1. Subject : Research
Methodology
APA Style Group 5

2. Outline
0 1. Reference list
0 2. Format for APA entries
0 3. Alphabetizing the Reference List
0 4. Basic form of in-text citation
0 5. Quotations

3. Reference list
Presenter : H.Lộc

4. REFERENCE LIST
 Reference list should appear at the end of your
paper. It provides the information necessary for a
reader to locate and retrieve any source cited in the
body of the paper.
 References should begin on a new page separate
from the text of the essay; label this page
"References" centered at the top of the page (do
NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks for
the title). All text should be double-spaced just like
the rest of essay.

5. Example reference list:
References
Bowker, N., & Tuffin, K. (2002). Users with disabilities' social and
economic development through online access. In M. Boumedine
(Ed.),Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on
Information and Knowledge Sharing (pp. 122–127). Anaheim, CA:
ACTA Press.
Durie, M. (2003). Ngā kāhui pou: Launching Māori futures.
Wellington, New Zealand: Huia Publishers.
Hazledine, T., & Quiggan, J. (2006). Public policy in Australia and
New Zealand: The new global context. Australian Journal of Political
Science, 41(2), 131–143.
Ministry for Primary Industries. (2012). Rural communities.
Retrieved from
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/agriculture/rural-communities

6. Essential Information:
 The reference list is arranged alphabetically
by author.
 The format for a reference list depends on
the type of reference used.
 You must use the correct format for each
reference used.

7. Entries for the reference list vary because of the different
information they include. All, however, must follow an
established order for presenting information:
1. Authors (and editors)
2. Publication dates
3. Titles
4. Additional information
5. Facts of publication
6. Retrieval information

9. 1. Authors
Take names from the first page of an article or from
the title page of a book. Authors’ or editors’ names
are listed in the order in which they appear (not
alphabetical order), and initials are used instead of
first or middle names. All authors’ names are
inverted (last name first), not just the name of the
first author.

10. Single Author
Last name first, followed by author initials.
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social
development. Current Directions in Psychological Science,
11, 7-10.

11. Two Authors
List by their last names and initials. Use the
ampersand instead of "and.“
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management
across affective states: The hedonic contingency
hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
66, 1034-1048.

12. Three to Seven Authors
List by last names and initials; commas separate
author names, while the last author name is
preceded again by ampersand.
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T.,
& Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than
whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of
self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
65, 1190-1204.

13. More Than Seven Authors
List by last names and initials; commas separate author
names. After the sixth author's name, use an ellipses in
place of the author names. Then provide the final
author name. There should be no more than seven
names.
Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos,
J. A., Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site
usability for the blind and low-vision user. Technical
Communication, 57, 323-335.

14. 2. Publication dates
For professional journals and books, include the publication
year in parentheses. For sources that use specific dates—
such as popular magazines, newspapers, television
broadcasts, or websites—include the year and the month or
the year, month, and day in parentheses. When a source has
no author, the entry begins with the title, followed by the
date.
Howe, J. (2007, November 16). Manawatu worth
$8.1b. Manawatu Standard, p. 1.

15. 3. Titles
List titles completely, taking information from the first page
of an article or from the title page of a book. Include both
titles and subtitles, no matter how long they are.
Hazledine, T., & Quiggan, J. (2006). Public policy in Australia
and New Zealand: The new global context. Australian
Journal of Political Science, 41(2), 131–143.

16. 4. Additional information
Include any of the following information in
the order presented here if it is listed on the
first page of the article, essay, chapter or
other subsection, or the title page of the book:
 Translator
 Edition number
 Volume number
 Issue number (if the journal is paginated
separately by issue)
 Inclusive pages

17. 5. Facts of publication
 For periodicals, take the volume number, issue
number, and date from the first few pages in journals
and magazines, often in combination with the table of
contents.
 For books, use the first city listed on the title page
and provide a two-letter abbreviation for the state or
the full name of the foreign country. Take the
publisher’s name from the title page, presenting it in
abbreviated form.

18. 6. Retrieval information
For electronic sources, provide a retrieval statement, a
phrase or sentence that explains how to access the source,
to direct readers to the electronic copy.

19. Article From an Online Periodical
Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed
articles. Include all information the online host makes
available, including an issue number in parentheses.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue
number if available). Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A list
apart: For people who make websites, 149. Retrieved from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

20. Electronic Books
Electronic books may include books found on personal
websites, databases, or even in audio form. If the work is not
directly available online or must be purchased, use
"Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point
readers to where they can find it. For books available in print
form and electronic form, include the publish date in
parentheses after the author's name. For refernces to e-book
editions, be sure to include the type and version of e-book
you are references (e.g., "[Kindle DX version]")
De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian
tales. Retrieved from
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available
from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-
9780931686108-0

21. FORMAT FOR APA
ENTRIES
Presenter : Ngân Giang

22. 0 Each entry has four basic parts:
- The name of the author
- The year of publication
- The title
- Further publication information

23. Indentation patterns
0 Begin the first line of each entry at the left margin;
indent subsequent lines five to seven spaces, using
the “Indent” feature.

25. Authors’ names
0 entries must be arranged in alphabetical order
0 invert all authors’ names (Haley, R.)
0 use an ampersand (&), not the word and, to join the
names of multiple authors (Haley, R., & Taylor, J.).

26. 0 1. Single author

27. 0 2. Multiple authors

28. Authorless sources
0 When no author is identified, list the source by title
0 Alphabetize a reference-list entry by using the
primary words of the title (no using a, an, or the)
0 Be able to begin the entry with the editor’s name

29. 0 Unknown author

30. Article titles
0 Include full titles but use sentence-style capitalization.
0 Article titles use no special punctuation

31. E.g:
0 Article in a Magazine
0 Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's
schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
0 Article in a Newspaper
0 Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen
state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.

32. Periodical titles.
0 Present the titles of periodicals in headline style
0 Follow the title with a comma and the volume number
0 Italicize the title and the volume number, including
the separating comma and the comma that follows the
volume number

33. 0 Article in a journal

34. 0 Article in a magazine: Cite as a journal article, but give the
year and the month for monthly magazines; add the day for
weekly magazines.
0 E.g:
0 McKibben, B. (2007, October). Carbon’s new math. National
Geographic, 212(4), 32-37.

35. 0 Article in a newspaper
0 Give the year, month, and day for daily and weekly
newspapers. Use “p.” or “pp.” before page numbers.

36. Issue numbers
0 If a journal paginates issues separately, place
the issue number in parenthese after the
volume number
0 no space separates the volume number from
the issue number
0 the parentheses and issue number are not
italicized
0 Both volume and issue numbers are presented
as Arabic, not Roman numerals
0 E.g: Journal title, 25(6),Journal title, 18(3),
0

37. Titles of books
0 Present the titles of books with sentence-style
capitalization
0 The title is italicized.

38. Publishers’ names
0 Shorten the names of commercial publishers, using
only the main elements of their names (Houghton, not
Houghton Mifflin) and dropping descriptive titles
(Publishers, Company, Incorporated).
0 use the complete names of university presses and
organizations and corporations that serve as
publishers, retaining the words Books and Press
whenever they are part of a publisher’s name
0 If a work has co-publishers, include both publishers’
names, separated by an en dash or a hyphen
(Harvard–Belknap Press).

40. Punctuation within entries
0 Separate major sections of entries (author,
date, title, and publication information) with
periods, including elements enclosed in
parentheses or brackets
0 the period used with the abbreviation of an
author’s first or middle name substitutes for
this period
0 separate the place of publication from the
publisher’s name with a colon
0 When an entry ends with a DOI (Digital Object
Identifier) or URL (Uniform Resource
Locator), no period is required to close the
entry

41. 0 E.g 1:
0
. .
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P (1991) Clinical
significance: A statistical approach to defining change
.
in psychotherapy research Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 59, 12–19 .

42. 0 E.g 2:
0 Article in an online newspaper: Treat as an article in a
print newspaper, adding the URL for the newspaper’s home
page.
0
Watson, P. (2008, October 19). Biofuel boom endangers
orangutan habitat. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from
http://www.latimes.com/

44. Spacing within entries
0 One space separates elements in APA entries
0 However, when a journal paginates issues separately,
the issue number (in parentheses) follows the volume
number without a space.

45. Abbreviations.
0 Use abbreviations for standard parts of periodicals,
books, and other print materials.

46. ACCEPTABLE ABBREVIATIONS
Digital Object Identifier DOI or doi
edition ed.
Editor (Editors) Ed. (Eds.)
no date n.d.
No place of publication N.p.
no publisher n.p.
Number No.
page (pages) p. (pp.)
Part Pt.
Revised edition Rev. ed.
Second edition, fifth edition 2nd ed., 5th ed.
(superscript is not used)
Supplement Suppl.
Technical Report Tech. Rep.
Translator Trans.
Uniform Resource Locator URL
Volume (Volumes) Vol. (Vols.)

47. Page numbers
0 List numbers completely (176–179, not 176–9 or 176–
79), separated by an en dash or a hyphen
0 No commas are used to separate digits of numbers
one thousand or larger when citing pages (pp. 1295–
1298)
0 When articles appear on nonconsecutive pages, list
them all, separated by commas (34–35, 38, 54–55, 57,
59).

48. Line spacing
Line spacing
• Double space between each line.
0 Double space between each line.

50. Alphabetiz
ing the
Reference
List
Presenter: Ngọc Cẩm

51. The reference list must be in alphabetical
order
Rules in some circumstances:
0Letter-by-letter style
0“Nothing precedes something”
0Prefixes
0Names with prepositions
0Multiple works by the same author
0Single-author and multiple-author works
0Groups, institutions, or organizations as authors
0Authorless works
0Numerals in titles

52. 1. Letter-by-letter style
Alphabetize one letter at a time
E.g.
Baker, R. L. precedes Baker, W. S.
Our American Heritage comes before Our American
Legacy.

53. 2. “Nothing precedes
something”
The space that follows a name supersedes the letters
that follow.
E.g. Wood, T. S., precedes Woodman, K. F

54. 3.Prefixes
Prefixes are alphabetized as they appear, not as if they
appeared in full form
E.g. MacDonald, J. B., precedes McDonald, B. V.

55. 4. Names with prepositions
Names that incorporate prepositions are alphabetized
as if they were spelled closed
E.g. De Forest, A. M., precedes Denton, R. L.

56. 5. Multiple works by the same
author
Arrange selections in chronological order
E.g. Sparks, C. G. (2008) precedes Sparks, C. G. (2009)

57. 6. Single-author and multiple-author works
Single-author works precede multiple-author works
E.g.
Kelly, M. J., precedes Kelly, M. J., & Dorfmeyer, P. G.

58. 7. Groups, institutions, or organizations as authors
Alphabetize group, institutional, or
organizational authors by major words in their
completely spelled-out names (omitting a, an, or
the)
E.g. American Psychological Association precedes
Anderson, V. W.

59. 8. Authorless works
Authorless works are alphabetized by the first
significant words in their titles (omitting a, an, or the)
E.g. The price of poverty precedes Stewart, R. P.

60. 9. Numerals in titles
Numerals in titles are alphabetized as if they were
spelled out
E.g. “The 10 common errors of research” precedes
Twelve angry men.

61. APA documentation has two areas of
emphasis
0 The authors of source materials and
0 The year in which sources were published or
presented.
0 E.g. Smith (2005) reported; (Smith, 2005)

62. Patterns for in-text citations
0 An in-text citation (also called a parenthetical note)
corresponds to an entry in the reference list at the
end of the paper.
0 E.g.
Duenwald, M. (2004, January 6). Slim pickings: Looking
beyond ephedra.
In-text citation: (Duenwald, 2004).

63. Patterns for in-text citations
E.g.
Understanding Torres’ grid. (2003, March). [Chart]. Infoplease
almanac. Retrieved January 13, 2006, from
http://www.infoplease.com/
In-text citation: (“Understanding Torres’ Grid,” 2003)

64. Shortened Forms of Titles
• “When Teachers Don’t Make the Grade”
In-text citation “When Teachers”
=> Use initial words of the title.
• “A Long Day’s Journey into Night”
In-text citation “Long Day’s Journey”
⇒ Omit articles.
• “Paycare: The High Cost of Insurance-based Medicine”
In-text citation “Paycare.”
=> Omit subtitles.

65. Shortened Forms of Titles
0 The Price of Poverty
In-text citation Price
⇒ Omit prepositional phrases.
0 The Chicago Manual of Style
In-text citation Chicago Manual
⇒ Make the short title brief but readable
0 APA Dictionary of Psychology
In-text citation APA Dictionary
=> Retain punctuation patterns.

66. Basic form o
f in-
text citation
Presenter: M
inh Dang

67. 0 To avoid disrupting the text, in text citation briefly
has only author name or the title of the source
appear in the reference list
0 To make it clear and smooth, you may incorporate
some of the necessary information

68. Some special circumtances
0 Two author with the same last name: include
initials and last name
0 Eg:
0 (Pirlo, A., 1999)
0 (Pirlo, L., 1999)

69. 0 Multiwork by the same author, same year: use the
letters to distinguish the sources. The letters indicate
the alphabetical order of the titles
0 Eg:
0 (Gerrard, 1999a)
0 (Gerrard, 1999b)

70. 0 Two authors: Use both last name, joined by an
ampersand (&)
0 Eg:
0 (Xavi & Iniesta, 1999)

71. 0 Three, four or five authors: the first notation includes all
names. Subsequent citation, use the first author name and
“et al.,”
0 Eg:
0 (Xavi, Iniesta, & Busquets, 2000)
0 (Xavi, et al., 2000)
0 Further references within the single paragraph omit the
date
0 Eg:
0 (Xavi, et al.)

72. 0 Six or more authors: use the first author’s name and
“et al.,”
0 Eg:
0 (Fabregas, et al.,2003)

73. 0 Organization: in the first note, present the organization’s
name in full, with the abbreviation in bracket.
0 Eg:
0 (World Trade Organization [WTO], 2002)
0 Use the shortened form in subsequent notations.
0 Eg:
0 (WTO, 2002)

74. 0 No author: include the shortened version of the title,
appropriately capitalized and punctuated, and the
year
0 Eg:
0 (Optimum Performance from Test Subjects,” 1999)

75. 0 Multiple publication dates: include both dates,
separated by a slash
0 Eg:
0 (Kroos, T., 1994/2000)

76. 0 Reference works: list by author if applicable or by
shortened form of the title
0 Eg:
0 (Vaart, 2003)
0 (“Manhattan project,” 1998)

77. 0 Two or more works by the same author: to cite
several works by the same author, include the
author’s name and all dates in chronological order,
separated by commas
0 Eg:
0 (Kagawa, 2000, 2009, 2010)

78. 0 Two or more works by different authors: to cite
different works by differents authors in the same
note, list each author and dates, separated by
semicolons
0 Eg:
0 (Messi, 2000; Villa, 2003)

79. 0 Parts of sources: to cite only a portion of a source,
including the author or title as appropriate, the date,
and clarifying information
0 Eg:
0 (Mata, 2001, p. 452)
0 (Silva, 2000, chaps. 2-3)

80. 0 Personal communication: cite email and other
correspondence, memos, interviews and so on by listing the
person’s name, the clarifying phrase “personal
communication” and the specific date.
0 Eg:
0 (Schweinsteiger, personal communication, June 7, 2012)

81. 4f.Quotations
Presenter : M.Sang

82. 4f.Quotations
When an author’s manner of expression
or her ideas or language are difficult to
summarize, quote the passage in your text.
To avoid plagiarism, reproduce quoted
material word for word, including exact
spelling and punctuation, separate the
material from your text, and prepare an
accurate citation.

83. a) Concerns About Quotations
0 Style. Is the style so distinctive that you cannot say the
same thing as well or as clearly in your own words?
• Vocabulary. Is the vocabulary technical and therefore
difficult to translate into your own words?
• Reputation. Is the author so well known or so
important that the quotation can lend authority to
your paper?
• Points of contention. Does the author’s material raise
doubts or questions or make points with which you
disagree?

84. b) Brief quotations (fewer than 40
words)
0 Appear within a normal paragraph, with the author’s
words enclosed in quotation marks.
0 Placed in parentheses, follows the closing quotation
mark, whether it is in the middle or at the end of a
sentence.
0 If the quotation ends the sentence, the sen-tence’s
period follows the closing parenthesis. The citation
includes the author’s name and the publication date ,
as well as a specific page reference p. or pp. (not
italicized)

85. Example :
0 The tacit assumption that intelligence isis at the heart
The tacit assumption that intelligence at the heart of
success has has been called into question: “The
of success been called into question: “The memory
and analyticalanalytical skills so central to intelligence
memory and skills so central to intelligence are
certainly important for for school and life success,
are certainly important school and life success, but
perhaps they they are not sufficient. Arguably,
but perhaps are not sufficient. Arguably, wisdom-
related skills are skills are as least as important or
wisdom-related at least at important or even more
important” (Sternberg, 2003, p. 147).
even more important” (p. 147).
0 Reference list entry : Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom,
intelligence, and creativity synthsized. Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.

86. c) Long quotations (40 or more
words)
0 A quotation of 40 or more words is set off from a
normal para-graph in an indented block paragraph.
0 After an introductory statement, start the quotation
on a new line, indented five to seven spaces or ½ inch
(use the “Indent” feature to maintain the indentation
throughout the quotation).
0 Quotation marks do not appear at the opening and
closing of a block quotation.
0 Like the surrounding text, the quotation is double-
spaced.

87. d) Single Quotation Marks
0 To indicate an author’s use of quotation marks within
a brief quotation (which is set off by double quotation
marks), change the source’s punctuation to single
quotation marks.
“….”  ‘….’

88. Example :
0 Young (2005) stressed the cautionary and even alarmist
nature of current approaches to health management. He
asserted, “Each year as many as 40,000 to 50,000 articles
are published where the term risk appears in the titles
and
abstracts—this has led some observers to refer to a ‘risk
epidemic’ in the medical literature” (p. 177).
Reference-list entry
Young, T. K. (2005). Population health: Concepts and
methods (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University
Press.

89. Thanks for listening
0 Group 5 :
0 1. M.Sang
0 2. H.Lộc
0 3. Ngân Giang
0 4. Ngọc Cẩm
0 5. M.Đăng
0 6. Tố Ngân