From 13.4 to 44.2% of the populations of seven
  hypertension, treatment, and control in urban population of              major Latin American cities were hypertensive or had high
  Latin America.                                                           normal BP values. Most hypertensive patients have
                                                                           additional risk factors. Public health programs need to
  Objective We aimed to compare blood pressure (BP)                        target prevention, detection, treatment, and control of total
  distribution, hypertension prevalence, treatment, and                    cardiovascular risk in Latin America. J Hypertens 28:24–34
  control in seven Latin American cities following standard                Q 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams &
  methodology.                                                             Wilkins.

  Methods The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation
                                                                           Journal of Hypertension 2010, 28:24–34
  in Latin America (CARMELA) study was a cross-sectional,
  epidemiologic study assessing cardiovascular risk factors                Keywords: blood pressure classification, cardiovascular risk factors,
  using stratified multistage sampling of adult populations                 hypertension control, hypertension prevalence, total cardiovascular
                                                                           risk
  (aged 25–64 years) in seven cities: Barquisimeto
                                ´
  (Venezuela; n U 1848); Bogota (n U 1553); Buenos Aires                   Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; OD, subclinical organ damage
  (n U 1482); Lima (n U 1652); Mexico City (n U 1720); Quito               a
                                                                             Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hypertension and Risk Factors Clinic, School of
  (n U 1638); and Santiago (n U 1655). The prevalence of                   Medicine, Universidad Centroccidental ‘Lisandro Alvarado’, Barquisimeto,
  hypertension and high normal BP were determined based on                 Venezuela and Latin American Society of Hypertension (LASH), bInterAmerican
                                                                           Foundation for Clinical Research, New York, New York, USA, cClinical
  2007 European Society of Hypertension and European                       Pharmacology Unit, Vargas Medical School, Central University of Venezuela,
  Society of Cardiology definitions.                                        Caracas, Venezuela, dDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology,
                                                                           Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, eUnit of Biostatistics, CSS
                                                                           Scientific Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy, fMedical Research Unit on
  Results BP increased with age in men and women; pulse                    Clinical Epidemiology, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico,
                                                                           g
                                                                             Department of Cardiology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires,
  pressure increased mainly in the upper age group. The                    Argentina, hInterAmerican Heart Foundation, Dallas, Texas, USA, iInterAmerican
  hypertension prevalence ranged from 9% in Quito to 29% in                Heart Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina and jDepartment of Community and
                                                                           Preventive Health, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester,
  Buenos Aires. One-quarter to one-half of the hypertension                Rochester, New York, USA
  cases were previously undiagnosed (24% in Mexico City to
                                                                                                          ´          ´
                                                                           Correspondence to Rafael Hernandez-Hernandez, MD, Clinical Pharmacology
  47% in Lima); uncontrolled hypertension ranged from 12%                  Unit, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Clinic, School of Medicine,
  (Lima) to 41% (Mexico City). High normal BP was also                     Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Ave. Libertador, Barquisimeto
                                                                           3001, Lara, Venezuela
  evident in a substantial number of each city participants                Tel: +58 251 2591838; fax: +58 251 255 1098; e-mail: rhernan@cantv.net
  (%5–15%). Majority of population has other cardiovascular
  risk factors despite hypertension; only 9.19% of participants            Received 17 February 2009 Revised 2 August 2009
  have no risk factors apart from hypertension.                            Accepted 4 September 2009




  Introduction                                                             disease and who may benefit from interventions designed
  Hypertension is a major public health concern world-                     to prevent progression to hypertension grade 1. In 2000,
  wide. The 2007 Guidelines for the Management of                          worldwide prevalence of hypertension was estimated to
  Arterial Hypertension from European Societies of                         be approximately 26%. Currently, two-thirds of the 972
  Hypertension and Cardiology recognize three categories                   million adults with hypertension reside in economically
  of hypertension (grade 1–3) and an additional high nor-                  developing countries; moreover, it has been estimated that
  mal blood pressure (BP) category [1]. The patients with                  by the year 2025, the prevalence of hypertension will have
  high normal BP include individuals with mildly elevated                  risen by 24% in economically developed countries, but
  BP who are also at increased risk for cardiovascular                     in economically developing countries, an 80% rise is

  0263-6352 ß 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins                                         DOI:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328332c353


Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
´         ´
                                                        Hypertension in seven Latin American cities Hernandez-Hernandez et al. 25



predicted [2]. This will inevitably strain healthcare sys-       institutions for standardized clinical measurements,
tems and cause substantial increases in healthcare costs [3].    obtained by health personnel trained, certified, and
                                                                 supervised by CARMELA investigators.
Hypertension is considered the single most preventable
cause of premature death [4,5] and in Latin America, it is       Blood pressure measurement
strongly linked to premature death from stroke and               The American Heart Association guidelines for BP
ischemic heart disease [6]. In fact, hypertension is the         measurement were followed. A trained observer using a
risk factor most strongly associated with first acute myo-        calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer measured BP
cardial infarction (MI) in Latin American countries [odds        while the participant was seated and at rest. Two readings
ratio (OR), 2.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.39–3.31]         were taken 5 min apart; if they differed by more than
[7], an association that is stronger than that in worldwide      5 mmHg, measurements were repeated until two close
analyses (OR, 2.48; 99%CI 2.30–2.68) [8]. Even high              readings were obtained. The average values were used
normal BP (SBP 130–139 mmHg or DBP 85–90 mmHg)                   for statistical analysis. Using European Society of Hyper-
has been found to increase risk for cardiovascular disease       tension and European Society of Cardiology (ESH/ESC)
2.33 times above the risk with optimal BP (<120/                 guidelines, hypertension was defined as SBP at least
80 mmHg) [9]. Furthermore, the end-organ damage                  140 mmHg or DBP at least 90 mmHg or current antihy-
(e.g., kidney, peripheral vascular) associated with hyper-       pertensive medication use; grade 1 was defined as SBP
tension emphasizes the importance of prevention, detec-          140–159 mmHg and/or DBP 90–99 mmHg; grade 2 was
tion, and treatment efforts [1].                                 defined as SBP 160–179 mmHg and/or DBP 100–
                                                                 109 mmHg; grade 3 was defined as SBP at least 180 mmHg
Compounding the predictions of a large increase in the           and/or DBP at least 110 mmHg; high normal BP was
prevalence of hypertension in developing countries, solid        defined as SBP 130–139 mmHg and/or DBP 85–
epidemiologic data to support public health efforts in           89 mmHg [1]. Previously undiagnosed hypertension was
Latin America have been lacking; previous studies are            hypertension in participants who reported that they were
hard to compare due to differences in methodology and            not hypertensive, did not know, or were hypertensive
population characteristics [10]. The Cardiovascular              only during pregnancy. Hypertension was defined taken
Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America                 into consideration BP levels (SBP ! 140 mmHg and/or
(CARMELA) study was designed to systematically                   DBP ! 90 mmHg) or current pharmacological treatment.
evaluate and compare cardiovascular risk factors in seven
major Latin American cities. An initial report from this         All clinical measurements were standardized; anthropo-
study has previously been published [11]. Here, the BP           metry, BP readings, blood lipid and glucose, and common
distribution, prevalence of hypertension and high normal         carotid artery ultrasonography were carried out in one
BP, levels of awareness, treatment and hypertension              single clinical visit, as previously published [11].
control, and assessment of stratification of total cardio-
vascular risk are reported.                                      Statistical analysis
                                                                 Statistical processing addressed the nonequal probability
Patients and methods                                             character of the sample and the structure of the design to
The CARMELA study is a cross-sectional, observational            generate data adjusted for the age and sex distribution of
study with the added value of being conducted mostly by          the population of each city. Weighted means and preva-
practicing clinicians integrated in a sub-continental net-       lence along with their 95% CIs were estimated by survey
work, using stratified multistage sampling and conducted          analysis procedures (SAS Software, Release 9.1, Cary,
between September 2003 and August 2005 in Barquisi-              North Carolina, USA), taking into account the multistage
                            ´
meto, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; Buenos Aires,                 stratified sampling design via CLUSTER and STRATA
Argentina; Lima, Peru; Mexico City, Mexico; Quito,               statements. SBP, DBP, and pulse pressure (PP) levels
Ecuador; and Santiago, Chile. The velocity of sampling           along with prevalence of hypertension were analyzed.
recruitment was different in each city; at the end, a total      Generalized analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were
of approximately 1600 participants (male and female) per         used for city, age, and sex group comparisons. Sex-by-age
city between the ages of 25 and 64 years were enrolled,          class and city-by-age class interaction ANOVA models
taking about 200 people from each 10-year age and sex            were also performed. Trend tests for age class were
group to provide accurate prevalence estimates in each of        reported. Furthermore, prevalence of stratification of
the eight age-sex groups. Detailed methodology and               cardiovascular risk, according to ESH/ESC 2007 guide-
study design are presented elsewhere [11]. The study             lines, and prevalence of levels of assessment, awareness,
was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki           treatment, and control of hypertension by city were also
and the Guides for Good Clinical Practice. A customized          assessed. A two-way ANOVA by city and age class for
questionnaire was used to collect information on demo-           men and women groups, respectively, was also performed
graphics, hypertension, and other common cardiovascular          on SBP, DBP, and PP values. P values less than 0.05 were
risk factors. Participants visited designated healthcare         considered significant.


Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
26 Journal of Hypertension 2010, Vol 28 No 1




                                                                                                                                                                                                       116 (115.2–116.9) 115.4 (114.8–116.1) 113.4 (112.5–114.2) 117.8 (116.8–118.9) 116.1 (115.7–116.6)
  Results




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1.61 (1.61–1.62)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      70.8 (70.2–71.3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      27.1 (27.0–27.3)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      75.8 (75.5–76.1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      40.3 (40.0–40.7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      70.9 (70.6–71.1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        44.59 Æ 11.36
                                                                                                                                                                                    All participants
  A total of 11 550 participants between the ages of 25




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     5383 (46.60%)
                                                                                                                                                                                         11550
  and 64 years were enrolled in CARMELA. Subgroups of
  participants were evaluated based on stratification by sex
  and age group (25–34, 35–44, 45–54, and 55–64 years).
  Number of participants per cities, sex and age distri-
  bution, and general characteristics of sample are shown in




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1.63 (1.62–1.63)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  73.6 (73.0–74.3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  27.8 (27.5–28.0)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    78 (77.4–78.7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  39.8 (39.2–40.4)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  68.5 (68.1–69.0)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     44.77Æ11.20
  Table 1. Other cardiovascular risk factors are reported




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  783 (47.31%)
                                                                                                                                                                                    Santiago
                                                                                                                                                                                     1655
  elsewhere [11].

  Blood pressure distribution
  Weighted means (95%CI) for SBP, DBP, and PP are
  shown in Tables 2–4, respectively, for each city and for




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1.59 (1.58–1.60)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              66.7 (65.9–67.5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              26.3 (25.9–26.6)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              71.6 (71.0–72.2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              41.8 (41.3–42.2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                72 (71.7–72.3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 44.41Æ11.20
  the whole participants according to sex and age groups.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              813 (49.63%)
                                                                                                                                                                                    Quito
                                                                                                                                                                                    1638
  Men tended to have higher SBP and DBP than women
  (both P value <0.0001). Overall, mean SBP and DBP
  were 116.1 mmHg (95%CI 115.7–116.6) and 75.8 mmHg
  (95%CI 75.5–76.1), respectively. Mean SBP differed by
  only approximately 10 mmHg across cities as did DBP




                                                               Numbers of participants, sex and age distribution, and general characteristic in the samples from the seven cities




                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1.62 (1.62–1.63)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          74.5 (73.4–75.6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          28.2 (27.9–28.5)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          77.3 (76.8–77.9)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          38.1 (37.6–38.6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            71 (70.5–71.5)
                                  ´
  [SBP range: 113 mmHg (Bogota) to 123 mmHg (Buenos




                                                                                                                                                                                                                             44.52Æ11.26
                                                                                                                                                                                    Mexico City


                                                                                                                                                                                                                          833 (48.37%)
  Aires); DBP range: 72 mmHg (Quito) to 81 mmHg (Bue-




                                                                                                                                                                                      1722
  nos Aires), both P value <0.0001]. Mean SBP and DBP
  values increased with age in both sexes; however, the
  increase with age was more marked in women than in
  men. The greatest increases in mean SBP with age were




                                                                                                                                                                                                       1.59 (1.59–1.60)
                                                                                                                                                                                                       69.1 (68.2–70.0)
                                                                                                                                                                                                       27.1 (26.8–27.4)

                                                                                                                                                                                                       72.1 (71.6–72.7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                       43.9 (43.2–44.5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                       70.1 (69.8–70.5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                          43.64Æ11.56
  seen in men (21 mmHg) and women (26 mmHg) of


                                                                                                                                                                                                       769 (46.55%)
  Barquisimeto; the smallest increase was in men of Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                    1652
                                                                                                                                                                                    Lima
  City (12 mmHg) and women of Lima (16 mmHg). SBP
  and DBP values increased with age in both sexes
  (P < 0.0001); however, the increase with age was more


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      120.8 (119.8–121.8) 112.5 (111.7–113.3) 122.9 (121.9–123.9)
  marked in women than in men (i.e., sex-by-age class                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1.65 (1.65–1.66)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               72.3 (71.4–73.2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               26.3 (26.0–26.6)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               81.1 (80.4–81.8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               41.8 (41.2–42.3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               71.3 (70.8–71.9)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  44.56Æ11.66
                                                                                                                                                                                    Buenos Aires




  interaction P value is <0.0001 both for SBP and DBP).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               734 (49.53%)
                                                                                                                                                                                       1482




  The greatest increases in mean DBP with age were seen
  in men of Lima (10 mmHg) and women of Bogota           ´
  and Quito (12 mmHg); the smallest increase was in
  men of Santiago (5 mmHg) and women of Mexico City
  (8 mmHg).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1.59 (1.58–1.60)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           66.7 (65.8–67.6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           26.3 (26.1–26.5)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           74.5 (73.9–75.1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             38 (37.5–38.6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             73 (72.4–73.7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              45.14Æ11.33
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           738 (47.52%)
                                                                                                                                                                                    Bogota




  PP was on average approximately 40 mmHg for men and
                                                                                                                                                                                     1553




  women for the whole participants. PP increased with age
  but higher increment is shown in the participants of
  55–64 years of age group. A higher increment is shown
  in Barquisimeto and lower in Mexico City, both in men
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1.6 (1.60–1.61)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       69.6 (68.3–70.8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        27 (26.5–27.4)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       75.8 (74.9–76.7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        45 (44.3–45.6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       69.7 (69.2–70.2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        45.07 Æ 11.30




  and women (Table 4).
                                                                                                                                                                                    Barquisimeto


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       713 (38.58%)
                                                                                                                                                                                       1848




  Prevalence of hypertension
  Across the seven cities, the overall weighted prevalence
  of hypertension was 16.3% (P < 0.0001 for cities and age
  for men and women; P < 0.0001 for trend in age category
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Mean height in meters (95% CI)




                                                                                                                                                                                                       Mean pulse pressure (95% CI)
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Mean DBP (mmHg) (95% CI)
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Mean SBP (mmHg) (95% CI)




  and sex). Hypertension (Table 5) clustered into high and
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Mean weight in kg (95% CI)
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Mean BMI (kg/m2) (95% CI)



                                                                                                                                                                                                       Mean heart rate (95% CI)




  low prevalence groups: Barquisimeto, Buenos Aires, and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           CI, confidence interval.
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Mean ageÆSD (years)




  Santiago had the highest prevalence of hypertension,
                                        ´
  whereas Lima, Mexico City, Bogota, and Quito had a
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Men (Women)




  lower prevalence. In all cities, the prevalence of hyper-
  tension increased with advancing age; more than 40% of
                                                                          Table 1




  all participants 55–64 years of age were hypertensive
  (P < 0.0001).
                                                                                                                                                                                             N




Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Table 2   Weighted mean systolic blood pressure (95% confidence interval) in mmHg, by age, sex, and city
                                                                                                      Age (years)               Barquisimeto              Bogota              Buenos Aires                  Lima                Mexico City                   Quito                 Santiago          All participants

                                                                                                      Men (overall)      123.5    (122.0–124.9)    114    (113.0–115.0)   127.2   (126.1–128.4)    118.4   (117.4–119.5)   115.7   (114.9–116.4)    114.5   (113.5–115.5)   121.1   (119.8–122.4)   118.1   (117.6–118.7)
                                                                                                       25–34             117.8    (115.4–120.3)   110.4   (108.6–112.1)   121.6   (120.2–123.0)    113.6   (112.0–115.2    112.5   (111.6–113.5)    110.4   (109.1–111.7)   115.7   (114.1–117.3)   113.7   (113.0–114.4)
                                                                                                       35–44             122.5    (120.3–124.8)   111.7   (110.1–113.4)   123.1   (121.0–125.3)    116.5   (114.4–118.6)   114.7   (113.4–116.0)     113    (111.5–114.5)   119.6   (117.0–122.1)   116.2   (115.3–117.1)
                                                                                                       45–54             128.7    (125.4–132.0)   117.8   (115.9–119.8)   131.6   (128.9–134.3)    121.3   (119.3–123.3)   118.2   (116.8–119.7)     119    (117.0–121.0)   123.6   (121.2–126.0)   121.5   (120.6–122.5)
                                                                                                       55–64             138.3    (134.2–142.4)   123.6   (120.8–126.3)   137.4   (135.1–139.7)    130.3   (127.4–133.2)   124.3   (121.9–126.7)    123.8   (121.1–126.5)   133.3   (129.8–136.8)   129.2   (127.9–130.6)
                                                                                                      Women (overall)     119     (117.9–120.2)   111.4   (110.3–112.5)   119.2   (117.9–120.5)    113.7   (112.5–114.9)   115.2   (114.3–116.1)    112.3   (111.3–113.2)   114.9   (113.4–116.3)   114.3   (113.8–114.9)
                                                                                                       25–34             110.7    (108.8–112.5)   104.1   (103.0–105.2)   112.2   (110.5–113.8)    107.3   (105.8–108.8)   109.9   (108.7–111.2)    105.6   (104.7–106.5)   106.6   (104.7–108.5)   107.5   (106.8–108.2)
                                                                                                       35–44             116.1    (114.4–117.8)   108.5   (107.1–109.9)   116.1   (114.0–118.1)    110.5   (108.4–112.6)   114.5   (113.2–115.8)    110.3   (108.9–111.7)   111.8   (109.5–114.0)   111.7   (110.9–112.6)
                                                                                                       45–54             127.2    (124.8–129.6)   118.4   (116.4–120.4)   120.2   (117.8–122.6)    119.8   (117.8–121.8)   118.6   (117.4–119.7)    119.3   (117.4–121.1)   119.2   (116.8–121.6)   119.4   (118.5–120.2)
                                                                                                       55–64              137     (134.4–139.6)    128    (125.7–130.4)   131.2   (128.5–134.0)    127.6   (124.8–130.4)   126.1   (124.3–128.0)    127.2   (124.4–130.0)   131.6   (128.6–134.6)   128.9   (127.8–130.0)

                                                                                                      Analysis of variance (ANOVA) P values less than 0.0001 for both city and age category in men and women. P value for trend in age categories less than 0.0001 in men and women.




                                                                                                      Table 3   Weighted mean diastolic blood pressure (95% confidence interval) in mmHg, by age, sex, and city
                                                                                                      Age (years)          Barquisimeto                  Bogota              Buenos Aires                   Lima                Mexico City                   Quito                    Santiago         All participants

                                                                                                      Men                78.5   (77.2–79.7)       76.2   (75.3–77.2)       84.2   (83.3–85.0)       73.9   (73.1–74.8)       78.1   (77.7–78.6)        72.7   (71.8–73.5)       81.2 (80.4–82.0)       77.7   (77.3–78.1)
                                                                                                       25–34              75    (73.0–76.9)       74.2   (72.7–75.8)       79.4   (78.0–80.7)        71    (69.6–72.4)       76.3   (75.4–77.3)        69.7   (68.5–71.0)       78.1 (76.8–79.5)       74.9   (74.2–75.5)
                                                                                                       35–44             79.5   (77.5–81.5)       75.4   (73.9–77.0)       83.3   (81.6–85.1)        74    (72.4–75.6)       77.6   (76.6–78.6)        72.2   (71.1–73.4)       81.5 (79.8–83.3)       77.4   (76.7–78.1)
                                                                                                       45–54             82.6   (80.6–84.6)       78.3   (76.8–79.7)        88    (86.0–89.9)       76.2   (74.6–77.7)       80.1   (78.9–81.2)        75.9   (74.6–77.2)       83.8 (82.2–85.4)       80.3   (79.6–81.0)
                                                                                                       55–64             81.9   (79.7–84.1)       80.6   (79.0–82.2)        89    (87.3–90.7)       78.2   (76.3–80.1)       82.3   (80.8–83.8)        77.7   (76.1–79.2)       83.9 82.2–85.7)         82    (81.2–82.8)
                                                                                                      Women               74    (73.0–75.1)       73.1   (72.4–73.8)       78.5   (77.7–79.3)       70.4   (69.6–71.1)       76.6   (76.0–77.3)        70.5   (69.9–71.1)       75.1 (74.2–76.0)       74.2   (73.7–74.6)
                                                                                                       25–34             69.6   (67.7–71.5)       68.9   (67.7–70.0)       74.6   (73.5–75.7)       66.5   (65.4–67.6)        74    (73.1–75.0)        66.4   (65.5–67.3)       69.9 (68.4–71.4)       70.1   (69.5–70.8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ´




                                                                                                       35–44             74.2   (72.7–75.8)       71.3   (70.3–72.4)       78.1   (76.7–79.6)       69.5   (68.0–71.0)       76.2   (75.2–77.3)        69.8   (68.9–70.6)        75 (73.5–76.5)        73.3   (72.7–74.0)
                                                                                                       45–54             78.2   (76.6–79.9)       78.4   (77.2–79.6)       78.8   (77.2–80.5)       74.5   (73.1–75.9)       78.5   (77.5–79.5)        75.1   (73.9–76.3)       78.3 (76.8–79.8)       77.6   (77.0–78.2)
                                                                                                       55–64             78.9   (77.3–80.6)       80.9   (79.4–82.5)        84    (82.4–85.5)       76.4   (74.6–78.2)       81.8   (80.6–82.9)        78.4   (76.7–80.1)       81.3 (79.9–82.7)       80.6   (79.9–81.2)

                                                                                                      Analysis of variance (ANOVA) P values less than 0.0001 for both city and age category in men and women. P value for trend in age categories less than 0.0001 in men and women.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ´
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Hypertension in seven Latin American cities Hernandez-Hernandez et al. 27




Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Table 4   Weighted mean pulse pressure (95% confidence interval) in mmHg, by age, sex, and city
                                                                                                      Age (years)          Barquisimeto                  Bogota               Buenos Aires                   Lima                 Mexico City                  Quito                   Santiago              All participants

                                                                                                      Men                 45    (44.0–46.0)       37.8   (37.1–38.5)        43.1   (42.3–43.8)       44.5   (43.7–45.2)        37.6   (36.9–38.3)       41.8   (41.3–42.4)        39.9   (39.1–40.7)       40.5   (40.0–40.9)
                                                                                                       25–34             42.9   (41.3–44.4)       36.2   (35.0–37.3)        42.3   (41.0–43.5)       42.6   (41.6–43.6)        36.3   (35.3–37.2)       40.7   (39.8–41.5)        37.6   (36.4–38.8)       38.8   (38.2–39.4)
                                                                                                       35–44              43    (41.1–44.9)       36.3   (35.0–37.6)        39.8   (38.8–40.9)       42.5   (40.9–44.0)        37.1   (36.2–38.1)       40.8   (39.9–41.7)        38.1   (36.7–39.4)       38.8   (38.1–39.4)
                                                                                                       45–54             46.1   (44.1–48.1)       39.5   (38.2–40.8)        43.6   (42.1–45.1)       45.1   (43.8–46.5)        38.2   (37.1–39.2)       43.1   (41.9–44.3)        39.8   (38.3–41.3)       41.3   (40.6–41.9)
                                                                                                       55–64             56.4   (53.5–59.3)        43    (41.4–44.5)        48.4   (46.9–49.9)       52.1   (50.2–54.0)         42    (40.5–43.5)       46.2   (44.6–50.4)        49.4   (47.0–51.7)       47.2   (46.3–48.1)
                                                                                                      Women               45    (44.2–45.8)       38.3   (37.6–38.9)        40.6   (39.9–41.4)       43.3   (42.4–44.2)        38.6   (37.9–39.3)       41.7   (41.1–42.4)        39.8   (39.1–40.7)       40.2   (39.8–40.6)
                                                                                                       25–34             41.1   (40.0–42.1)       35.3   (34.4–36.1)        37.6   (36.4–38.7)       40.8   (39.6–42.0)        35.9   (34.7–37.1)       39.3   (38.5–40.0)        36.7   (35.5–37.9)       37.4   (36.8–38.0)
                                                                                                       35–44             41.9   (40.9–42.9)       37.1   (36.1–38.1)        37.9   (36.9–39.0)        41    (39.4–42.6)        38.3   (37.2–39.3)       40.5   (39.9–41.7)        36.8   (35.6–38.0)       38.4   (37.9–38.9)
                                                                                                       45–54              49    (47.6–50.4)       39.9   (38.7–41.2)        41.4   (40.0–42.7)       45.3   (43.9–46.7)        40.1   (39.1–41.0)       44.2   (43.2–45.1)        40.9   (39.5–42.4)       41.8   (41.2–42.3)
                                                                                                       55–64             58.1   (56.1–60.1)       47.1   (45.8–48.3)        47.3   (45.6–48.9)       51.3   (49.6–53.0)        44.4   (42.8–46.0)       48.8   (47.2–50.4)        50.3   (48.2–52.5)       48.3   (47.5–49.1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                28 Journal of Hypertension 2010, Vol 28 No 1




                                                                                                      Analysis of variance (ANOVA) P values less than 0.0001 for both city and age category in men and women. P value for trend in age categories less than 0.0001 in men and women.




                                                                                                      Table 5   Weighted prevalence (95% confidence interval) of hypertension
                                                                                                                          Barquisimeto                        ´
                                                                                                                                                         Bogota              Buenos Aires                    Lima                Mexico City                   Quito                   Santiago              All participants

                                                                                                      Overall           24.7   (22.7–26.8)        13.4   (11.5–15.2)       29.0    (26.9–31.1)       12.6   (11.1–14.0)       11.7    (10.3–13.1)        8.6   (7.3–10.0)         23.8   (21.6–26.1)       16.3   (15.4–17.2)
                                                                                                      Men               27.5   (23.7–31.3)        14.6   (11.9–17.2)       37.7    (34.3–41.1)       14.4   (12.2–16.7)       11.2    (8.9–13.6)         7.2   (5.6–8.7)          27.3   (24.1–30.5)       18.3   (16.9–19.6)
                                                                                                       25–34a           13.5   (8.2–18.7)          5.9   (3.0–8.8)         18.5    (13.1–23.8)        5.5   (2.6–8.4)          2.4    (0.4–4.4)          1.0   (0–2.9)            12.6   (7.9–17.3)         7.0   (5.5–8.5)
                                                                                                       35–44            29.6   (22.6–36.6)         9.8   (5.4–14.1)        28.5    (21.1–35.8)       11.4   (6.7–16.1)         9.9    (5.4–14.4)         5.9   (3.0–8.7)          26.5   (20.1–32.9)       15.2   (12.9–17.4)
                                                                                                       45–54            39.5   (31.9–47.0)        23.8   (17.4–30.2)       52.1    (44.5–59.6)       19.8   (14.3–25.3)       18.6    (13.8–23.4)       13.4   (8.7–18.0)         36.3   (29.9–42.6)       27.1   (24.3–29.9)
                                                                                                       55–64            54.7   (47.6–61.8)        35.7   (28.6–42.8)       66.5    (59.5–73.5)       35.8   (28.2–43.3)       33.7    (27.5–39.8)       19.6   (13.8–25.3)        50.3   (42.5–58.0)       41.8   (38.5–45.1)
                                                                                                      Women             22.9   (20.6–25.2)        12.4   (10.2–14.7)       21.7    (19.0–24.4)       10.7   (8.8–12.6)        12.1    (9.9–14.2)        10.1   (7.8–12.4)         20.7   (17.8–23.5)       14.6   (13.5–15.7)
                                                                                                       25–34a            5.8   (2.9–8.7)           1.6   (0–4.0)            6.0    (2.3–9.7)          2.1   (0.3–3.9)          1.9    (0–3.8)            1.6   (0–3.6)             5.4   (1.9–9.0)          2.8   (1.8–3.7)
                                                                                                       35–44            17.9   (13.7–22.2)         4.4   (1.8–7.1)         13.3    (8.2–18.4)         5.2   (2.4–8.0)          7.3    (4.2–10.4)         3.7   (1.1–6.3)          12.7   (8.3–17.2)         7.9   (6.4–9.4)
                                                                                                       45–54            38.0   (32.1–44.0)        24.1   (17.7–30.6)       23.7    (17.1–30.3)       17.0   (12.5–21.4)       21.1    (15.8–26.4)       21.9   (17.0–26.8)        29.4   (23.4–35.4)       23.3   (20.9–25.8)
                                                                                                       55–64            59.9   (53.9–66.0)        45.0   (37.9–52.1)       50.8    (44.0–57.5)       34.8   (28.6–41.0)       38.0    (31.0–45.1)       34.4   (27.2–41.5)        55.0   (49.0–61.0)       44.2   (42.4–47.1)

                                                                                                      Analysis of variance (ANOVA) P values less than 0.0001 for both city and age category in men and women. P value for trend in age categories less than 0.0001 in men and women. In participants with treated or measured
                                                                                                      hypertension. a Age groups (years).




Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Table 6 Overall prevalence of stratification of cardiovascular risk, according to European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology 2007 Guidelines in the Cardiovascular
                                                                                                      Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America study
                                                                                                                                                                            Optimal         Normal         High normal          Grade 1             Grade 2             Grade 3
                                                                                                                                                            Treated          BP              BP                BP             hypertension        hypertension        hypertension          Total

                                                                                                      Barquisimeto         No other risk factor               0.63            6.58           2.11              0.74               0.51               0.07                0.04               10.67
                                                                                                                           1–2 risk factors                   2.93           29.17          11.46              2.87               2.16               0.32                0.27               49.18
                                                                                                                           3 or more risk factors,            7.11           11.42           4.01              5.13               6.45               1.99                0.56               36.68
                                                                                                                             or MS, or OD, or diabetes
                                                                                                                           Established CV (MI,                1.52            1.09           0.46              0.02               0.25               0.13                0.00                3.47
                                                                                                                             stroke, or angina)
                                                                                                                           Total                             12.19           48.26          18.04              8.76               9.38               2.51                0.87              100.00
                                                                                                           ´
                                                                                                      Bogota               No other risk factor               0.18            7.41           1.26              0.28               0.27               0.05                0.00                9.46
                                                                                                                           1–2 risk factors                   1.84           41.37          10.53              2.14               1.16               0.55                0.03               57.64
                                                                                                                           3 or more risk factors,            4.38           11.59           4.35              5.01               2.43               0.91                0.21               28.89
                                                                                                                             or MS, or OD, or diabetes
                                                                                                                           Established CV disease             0.98            1.81           0.69              0.11               0.30               0.12                0.00                4.02
                                                                                                                             (MI, stroke, or angina)
                                                                                                                           Total                              7.38           62.19          16.84              7.54               4.17               1.64                0.24              100.00
                                                                                                      Buenos Aires         No other risk factor               0.13            5.60           3.44              1.35               0.78               0.14                0.07               11.51
                                                                                                                           1–2 risk factors                   3.41           24.27          13.56              8.03               5.23               0.88                0.38               55.76
                                                                                                                           3 or more risk factors, or         6.82            4.82           3.76              4.26               6.47               2.00                0.66               28.79
                                                                                                                             MS, or OD, or diabetes
                                                                                                                           Established CV disease             1.78            0.81           0.38              0.58               0.17               0.17                0.06                3.95
                                                                                                                             (MI, stroke, or angina)
                                                                                                                           Total                             12.14           35.49          21.14            14.22               12.64               3.20                1.17              100.00
                                                                                                      Lima                 No other risk factor               0.00            5.15           1.32             0.30                0.17               0.09                0.00                7.03
                                                                                                                           1–2 risk factors                   0.97           37.25          16.89             3.23                2.39               0.23                0.08               61.03
                                                                                                                           3 or more risk factors, or         1.81            8.94           6.70             4.84                4.28               0.85                0.29               27.72
                                                                                                                             MS, or OD, or diabetes
                                                                                                                           Established CV disease             0.85            1.50           1.03              0.21               0.36               0.22                0.04                4.23
                                                                                                                             (MI, stroke, or angina)
                                                                                                                           Total                              3.63           52.84          25.94              8.58               7.21               1.38                0.41              100.00
                                                                                                      Mexico City          No other risk factor               0.11            7.33           1.91              0.26               0.11               0.00                0.00                9.73
                                                                                                                           1–2 risk factors                   2.01           33.77          10.27              3.93               1.11               0.08                0.00               51.17
                                                                                                                           3 or more risk factors, or         5.06           13.79           6.29              9.84               2.37               0.17                0.08               37.60
                                                                                                                             MS, or OD, or diabetes
                                                                                                                           Established CV disease             0.50            0.54           0.14              0.23               0.09               0.00                0.00                1.50
                                                                                                                             (MI, stroke, or angina)
                                                                                                                           Total                              7.67           55.43          18.62            14.27                3.68               0.25                0.08              100.00
                                                                                                      Quito                No other risk factor               0.25            8.95           0.76             0.08                0.00               0.00                0.00               10.04
                                                                                                                           1–2 risk factors                   1.02           46.98           7.53             2.16                1.25               0.29                0.00               59.24
                                                                                                                           3 or more risk factors, or         2.23           13.71           3.73             2.64                1.89               0.51                0.00               24.72
                                                                                                                             MS, or OD, or diabetes
                                                                                                                           Established CV disease             1.01            3.44           0.93              0.37               0.14               0.11                0.00                6.00
                                                                                                                             (MI, stroke, or angina)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ´




                                                                                                                           Total                              4.52           73.08          12.95              5.25               3.28               0.92                0.00              100.00
                                                                                                      Santiago             No other risk factor               0.11            6.62           1.35              0.39               0.48               0.00                0.00                8.94
                                                                                                                           1–2 risk factors                   2.88           27.82          13.69              3.65               3.51               1.04                0.56               53.15
                                                                                                                           3 or more risk factors, or         5.41            8.05           7.09              4.61               4.94               2.11                0.55               32.76
                                                                                                                             MS, or OD, or diabetes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ´




                                                                                                                           Established CV disease             1.92            1.73           0.91              0.14               0.27               0.15                0.03                5.16
                                                                                                                             (MI, stroke, or angina)
                                                                                                                           Total                             10.31           44.22          23.03              8.78               9.20               3.31                1.15              100.00


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             (continued overleaf )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Hypertension in seven Latin American cities Hernandez-Hernandez et al. 29




Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
30 Journal of Hypertension 2010, Vol 28 No 1




                                                                                 OD: subclinic organ damage measured only by carotid wall thickening [intima–media thickness (IMT) >0.9 mm] or plaque. MS: metabolic syndrome defined by European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology
                                                                                 (ESH/ESC) guidelines. Established cardiovascular disease explored by past personal medical history. General association P value for each single city and between-cities heterogeneity all <0.0001. BP, blood pressure; CV,
                                                                        100.00
                                               9.19



                                                                 3.76
                                              55.78
                                              31.27
                                    Total
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Isolated systolic hypertension in nontreated participants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              represented 16.8% of the overall hypertensive partici-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              pants. The highest proportion was observed in Lima
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (34.8%), followed by Quito (25.8%), Barquisimeto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (24.6%), Buenos Aires (12.2%), Santiago (12%), Bogota
                              hypertension
                                Grade 3




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (8.7%) and Mexico City (8.6%); between city heterogen-
                                              0.01
                                              0.16
                                              0.30

                                                                 0.02

                                                                        0.50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              eity P value <0.0001.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Participants from Quito and Bogota were most likely to
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              have optimal and normal BP. High normal BP was widely
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              evident in each city, with higher prevalence in Mexico
                              hypertension
                                Grade 2




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              City and Buenos Aires followed by Santiago, Barquisi-
                                              0.05
                                              0.48
                                              1.06

                                                                 0.13

                                                                        1.71




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              meto, Lima, Bogota, and Quito. Ten percent of all
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              participants have high normal BP (Table 6).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The proportion of patients at risk of each city (those with
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              treated or untreated hypertension or high normal BP)
                              hypertension
                                Grade 1




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              varied considerably: 44.2% in Buenos Aires, 34.4% in
                                              0.30
                                              2.25
                                              3.73

                                                                 0.24

                                                                        6.51




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Barquisimeto, 33.4% in Santiago, 26.3% in Mexico City,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              21.6% in Bogota, 21.4% in Lima, and 13.4% in Quito; in
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              all the participants 26.8%.
                              High normal




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Total cardiovascular risk
                                              0.41
                                              3.64
                                              5.80

                                                                 0.22

                                                                        10.07




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Table 6 shows stratification of cardiovascular risk in
                                  BP




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              CARMELA participants at different BP levels. Of all
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              the participants, 9.19% have no other risk factor apart
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              from hypertension; at the same time, 55.78% have one or
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              two risk factors; 31.27% have three or more risk factors,
                              Normal




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              or metabolic syndrome or diabetes or organ damage
                                               1.65

                                               5.65

                                                                 0.65
                                              12.53




                                                                        20.48
                               BP




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              measured by carotid wall thickening [intima–media
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              thickness (IMT) >0.9 or plaque]; 3.76% have estab-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              lished cardiovascular disease (MI, stroke, or angina).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Average risk is present in 8.84% of all participants;
                              Optimal



                                              34.68
                                              10.33



                                                                        53.07
                                               6.65



                                                                 1.40




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              low added risk in 53.18%; moderate added risk
                               BP




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              23.15%; and high or very high added risk in 14.83%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              according to ESH/ESC guidelines. Santiago, Barquisi-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              meto, and Buenos Aires have high prevalence of high or
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              very high added risk (17.93; 17.91, and 17.79%, respect-
                                    Treated

                                              0.12
                                              2.03
                                              4.40

                                                                 1.10

                                                                        7.65




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ively); at the same time, Quito, Bogota, Mexico City,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              and Lima have the lowest (11.05, 12.62, 13.96, and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              14.56%, respectively).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension
                                                MS, or OD, or diabetes
                                              3 or more risk factors, or


                                                (MI, stroke, or angina)
                                              Established CV disease




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Table 7 shows levels of assessment, awareness, treat-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ment, and control of hypertension, for each city and all
                                              No other risk factor
                                              1–2 risk factors




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              participants. BP is reported to be measured ever in
                                                                                 cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              approximately 90% of participants in the study; the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              higher value was in Buenos Aires and Mexico City
                                              Total




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (97.5%) and the lower in Lima (73.4%). Prior diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              of hypertension had a weighted prevalence of 64.4% for
       Table 6 (continued )




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              all participants; the higher values for Mexico City (75.7%)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              and lower for Lima (53.1%). Treated and controlled
                                              All participants




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              hypertension defined as BP less than 140/90 mmHg
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              had a weighted prevalence of 24%, ranging from 12.0%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (8.4–15.7%) for Lima to 41.0% (36.2–45.8%) for Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              City.


Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Journal of hypertension_2010_28_(1)_24[1]
Journal of hypertension_2010_28_(1)_24[1]
Journal of hypertension_2010_28_(1)_24[1]
Journal of hypertension_2010_28_(1)_24[1]

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Journal of hypertension_2010_28_(1)_24[1]

  • 1. 24 Original article Hypertension in seven Latin American cities: the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America (CARMELA) study Rafael Hernandez-Hernandeza, Honorio Silvab, Manuel Velascoc, ´ ´ Fabio Pellegrini , Alejandro Macchiae, Jorge Escobedof, Raul Vinuezab, d Herman Schargrodskyg, Beatriz Champagneh, Palmira Pramparoi and Elinor Wilsonj, on behalf of the CARMELA Study Investigators Background Little information is available regarding Conclusion From 13.4 to 44.2% of the populations of seven hypertension, treatment, and control in urban population of major Latin American cities were hypertensive or had high Latin America. normal BP values. Most hypertensive patients have additional risk factors. Public health programs need to Objective We aimed to compare blood pressure (BP) target prevention, detection, treatment, and control of total distribution, hypertension prevalence, treatment, and cardiovascular risk in Latin America. J Hypertens 28:24–34 control in seven Latin American cities following standard Q 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & methodology. Wilkins. Methods The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation Journal of Hypertension 2010, 28:24–34 in Latin America (CARMELA) study was a cross-sectional, epidemiologic study assessing cardiovascular risk factors Keywords: blood pressure classification, cardiovascular risk factors, using stratified multistage sampling of adult populations hypertension control, hypertension prevalence, total cardiovascular risk (aged 25–64 years) in seven cities: Barquisimeto ´ (Venezuela; n U 1848); Bogota (n U 1553); Buenos Aires Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; OD, subclinical organ damage (n U 1482); Lima (n U 1652); Mexico City (n U 1720); Quito a Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hypertension and Risk Factors Clinic, School of (n U 1638); and Santiago (n U 1655). The prevalence of Medicine, Universidad Centroccidental ‘Lisandro Alvarado’, Barquisimeto, hypertension and high normal BP were determined based on Venezuela and Latin American Society of Hypertension (LASH), bInterAmerican Foundation for Clinical Research, New York, New York, USA, cClinical 2007 European Society of Hypertension and European Pharmacology Unit, Vargas Medical School, Central University of Venezuela, Society of Cardiology definitions. Caracas, Venezuela, dDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, eUnit of Biostatistics, CSS Scientific Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy, fMedical Research Unit on Results BP increased with age in men and women; pulse Clinical Epidemiology, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico, g Department of Cardiology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, pressure increased mainly in the upper age group. The Argentina, hInterAmerican Heart Foundation, Dallas, Texas, USA, iInterAmerican hypertension prevalence ranged from 9% in Quito to 29% in Heart Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina and jDepartment of Community and Preventive Health, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester, Buenos Aires. One-quarter to one-half of the hypertension Rochester, New York, USA cases were previously undiagnosed (24% in Mexico City to ´ ´ Correspondence to Rafael Hernandez-Hernandez, MD, Clinical Pharmacology 47% in Lima); uncontrolled hypertension ranged from 12% Unit, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Clinic, School of Medicine, (Lima) to 41% (Mexico City). High normal BP was also Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Ave. Libertador, Barquisimeto 3001, Lara, Venezuela evident in a substantial number of each city participants Tel: +58 251 2591838; fax: +58 251 255 1098; e-mail: rhernan@cantv.net (%5–15%). Majority of population has other cardiovascular risk factors despite hypertension; only 9.19% of participants Received 17 February 2009 Revised 2 August 2009 have no risk factors apart from hypertension. Accepted 4 September 2009 Introduction disease and who may benefit from interventions designed Hypertension is a major public health concern world- to prevent progression to hypertension grade 1. In 2000, wide. The 2007 Guidelines for the Management of worldwide prevalence of hypertension was estimated to Arterial Hypertension from European Societies of be approximately 26%. Currently, two-thirds of the 972 Hypertension and Cardiology recognize three categories million adults with hypertension reside in economically of hypertension (grade 1–3) and an additional high nor- developing countries; moreover, it has been estimated that mal blood pressure (BP) category [1]. The patients with by the year 2025, the prevalence of hypertension will have high normal BP include individuals with mildly elevated risen by 24% in economically developed countries, but BP who are also at increased risk for cardiovascular in economically developing countries, an 80% rise is 0263-6352 ß 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DOI:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328332c353 Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
  • 2. ´ ´ Hypertension in seven Latin American cities Hernandez-Hernandez et al. 25 predicted [2]. This will inevitably strain healthcare sys- institutions for standardized clinical measurements, tems and cause substantial increases in healthcare costs [3]. obtained by health personnel trained, certified, and supervised by CARMELA investigators. Hypertension is considered the single most preventable cause of premature death [4,5] and in Latin America, it is Blood pressure measurement strongly linked to premature death from stroke and The American Heart Association guidelines for BP ischemic heart disease [6]. In fact, hypertension is the measurement were followed. A trained observer using a risk factor most strongly associated with first acute myo- calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer measured BP cardial infarction (MI) in Latin American countries [odds while the participant was seated and at rest. Two readings ratio (OR), 2.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.39–3.31] were taken 5 min apart; if they differed by more than [7], an association that is stronger than that in worldwide 5 mmHg, measurements were repeated until two close analyses (OR, 2.48; 99%CI 2.30–2.68) [8]. Even high readings were obtained. The average values were used normal BP (SBP 130–139 mmHg or DBP 85–90 mmHg) for statistical analysis. Using European Society of Hyper- has been found to increase risk for cardiovascular disease tension and European Society of Cardiology (ESH/ESC) 2.33 times above the risk with optimal BP (<120/ guidelines, hypertension was defined as SBP at least 80 mmHg) [9]. Furthermore, the end-organ damage 140 mmHg or DBP at least 90 mmHg or current antihy- (e.g., kidney, peripheral vascular) associated with hyper- pertensive medication use; grade 1 was defined as SBP tension emphasizes the importance of prevention, detec- 140–159 mmHg and/or DBP 90–99 mmHg; grade 2 was tion, and treatment efforts [1]. defined as SBP 160–179 mmHg and/or DBP 100– 109 mmHg; grade 3 was defined as SBP at least 180 mmHg Compounding the predictions of a large increase in the and/or DBP at least 110 mmHg; high normal BP was prevalence of hypertension in developing countries, solid defined as SBP 130–139 mmHg and/or DBP 85– epidemiologic data to support public health efforts in 89 mmHg [1]. Previously undiagnosed hypertension was Latin America have been lacking; previous studies are hypertension in participants who reported that they were hard to compare due to differences in methodology and not hypertensive, did not know, or were hypertensive population characteristics [10]. The Cardiovascular only during pregnancy. Hypertension was defined taken Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America into consideration BP levels (SBP ! 140 mmHg and/or (CARMELA) study was designed to systematically DBP ! 90 mmHg) or current pharmacological treatment. evaluate and compare cardiovascular risk factors in seven major Latin American cities. An initial report from this All clinical measurements were standardized; anthropo- study has previously been published [11]. Here, the BP metry, BP readings, blood lipid and glucose, and common distribution, prevalence of hypertension and high normal carotid artery ultrasonography were carried out in one BP, levels of awareness, treatment and hypertension single clinical visit, as previously published [11]. control, and assessment of stratification of total cardio- vascular risk are reported. Statistical analysis Statistical processing addressed the nonequal probability Patients and methods character of the sample and the structure of the design to The CARMELA study is a cross-sectional, observational generate data adjusted for the age and sex distribution of study with the added value of being conducted mostly by the population of each city. Weighted means and preva- practicing clinicians integrated in a sub-continental net- lence along with their 95% CIs were estimated by survey work, using stratified multistage sampling and conducted analysis procedures (SAS Software, Release 9.1, Cary, between September 2003 and August 2005 in Barquisi- North Carolina, USA), taking into account the multistage ´ meto, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; Buenos Aires, stratified sampling design via CLUSTER and STRATA Argentina; Lima, Peru; Mexico City, Mexico; Quito, statements. SBP, DBP, and pulse pressure (PP) levels Ecuador; and Santiago, Chile. The velocity of sampling along with prevalence of hypertension were analyzed. recruitment was different in each city; at the end, a total Generalized analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were of approximately 1600 participants (male and female) per used for city, age, and sex group comparisons. Sex-by-age city between the ages of 25 and 64 years were enrolled, class and city-by-age class interaction ANOVA models taking about 200 people from each 10-year age and sex were also performed. Trend tests for age class were group to provide accurate prevalence estimates in each of reported. Furthermore, prevalence of stratification of the eight age-sex groups. Detailed methodology and cardiovascular risk, according to ESH/ESC 2007 guide- study design are presented elsewhere [11]. The study lines, and prevalence of levels of assessment, awareness, was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki treatment, and control of hypertension by city were also and the Guides for Good Clinical Practice. A customized assessed. A two-way ANOVA by city and age class for questionnaire was used to collect information on demo- men and women groups, respectively, was also performed graphics, hypertension, and other common cardiovascular on SBP, DBP, and PP values. P values less than 0.05 were risk factors. Participants visited designated healthcare considered significant. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
  • 3. 26 Journal of Hypertension 2010, Vol 28 No 1 116 (115.2–116.9) 115.4 (114.8–116.1) 113.4 (112.5–114.2) 117.8 (116.8–118.9) 116.1 (115.7–116.6) Results 1.61 (1.61–1.62) 70.8 (70.2–71.3) 27.1 (27.0–27.3) 75.8 (75.5–76.1) 40.3 (40.0–40.7) 70.9 (70.6–71.1) 44.59 Æ 11.36 All participants A total of 11 550 participants between the ages of 25 5383 (46.60%) 11550 and 64 years were enrolled in CARMELA. Subgroups of participants were evaluated based on stratification by sex and age group (25–34, 35–44, 45–54, and 55–64 years). Number of participants per cities, sex and age distri- bution, and general characteristics of sample are shown in 1.63 (1.62–1.63) 73.6 (73.0–74.3) 27.8 (27.5–28.0) 78 (77.4–78.7) 39.8 (39.2–40.4) 68.5 (68.1–69.0) 44.77Æ11.20 Table 1. Other cardiovascular risk factors are reported 783 (47.31%) Santiago 1655 elsewhere [11]. Blood pressure distribution Weighted means (95%CI) for SBP, DBP, and PP are shown in Tables 2–4, respectively, for each city and for 1.59 (1.58–1.60) 66.7 (65.9–67.5) 26.3 (25.9–26.6) 71.6 (71.0–72.2) 41.8 (41.3–42.2) 72 (71.7–72.3) 44.41Æ11.20 the whole participants according to sex and age groups. 813 (49.63%) Quito 1638 Men tended to have higher SBP and DBP than women (both P value <0.0001). Overall, mean SBP and DBP were 116.1 mmHg (95%CI 115.7–116.6) and 75.8 mmHg (95%CI 75.5–76.1), respectively. Mean SBP differed by only approximately 10 mmHg across cities as did DBP Numbers of participants, sex and age distribution, and general characteristic in the samples from the seven cities 1.62 (1.62–1.63) 74.5 (73.4–75.6) 28.2 (27.9–28.5) 77.3 (76.8–77.9) 38.1 (37.6–38.6) 71 (70.5–71.5) ´ [SBP range: 113 mmHg (Bogota) to 123 mmHg (Buenos 44.52Æ11.26 Mexico City 833 (48.37%) Aires); DBP range: 72 mmHg (Quito) to 81 mmHg (Bue- 1722 nos Aires), both P value <0.0001]. Mean SBP and DBP values increased with age in both sexes; however, the increase with age was more marked in women than in men. The greatest increases in mean SBP with age were 1.59 (1.59–1.60) 69.1 (68.2–70.0) 27.1 (26.8–27.4) 72.1 (71.6–72.7) 43.9 (43.2–44.5) 70.1 (69.8–70.5) 43.64Æ11.56 seen in men (21 mmHg) and women (26 mmHg) of 769 (46.55%) Barquisimeto; the smallest increase was in men of Mexico 1652 Lima City (12 mmHg) and women of Lima (16 mmHg). SBP and DBP values increased with age in both sexes (P < 0.0001); however, the increase with age was more 120.8 (119.8–121.8) 112.5 (111.7–113.3) 122.9 (121.9–123.9) marked in women than in men (i.e., sex-by-age class 1.65 (1.65–1.66) 72.3 (71.4–73.2) 26.3 (26.0–26.6) 81.1 (80.4–81.8) 41.8 (41.2–42.3) 71.3 (70.8–71.9) 44.56Æ11.66 Buenos Aires interaction P value is <0.0001 both for SBP and DBP). 734 (49.53%) 1482 The greatest increases in mean DBP with age were seen in men of Lima (10 mmHg) and women of Bogota ´ and Quito (12 mmHg); the smallest increase was in men of Santiago (5 mmHg) and women of Mexico City (8 mmHg). 1.59 (1.58–1.60) 66.7 (65.8–67.6) 26.3 (26.1–26.5) 74.5 (73.9–75.1) 38 (37.5–38.6) 73 (72.4–73.7) 45.14Æ11.33 738 (47.52%) Bogota PP was on average approximately 40 mmHg for men and 1553 women for the whole participants. PP increased with age but higher increment is shown in the participants of 55–64 years of age group. A higher increment is shown in Barquisimeto and lower in Mexico City, both in men 1.6 (1.60–1.61) 69.6 (68.3–70.8) 27 (26.5–27.4) 75.8 (74.9–76.7) 45 (44.3–45.6) 69.7 (69.2–70.2) 45.07 Æ 11.30 and women (Table 4). Barquisimeto 713 (38.58%) 1848 Prevalence of hypertension Across the seven cities, the overall weighted prevalence of hypertension was 16.3% (P < 0.0001 for cities and age for men and women; P < 0.0001 for trend in age category Mean height in meters (95% CI) Mean pulse pressure (95% CI) Mean DBP (mmHg) (95% CI) Mean SBP (mmHg) (95% CI) and sex). Hypertension (Table 5) clustered into high and Mean weight in kg (95% CI) Mean BMI (kg/m2) (95% CI) Mean heart rate (95% CI) low prevalence groups: Barquisimeto, Buenos Aires, and CI, confidence interval. Mean ageÆSD (years) Santiago had the highest prevalence of hypertension, ´ whereas Lima, Mexico City, Bogota, and Quito had a Men (Women) lower prevalence. In all cities, the prevalence of hyper- tension increased with advancing age; more than 40% of Table 1 all participants 55–64 years of age were hypertensive (P < 0.0001). N Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
  • 4. Table 2 Weighted mean systolic blood pressure (95% confidence interval) in mmHg, by age, sex, and city Age (years) Barquisimeto Bogota Buenos Aires Lima Mexico City Quito Santiago All participants Men (overall) 123.5 (122.0–124.9) 114 (113.0–115.0) 127.2 (126.1–128.4) 118.4 (117.4–119.5) 115.7 (114.9–116.4) 114.5 (113.5–115.5) 121.1 (119.8–122.4) 118.1 (117.6–118.7) 25–34 117.8 (115.4–120.3) 110.4 (108.6–112.1) 121.6 (120.2–123.0) 113.6 (112.0–115.2 112.5 (111.6–113.5) 110.4 (109.1–111.7) 115.7 (114.1–117.3) 113.7 (113.0–114.4) 35–44 122.5 (120.3–124.8) 111.7 (110.1–113.4) 123.1 (121.0–125.3) 116.5 (114.4–118.6) 114.7 (113.4–116.0) 113 (111.5–114.5) 119.6 (117.0–122.1) 116.2 (115.3–117.1) 45–54 128.7 (125.4–132.0) 117.8 (115.9–119.8) 131.6 (128.9–134.3) 121.3 (119.3–123.3) 118.2 (116.8–119.7) 119 (117.0–121.0) 123.6 (121.2–126.0) 121.5 (120.6–122.5) 55–64 138.3 (134.2–142.4) 123.6 (120.8–126.3) 137.4 (135.1–139.7) 130.3 (127.4–133.2) 124.3 (121.9–126.7) 123.8 (121.1–126.5) 133.3 (129.8–136.8) 129.2 (127.9–130.6) Women (overall) 119 (117.9–120.2) 111.4 (110.3–112.5) 119.2 (117.9–120.5) 113.7 (112.5–114.9) 115.2 (114.3–116.1) 112.3 (111.3–113.2) 114.9 (113.4–116.3) 114.3 (113.8–114.9) 25–34 110.7 (108.8–112.5) 104.1 (103.0–105.2) 112.2 (110.5–113.8) 107.3 (105.8–108.8) 109.9 (108.7–111.2) 105.6 (104.7–106.5) 106.6 (104.7–108.5) 107.5 (106.8–108.2) 35–44 116.1 (114.4–117.8) 108.5 (107.1–109.9) 116.1 (114.0–118.1) 110.5 (108.4–112.6) 114.5 (113.2–115.8) 110.3 (108.9–111.7) 111.8 (109.5–114.0) 111.7 (110.9–112.6) 45–54 127.2 (124.8–129.6) 118.4 (116.4–120.4) 120.2 (117.8–122.6) 119.8 (117.8–121.8) 118.6 (117.4–119.7) 119.3 (117.4–121.1) 119.2 (116.8–121.6) 119.4 (118.5–120.2) 55–64 137 (134.4–139.6) 128 (125.7–130.4) 131.2 (128.5–134.0) 127.6 (124.8–130.4) 126.1 (124.3–128.0) 127.2 (124.4–130.0) 131.6 (128.6–134.6) 128.9 (127.8–130.0) Analysis of variance (ANOVA) P values less than 0.0001 for both city and age category in men and women. P value for trend in age categories less than 0.0001 in men and women. Table 3 Weighted mean diastolic blood pressure (95% confidence interval) in mmHg, by age, sex, and city Age (years) Barquisimeto Bogota Buenos Aires Lima Mexico City Quito Santiago All participants Men 78.5 (77.2–79.7) 76.2 (75.3–77.2) 84.2 (83.3–85.0) 73.9 (73.1–74.8) 78.1 (77.7–78.6) 72.7 (71.8–73.5) 81.2 (80.4–82.0) 77.7 (77.3–78.1) 25–34 75 (73.0–76.9) 74.2 (72.7–75.8) 79.4 (78.0–80.7) 71 (69.6–72.4) 76.3 (75.4–77.3) 69.7 (68.5–71.0) 78.1 (76.8–79.5) 74.9 (74.2–75.5) 35–44 79.5 (77.5–81.5) 75.4 (73.9–77.0) 83.3 (81.6–85.1) 74 (72.4–75.6) 77.6 (76.6–78.6) 72.2 (71.1–73.4) 81.5 (79.8–83.3) 77.4 (76.7–78.1) 45–54 82.6 (80.6–84.6) 78.3 (76.8–79.7) 88 (86.0–89.9) 76.2 (74.6–77.7) 80.1 (78.9–81.2) 75.9 (74.6–77.2) 83.8 (82.2–85.4) 80.3 (79.6–81.0) 55–64 81.9 (79.7–84.1) 80.6 (79.0–82.2) 89 (87.3–90.7) 78.2 (76.3–80.1) 82.3 (80.8–83.8) 77.7 (76.1–79.2) 83.9 82.2–85.7) 82 (81.2–82.8) Women 74 (73.0–75.1) 73.1 (72.4–73.8) 78.5 (77.7–79.3) 70.4 (69.6–71.1) 76.6 (76.0–77.3) 70.5 (69.9–71.1) 75.1 (74.2–76.0) 74.2 (73.7–74.6) 25–34 69.6 (67.7–71.5) 68.9 (67.7–70.0) 74.6 (73.5–75.7) 66.5 (65.4–67.6) 74 (73.1–75.0) 66.4 (65.5–67.3) 69.9 (68.4–71.4) 70.1 (69.5–70.8) ´ 35–44 74.2 (72.7–75.8) 71.3 (70.3–72.4) 78.1 (76.7–79.6) 69.5 (68.0–71.0) 76.2 (75.2–77.3) 69.8 (68.9–70.6) 75 (73.5–76.5) 73.3 (72.7–74.0) 45–54 78.2 (76.6–79.9) 78.4 (77.2–79.6) 78.8 (77.2–80.5) 74.5 (73.1–75.9) 78.5 (77.5–79.5) 75.1 (73.9–76.3) 78.3 (76.8–79.8) 77.6 (77.0–78.2) 55–64 78.9 (77.3–80.6) 80.9 (79.4–82.5) 84 (82.4–85.5) 76.4 (74.6–78.2) 81.8 (80.6–82.9) 78.4 (76.7–80.1) 81.3 (79.9–82.7) 80.6 (79.9–81.2) Analysis of variance (ANOVA) P values less than 0.0001 for both city and age category in men and women. P value for trend in age categories less than 0.0001 in men and women. ´ Hypertension in seven Latin American cities Hernandez-Hernandez et al. 27 Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
  • 5. Table 4 Weighted mean pulse pressure (95% confidence interval) in mmHg, by age, sex, and city Age (years) Barquisimeto Bogota Buenos Aires Lima Mexico City Quito Santiago All participants Men 45 (44.0–46.0) 37.8 (37.1–38.5) 43.1 (42.3–43.8) 44.5 (43.7–45.2) 37.6 (36.9–38.3) 41.8 (41.3–42.4) 39.9 (39.1–40.7) 40.5 (40.0–40.9) 25–34 42.9 (41.3–44.4) 36.2 (35.0–37.3) 42.3 (41.0–43.5) 42.6 (41.6–43.6) 36.3 (35.3–37.2) 40.7 (39.8–41.5) 37.6 (36.4–38.8) 38.8 (38.2–39.4) 35–44 43 (41.1–44.9) 36.3 (35.0–37.6) 39.8 (38.8–40.9) 42.5 (40.9–44.0) 37.1 (36.2–38.1) 40.8 (39.9–41.7) 38.1 (36.7–39.4) 38.8 (38.1–39.4) 45–54 46.1 (44.1–48.1) 39.5 (38.2–40.8) 43.6 (42.1–45.1) 45.1 (43.8–46.5) 38.2 (37.1–39.2) 43.1 (41.9–44.3) 39.8 (38.3–41.3) 41.3 (40.6–41.9) 55–64 56.4 (53.5–59.3) 43 (41.4–44.5) 48.4 (46.9–49.9) 52.1 (50.2–54.0) 42 (40.5–43.5) 46.2 (44.6–50.4) 49.4 (47.0–51.7) 47.2 (46.3–48.1) Women 45 (44.2–45.8) 38.3 (37.6–38.9) 40.6 (39.9–41.4) 43.3 (42.4–44.2) 38.6 (37.9–39.3) 41.7 (41.1–42.4) 39.8 (39.1–40.7) 40.2 (39.8–40.6) 25–34 41.1 (40.0–42.1) 35.3 (34.4–36.1) 37.6 (36.4–38.7) 40.8 (39.6–42.0) 35.9 (34.7–37.1) 39.3 (38.5–40.0) 36.7 (35.5–37.9) 37.4 (36.8–38.0) 35–44 41.9 (40.9–42.9) 37.1 (36.1–38.1) 37.9 (36.9–39.0) 41 (39.4–42.6) 38.3 (37.2–39.3) 40.5 (39.9–41.7) 36.8 (35.6–38.0) 38.4 (37.9–38.9) 45–54 49 (47.6–50.4) 39.9 (38.7–41.2) 41.4 (40.0–42.7) 45.3 (43.9–46.7) 40.1 (39.1–41.0) 44.2 (43.2–45.1) 40.9 (39.5–42.4) 41.8 (41.2–42.3) 55–64 58.1 (56.1–60.1) 47.1 (45.8–48.3) 47.3 (45.6–48.9) 51.3 (49.6–53.0) 44.4 (42.8–46.0) 48.8 (47.2–50.4) 50.3 (48.2–52.5) 48.3 (47.5–49.1) 28 Journal of Hypertension 2010, Vol 28 No 1 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) P values less than 0.0001 for both city and age category in men and women. P value for trend in age categories less than 0.0001 in men and women. Table 5 Weighted prevalence (95% confidence interval) of hypertension Barquisimeto ´ Bogota Buenos Aires Lima Mexico City Quito Santiago All participants Overall 24.7 (22.7–26.8) 13.4 (11.5–15.2) 29.0 (26.9–31.1) 12.6 (11.1–14.0) 11.7 (10.3–13.1) 8.6 (7.3–10.0) 23.8 (21.6–26.1) 16.3 (15.4–17.2) Men 27.5 (23.7–31.3) 14.6 (11.9–17.2) 37.7 (34.3–41.1) 14.4 (12.2–16.7) 11.2 (8.9–13.6) 7.2 (5.6–8.7) 27.3 (24.1–30.5) 18.3 (16.9–19.6) 25–34a 13.5 (8.2–18.7) 5.9 (3.0–8.8) 18.5 (13.1–23.8) 5.5 (2.6–8.4) 2.4 (0.4–4.4) 1.0 (0–2.9) 12.6 (7.9–17.3) 7.0 (5.5–8.5) 35–44 29.6 (22.6–36.6) 9.8 (5.4–14.1) 28.5 (21.1–35.8) 11.4 (6.7–16.1) 9.9 (5.4–14.4) 5.9 (3.0–8.7) 26.5 (20.1–32.9) 15.2 (12.9–17.4) 45–54 39.5 (31.9–47.0) 23.8 (17.4–30.2) 52.1 (44.5–59.6) 19.8 (14.3–25.3) 18.6 (13.8–23.4) 13.4 (8.7–18.0) 36.3 (29.9–42.6) 27.1 (24.3–29.9) 55–64 54.7 (47.6–61.8) 35.7 (28.6–42.8) 66.5 (59.5–73.5) 35.8 (28.2–43.3) 33.7 (27.5–39.8) 19.6 (13.8–25.3) 50.3 (42.5–58.0) 41.8 (38.5–45.1) Women 22.9 (20.6–25.2) 12.4 (10.2–14.7) 21.7 (19.0–24.4) 10.7 (8.8–12.6) 12.1 (9.9–14.2) 10.1 (7.8–12.4) 20.7 (17.8–23.5) 14.6 (13.5–15.7) 25–34a 5.8 (2.9–8.7) 1.6 (0–4.0) 6.0 (2.3–9.7) 2.1 (0.3–3.9) 1.9 (0–3.8) 1.6 (0–3.6) 5.4 (1.9–9.0) 2.8 (1.8–3.7) 35–44 17.9 (13.7–22.2) 4.4 (1.8–7.1) 13.3 (8.2–18.4) 5.2 (2.4–8.0) 7.3 (4.2–10.4) 3.7 (1.1–6.3) 12.7 (8.3–17.2) 7.9 (6.4–9.4) 45–54 38.0 (32.1–44.0) 24.1 (17.7–30.6) 23.7 (17.1–30.3) 17.0 (12.5–21.4) 21.1 (15.8–26.4) 21.9 (17.0–26.8) 29.4 (23.4–35.4) 23.3 (20.9–25.8) 55–64 59.9 (53.9–66.0) 45.0 (37.9–52.1) 50.8 (44.0–57.5) 34.8 (28.6–41.0) 38.0 (31.0–45.1) 34.4 (27.2–41.5) 55.0 (49.0–61.0) 44.2 (42.4–47.1) Analysis of variance (ANOVA) P values less than 0.0001 for both city and age category in men and women. P value for trend in age categories less than 0.0001 in men and women. In participants with treated or measured hypertension. a Age groups (years). Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
  • 6. Table 6 Overall prevalence of stratification of cardiovascular risk, according to European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology 2007 Guidelines in the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America study Optimal Normal High normal Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Treated BP BP BP hypertension hypertension hypertension Total Barquisimeto No other risk factor 0.63 6.58 2.11 0.74 0.51 0.07 0.04 10.67 1–2 risk factors 2.93 29.17 11.46 2.87 2.16 0.32 0.27 49.18 3 or more risk factors, 7.11 11.42 4.01 5.13 6.45 1.99 0.56 36.68 or MS, or OD, or diabetes Established CV (MI, 1.52 1.09 0.46 0.02 0.25 0.13 0.00 3.47 stroke, or angina) Total 12.19 48.26 18.04 8.76 9.38 2.51 0.87 100.00 ´ Bogota No other risk factor 0.18 7.41 1.26 0.28 0.27 0.05 0.00 9.46 1–2 risk factors 1.84 41.37 10.53 2.14 1.16 0.55 0.03 57.64 3 or more risk factors, 4.38 11.59 4.35 5.01 2.43 0.91 0.21 28.89 or MS, or OD, or diabetes Established CV disease 0.98 1.81 0.69 0.11 0.30 0.12 0.00 4.02 (MI, stroke, or angina) Total 7.38 62.19 16.84 7.54 4.17 1.64 0.24 100.00 Buenos Aires No other risk factor 0.13 5.60 3.44 1.35 0.78 0.14 0.07 11.51 1–2 risk factors 3.41 24.27 13.56 8.03 5.23 0.88 0.38 55.76 3 or more risk factors, or 6.82 4.82 3.76 4.26 6.47 2.00 0.66 28.79 MS, or OD, or diabetes Established CV disease 1.78 0.81 0.38 0.58 0.17 0.17 0.06 3.95 (MI, stroke, or angina) Total 12.14 35.49 21.14 14.22 12.64 3.20 1.17 100.00 Lima No other risk factor 0.00 5.15 1.32 0.30 0.17 0.09 0.00 7.03 1–2 risk factors 0.97 37.25 16.89 3.23 2.39 0.23 0.08 61.03 3 or more risk factors, or 1.81 8.94 6.70 4.84 4.28 0.85 0.29 27.72 MS, or OD, or diabetes Established CV disease 0.85 1.50 1.03 0.21 0.36 0.22 0.04 4.23 (MI, stroke, or angina) Total 3.63 52.84 25.94 8.58 7.21 1.38 0.41 100.00 Mexico City No other risk factor 0.11 7.33 1.91 0.26 0.11 0.00 0.00 9.73 1–2 risk factors 2.01 33.77 10.27 3.93 1.11 0.08 0.00 51.17 3 or more risk factors, or 5.06 13.79 6.29 9.84 2.37 0.17 0.08 37.60 MS, or OD, or diabetes Established CV disease 0.50 0.54 0.14 0.23 0.09 0.00 0.00 1.50 (MI, stroke, or angina) Total 7.67 55.43 18.62 14.27 3.68 0.25 0.08 100.00 Quito No other risk factor 0.25 8.95 0.76 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.04 1–2 risk factors 1.02 46.98 7.53 2.16 1.25 0.29 0.00 59.24 3 or more risk factors, or 2.23 13.71 3.73 2.64 1.89 0.51 0.00 24.72 MS, or OD, or diabetes Established CV disease 1.01 3.44 0.93 0.37 0.14 0.11 0.00 6.00 (MI, stroke, or angina) ´ Total 4.52 73.08 12.95 5.25 3.28 0.92 0.00 100.00 Santiago No other risk factor 0.11 6.62 1.35 0.39 0.48 0.00 0.00 8.94 1–2 risk factors 2.88 27.82 13.69 3.65 3.51 1.04 0.56 53.15 3 or more risk factors, or 5.41 8.05 7.09 4.61 4.94 2.11 0.55 32.76 MS, or OD, or diabetes ´ Established CV disease 1.92 1.73 0.91 0.14 0.27 0.15 0.03 5.16 (MI, stroke, or angina) Total 10.31 44.22 23.03 8.78 9.20 3.31 1.15 100.00 (continued overleaf ) Hypertension in seven Latin American cities Hernandez-Hernandez et al. 29 Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
  • 7. 30 Journal of Hypertension 2010, Vol 28 No 1 OD: subclinic organ damage measured only by carotid wall thickening [intima–media thickness (IMT) >0.9 mm] or plaque. MS: metabolic syndrome defined by European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology (ESH/ESC) guidelines. Established cardiovascular disease explored by past personal medical history. General association P value for each single city and between-cities heterogeneity all <0.0001. BP, blood pressure; CV, 100.00 9.19 3.76 55.78 31.27 Total Isolated systolic hypertension in nontreated participants represented 16.8% of the overall hypertensive partici- pants. The highest proportion was observed in Lima (34.8%), followed by Quito (25.8%), Barquisimeto (24.6%), Buenos Aires (12.2%), Santiago (12%), Bogota hypertension Grade 3 (8.7%) and Mexico City (8.6%); between city heterogen- 0.01 0.16 0.30 0.02 0.50 eity P value <0.0001. Participants from Quito and Bogota were most likely to have optimal and normal BP. High normal BP was widely evident in each city, with higher prevalence in Mexico hypertension Grade 2 City and Buenos Aires followed by Santiago, Barquisi- 0.05 0.48 1.06 0.13 1.71 meto, Lima, Bogota, and Quito. Ten percent of all participants have high normal BP (Table 6). The proportion of patients at risk of each city (those with treated or untreated hypertension or high normal BP) hypertension Grade 1 varied considerably: 44.2% in Buenos Aires, 34.4% in 0.30 2.25 3.73 0.24 6.51 Barquisimeto, 33.4% in Santiago, 26.3% in Mexico City, 21.6% in Bogota, 21.4% in Lima, and 13.4% in Quito; in all the participants 26.8%. High normal Total cardiovascular risk 0.41 3.64 5.80 0.22 10.07 Table 6 shows stratification of cardiovascular risk in BP CARMELA participants at different BP levels. Of all the participants, 9.19% have no other risk factor apart from hypertension; at the same time, 55.78% have one or two risk factors; 31.27% have three or more risk factors, Normal or metabolic syndrome or diabetes or organ damage 1.65 5.65 0.65 12.53 20.48 BP measured by carotid wall thickening [intima–media thickness (IMT) >0.9 or plaque]; 3.76% have estab- lished cardiovascular disease (MI, stroke, or angina). Average risk is present in 8.84% of all participants; Optimal 34.68 10.33 53.07 6.65 1.40 low added risk in 53.18%; moderate added risk BP 23.15%; and high or very high added risk in 14.83% according to ESH/ESC guidelines. Santiago, Barquisi- meto, and Buenos Aires have high prevalence of high or very high added risk (17.93; 17.91, and 17.79%, respect- Treated 0.12 2.03 4.40 1.10 7.65 ively); at the same time, Quito, Bogota, Mexico City, and Lima have the lowest (11.05, 12.62, 13.96, and 14.56%, respectively). Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension MS, or OD, or diabetes 3 or more risk factors, or (MI, stroke, or angina) Established CV disease Table 7 shows levels of assessment, awareness, treat- ment, and control of hypertension, for each city and all No other risk factor 1–2 risk factors participants. BP is reported to be measured ever in cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction. approximately 90% of participants in the study; the higher value was in Buenos Aires and Mexico City Total (97.5%) and the lower in Lima (73.4%). Prior diagnosis of hypertension had a weighted prevalence of 64.4% for Table 6 (continued ) all participants; the higher values for Mexico City (75.7%) and lower for Lima (53.1%). Treated and controlled All participants hypertension defined as BP less than 140/90 mmHg had a weighted prevalence of 24%, ranging from 12.0% (8.4–15.7%) for Lima to 41.0% (36.2–45.8%) for Mexico City. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.