SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 21
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
This paper is part of the proceedings of the 2ndAnnual
                               conference on Qualitative Research for Policy
                               Making, 26 & 27 May 2011, Belfast




Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests:
               implications for South Africa




                            Zacheus Matebesi




          Department of Sociology/Centre for Development Support
                   UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE
                              P.O. Box 339
                           Bloemfontein, 9300
                            SOUTH AFRICA
                            matebsz@ufs.ac.za
                           Tel: +2751 4012590
                           Fax: +2751 4013518




                                MAY 2011




                                    80
CONTENTS

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………..3

1.     Introduction.......................................................................................................................3

2.     Overview of Local Government in South Africa...............................................................5

3.     Demarcation and participation: some conceptual issues....................................................6
3.1 Partocipatory governance...................................................................................................7
3.2 Cross-boundary municipality.............................................................................................7
3.3 Demarcation process..........................................................................................................8

4.     Methodology......................................................................................................................8

5.     Reasons fo protests..........................................................................................................10
5.1 Structural reasons for the protests....................................................................................10
5.2 Systemic reasons..............................................................................................................11
5.2.1       Poor governance.........................................................................................................11
5.2.2       Individual political struggles......................................................................................12
5.2.3       Complaint management and communication.............................................................13

5.3 Provincial cross-boundary municipal issues - Gauteng case study..................................14

6.     Impacts of the protests......................................................................................................17
6.1 Damage to public infrastructure.......................................................................................17
6.2 Economic impact..............................................................................................................17
6.3 Impacts on the education system......................................................................................18

7.     Lessons and recommendations.........................................................................................18

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................19




                                                                    81
Abstract

Social protests in South Africa were to a large degree responsible for making the former
black townships ungovernable. In 2004, a decade since the advent of the new political
dispensation, South Africa witnessed unrest of significant proportions at local government
level. This occurred despite the emphasis on good municipal governance by the national
government. The lack of capacity to deliver on mandates, together with factors such as
individual political struggles, poor communication and ineffective client interface, are key
contributors to the surge in violent protests.


This study was conducted in four cities from three different provinces in South Africa. The
main aim of the study was to identify the reasons for the violent protests and policy
implications. Methodologically, this entailed 100 in-depth interviews with community
leaders, councillors and municipal and provincial government officials. More than 300
community members (both protestors and non-protestors) were interviewed by of focus
groups discussions. This qualitative study is useful to policy makers and planners at all
spheres of government, including security services because it not only identified the reasons
for the protests, but also identified early warning signals and various lessons on how to
prevent or manage these events in future.



         1. Introduction
During the apartheid-era in South Africa, social protests against the political system used to
be widespread (Atkinson, 2007). These protests, together with the popular mobilisation for
democracy, were led by the banned African National Congress (ANC) and its ally the
Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU); the South African National Civics
Organisation (SANCO), and the United Democratic Movement (UDF) (Narsiah and Maharaj,
1994).


Despite the transition to a democratic political system 17 years ago, social protests has been
recurrent in South Africa. For those familiar with the popular protests in apartheid “it might
appear as if the rolling mass action of the end-of-apartheid period had simply continued into
the dawn of a democratic government in South Africa (Atkinson, 2007). Data presented in
                                                 82
Figure 1 below provide some indication of the scale of the protest movement. There has been
no less than 285 service delivery protests between 2004 and October 2010. The years, 2005,
2007, 2009 and 2010 were particularly worrisome for the South African government because
the most number of protests occurred during these times (Municipal IQ, 2009; SABC News
Research, 2011).



           Figure 1: Number of service delivery protests (January 2004
                                to October 2010)
                                                                  96
         100
                                                          83
          80

          60
                        35               32
          40                                        27

          20    10
                                 2
           0
               2004   2005     2006    2007     2008     2009    2010


Source: Municipal IQ, 2009; SABC News Research, 2011.


A myriad of factors triggering some of the protests identified in studies include lack of
capacity to deliver services at local government level, poverty and unemployment, individual
political struggles and the erosion of public confidence in government leadership (Ballard,
Habib & Valodia, 2006; Desai, 2002, Mandlingozi, 2007, Marais et al., 2008). The
multiplicity of factors at the root of the current protests can best be placed into three broad
categories: systemic (such as maladministration, fraud, nepotism and corruption in housing
lists); structural (such as healthcare, unemployment, and land issues); and governance (such
as weak leadership and the erosion of public confidence in leadership)” (Parliament of RSA,
2009).


Participatory governance, as Friedman (2006: 1) rightfully states, ‘has been a canon of
governance thinking in the new democracy [in South Africa], for it has strong roots in the
fight against apartheid’. In fact, a number of commentators (Edigheji 2004; Friedman 2006;
Papadikis 2005; Thompson 2007) also concurred that participatory governance and
accountability arrangements in South Africa are generally regarded as world-class examples
                                               83
of good practice. Scholarly contributions have emphasised the importance not only of the
existence of public participation in governance, but also of the extent and meaningfulness of
participation (Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) 2007: 6;
Friedman 2006: 3; Marais et al., 2008). Despite such noble sentiments, examples of
genuinely effective participation by all relevant stakeholders are still the exception rather than
the rule (United Nations 2008: 1.2).


Broadly, Butler’s (2008) assessment of the ANC government’s performance since the first
democratic election in 1994 illustrates how the South African government has struggled to
strike a balance between political and economic development. He further that the South
African government’s failure in meeting the basic services needs of the poor, especially in
terms of housing, education, electricity and water, limits attempts at achieving sufficient
economic redress and, thus contributes to the violent social protests one can contend. This
paper first provides an overview of local government in South Africa. This is followed by a
synoptic description of the methodologically followed.



       2. Overview of Local Government in South Africa

The Constitution of South Africa (1996) establishes local governemnt as a distinctive sphere
of government, which is interdependent, and inter-realated with national and provincial
spheres of government. Local government is reagrded as the sphere of government ‘closest to
the people.’During the aprtheid years, there were four (4) administrations, 10 Bantustans and
more than 800 racially-segregated local authorities. The National and Provincial Government
came into effect in 1994 after the adoption of the Transitional Constitution of South Africa.
The new Local Government was inaugarated much later on 5 December 2000, with the
almagamation of the 800 racially-segregated municipalities were amalgamated and
reconstituted to 284 (SABC Research News, 2011).


According to the White Paper on Local Government 1998, the core Constitutional ideals and
mandate entrusted to local government (Section 152) are:
   •   to provide democratic and accountable government for local communities;
   •   to ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner;

                                               84
•   to peomote social and economic development;
   •   to promote a safe and healthy environment; and
   •   to encourage the involvement of communities and community organisations in the
       matters of local government.


The transformation of local government has probably been the largest undertaking within the
entire democratic governance transformation process since 1994. Enormous progress has
been made but much still needs to be achieved before all 283 municipalities are fully
functional, effective, efficient, responsive and sustainable. A number of “stubborn” service
delivery and governance problems have been identified in municipalities over a number of
years and remain consistently at the forefront of government’s developmental challenges.
These priority areas according to COGTA (2009) include:


   •   Huge service delivery and backlog challenges, e.g. housing, water and
   •   sanitation;
   •   Poor communication and accountability relationships with communities;
   •   Problems with the political administrative interface;
   •   Corruption and fraud;
   •   Poor financial management, e.g. negative audit opinions;
   •   Number of (violent) service delivery protests;
   •   Weak civil society formations;
   •   Intra - and inter-political party issues negatively affecting governance and delivery;
       and
   •   Insufficient municipal capacity due to lack of scarce skills.



   3. Demarcation and participation: some conceptual issues
This section of the paper clarifies several concepts used in this article. First, the concept of
‘participatory governance’ is defined, followed by a description of the concept of ‘cross-
boundary municipality’. A brief description of the role of the demarcation process is also
provided.




                                              85
3.1    Participatory governance
Participatory governance, as employed in this article, is defined as a set of structural and
procedural requirements to realise public participation in the operation of provincial and local
governments. It also refers to a regulatory framework in which the task of running public
affairs is not only entrusted to both government and public administration, but further
involves cooperation between state institutions and civil society groups (Friedman 2006). The
term goes beyond the public management ‘to a more fundamental question of how the
processes   of   democracy     (citizen   involvement,    decision-making,     procedures    and
administrative function) can be adapted to help countries resolve the complex public issues
with which they are challenged’ (Lovan, Murray and Schaffer 2004: xv).


Participatory governance is expected to empower people (Osmani 2008: 36), but it is only
through the use of effective tools that it can yield benefits in terms of efficiency, equity and
responsiveness of policies by giving a sense of ownership to the citizens, by allocating
resources according to citizens’ priorities, needs and preferences, and by utilising their skills
and knowledge (Yemek 2007).


3.2    Cross-boundary municipality

Boundaries have very important political, financial and social effects, because they determine
what each municipality is responsible for, and where. The Constitution and the Local
Government Municipal Structures Act, 117 of 1998, of the Republic of South Africa made
provision for an Act of Parliament to authorise the establishment of a cross-boundary
municipality. The Municipal Demarcation Board, after initial research, noted that there are a
number of areas in South Africa where large tracts of land, including a number of different
communities and settlements, straddle provincial boundaries.


A cross-boundary municipality refers to a situation where parts of a local municipality are
located within the borders of two different provinces. For example, in the case of Merafong,
the smaller part in the south was located in North West Province and the larger part in the
east was located in Gauteng Province. This in effect meant that the governance of these
municipalities was a shared political and fiscal responsibility of two different provinces.


                                               86
Since the establishment of cross-boundary municipalities, numerous problems have been
experienced with the administration of these areas.
One of the main challenges experienced with the administration of these areas was the day-
to-day management of the cross-boundary municipalities (Naidoo 2007). This geo-political
arrangement meant that a matter such a local government project in one municipality, for
example, had to be subjected to a tedious, labour-intensive and bureaucratic process of
consultation between the local government concerned and principals of the local government
departments at provincial sphere. According to the GCIS (2006), this process greatly affected
and ultimately constrained the execution of the provincial department of local government’s
mandate in terms of the cross-boundary municipalities. This affected communities negatively,
as government was not able to effectively deliver services.



3.3    Demarcation process
The participation of communities and stakeholders in the demarcation process is important, to
ensure that the Demarcation Board considers all the different views people have about
boundaries. The demarcation process is governed by three different pieces of legislation
which all relate to each other. These are the Constitution, the Municipal Demarcation Act and
the Municipal Structures Act (1998).


According to the Department of Provincial and Local Government (DPLG 2008),
communities can be involved in the demarcation process in three ways:


   •   Members of communities may respond to invitations by the Board to submit written
       representations on how boundaries in their area should be drawn;
   •   If the Demarcation Board decides to hold a public meeting to discuss boundaries,
       members of the public can air their views;
   •   Any member of a community can object to the demarcation of a municipal boundary
       or the delimitation of a ward. The Board must take account of the objection and
       respond to the person. It is the responsibility of municipalities to ensure that all
       community members participate, particularly people who are illiterate or who cannot
       transport themselves to a public meeting.



                                              87
4. Methodology
The overall study design was descriptive and explanatory, but also directed towards
recommending interventions at both policy and practice levels. The main aim of the study
was to identify the reasons for the violent protests and policy implications. Methodologically,
this paper is based on three interlinked approaches:
   •   First, an extensive media and literature scan was conducted. Although most of the
       media reports were relatively superficial as they focused on the narrative of the unrest
       without any real background analysis, they proved to be pivotal in piecing together
       the chronology of events, as they unfolded in the case studies. In respect of scholarly
       papers concerning the social protests, very little is available, except for the growing
       number of papers on post-apartheid social movements in South Africa.

   •   The second methodological dimension of the study involved in-depth interviews
       conducted with community leaders; councillors; ex-councillors; protest leaders;
       business people; officials (both provincial and local); and the police. About 100 in-
       depth interviews were conducted.

   •   The third methodological tool was a series of focus group meetings held with
       community members. Two of these meetings were conducted with the leaders of the
       protests. Three focus group meetings were also held with ordinary citizens who had
       not participated in the protests. Focus groups generally consisted of from ten to 16
       participants. In all, approximately 300 people participated in the focus group
       discussions.


In addition to the main methodological approaches, three further activities should be
mentioned. The research process started off with workshops in the case study areas. The aim
of the workshops was to inform the relevant role players about the research and afford them
the opportunity to influence the main methodological approaches. After the completion of the
empirical study, feedback workshops were also conducted. On this occasion the findings of
the research were shared with those present. Finally, comments and suggestions received
from these reviewers were incorporated, where appropriate, into the final report.




                                              88
All four of these case studies were conducted between 2007 and early 2010 and was funded
by the Conflict and Governance Facility (CAGE). In Khutsong1 the conflict is about the
demarcation of the boundary between the North-West Province and Gauteng. Nevertheless,
the Khutsong study is particularly instructive where it comes to deriving lessons concerning
the appropriate handling of local conflicts.


            5. Reasons for the protests
This section aims to assess the reasons for the protests. In general, the protests were regarded
as having been sparked off by deficient service-delivery. However, in this section I shall try
to analyse the reasons behind poor service delivery. Notably, not all the reasons pertained in
all four of the case study sites. It was, however, various configurations of these factors that
contributed to the protests. The sections begin with a discussion of the reasons for the unrest
in the four localities. This is followed by an analysis of the impacts of the unrest and, finally,
the lessons to be derived from the case studies are discussed.



5.1         Structural reasons for the protests
There is a body of literature that suggests that structural reasons are the fundamental source
of social protests. Six of these structural reasons are highlighted below.


First, socio-economic conditions such as poverty, unemployment and poor living conditions
contributed to the violent protests.


Second, the lack of economies of scale in small towns in respect of infrastructure investment
should be acknowledged as a contributing reason. The capital expenditure, along with the


1
    Khutsong, which ironically means place of peace, has been engulfed in violent protests since the government passed this
    controversial cross-boundary municipality legislation. This black town formed part of the Merafong Local Municipality in
    Gauteng Province until it was incorporated into the North West Province (Bernstein and Johnston 2007: 144). The agenda
    of the cross-boundary municipalities – of which there were 16 in five of South Africa’s provinces – has been the focus of
    the Municipal Demarcation Board for the past few years. Since the establishment of these municipalities, numerous
    problems have been experienced in respect of administering them. Several attempts at resolving the identified issues have
    largely failed. In an attempt to ensure that in future these 16 municipalities would individually be located in one province
    only, whereby, ultimately, a more effectively integrated provision of services could be achieved, the Constitution Twelfth
    Amendment Bill was adopted in 2005.

                                                               89
pressure on basic infrastructure that results from the need for maintenance in small towns, is
fairly high in relation to the number of people serviced by the municipalities in the four areas.
A third contributing factor linked to the foregoing reason is rural–urban migration. Large-
scale urbanisation of former farm workers has placed tremendous pressure on the provision
of basic service. For instance one senior municipal official remarked: “The deterioration of
street, electricity and sewerage networks was compounded by an influx of people who had
been evicted from farms.”


A fourth factor cited by leaders from the coloured communities, is the legacy of apartheid,
which divided many neighbourhoods into racial camps and which, to a large extent, still
prevails today.


The fifth reason relates to the amalgamation of municipalities that has exerted huge
institutional pressure on local municipalities and inhibited them from efficiently performing
their normal service delivery and maintenance duties. In the case of the Nelson Mandela Bay
Metro, three towns/cities constitute the newly amalgamated Metro. It has taken several years
to resolve and synchronise the administrative system, created from the separate
administrations. More than eight years ago, small-town research has already indicated that the
amalgamation of municipalities has had a negative impact on local economic development in
those towns not designated as the headquarters of these municipalities (Atkinson 2002).


Finally, considering the fact that young people were at the forefront of the protests in the
former black townships, these protests probably, to some degree, had a bearing on issues of
youth development. One respondent at a focus-group meeting remarked, ‘If the municipality
can become serious about youth development, I will not take to [the] streets again. I once
asked the then mayor to get us someone [to] act as a mentor for young aspiring entrepreneurs.
Most young people struggle to write business proposals …’

5.2    Systemic reasons


Although the structural causes already discussed cannot be ignored, a number of systemic
reasons for the municipal protests should also be considered



                                               90
5.2.1 Poor governance

“Governance” refers to the ability of institutions to take decisions. In the cases under review, poor
governance contributed markedly to the protests. For example, the fact that the Phumelela
Council (in the Free State Province) did not meet for long periods of time resulted in a complete
lack of basic decision making and direction. This left the Municipal Manager and the municipal
officials rudderless and had the effect of hampering service delivery which contributed to the
conflict and protest. In the case of the Nelson Mandela Metro, it took years for its draft Integrated
Development Plan (IDP)2 to be accepted.



5.2.2 Individual political struggles
In most of the case studies there was evidence of political in-fighting. In the two case studies
in the Free State Province some of these struggles were between local factions, whereas
others seemed to emanate more from provincial level. In the Gauteng and Eastern Cape
municipalities there was evidence of deep ideological divisions within the tri-party alliance3.
The protest in Free State case studies is an example of how protesters, pursuing an agenda
that involved getting rid of a certain councillor, managed to force the issue via recourse to
violence.7 There was no compelling evidence for any of the allegations made against the
councillor in question. Despite their inability to prove their case, the protesters were able to
capitalize on the rupture in communication lines between the councillor and the community,
and this helped ensure that via their protest actions the councillor was finally compelled to
resign. The fact that many of these upheavals occurred within the twelve months prior to the
local government elections furnishes further evidence of political jockeying for position.


The nature of leadership in post-apartheid South African towns remains complex and
obscure, and it will require a great deal more qualitative research for the dynamics of this to

2
    In terms of Chapter V of the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (No 32 of 2000), local
    government bodies are required to formulate and implement Integrated Development Plans (“IDPs”) for their
    respective areas of jurisdiction. These IDPs are meant to deal with all developmental and planning related
    issues for a period of five years. The main objective in formulating IDPs is: “To guide implementation
    oriented planning which is strategic and consultative and is integrated requiring holistic thinking across the
    conventional sectoral boundaries”. Specifically the IDP is to guide decisions in respect of the Municipal
    budget, improve spatial management, promote local economic development and at the same time ensure
    effective institutional transformation in a consultative, systematic and with strategic interventions
    (Government Gazette no 21776, 2000).
3
    This refers to the alliance between the ruling African National Congress, South African Communist Party and
    the labor federation, the Congress of South African Trade Unions.

                                                        91
be fully understood. Firstly, the party political structures within affected communities have
had to develop a mode of response to this leadership style, and to the growing level of public
grievances that it has precipitated. But there seem to be no formal mechanisms to deal with
such cases within most of the political parties. Secondly, this type of leader has unwittingly
created an ethos of counter-leadership within communities. As public frustration with poor
service delivery mounts, and people attempt to find responsive communication channels to
vent their grievances, the attitude of delinquent councillors often becomes increasingly
offensive.


5.2.3 Complaint management and communication


Atkinson (2006 and 2007) has outlined the inability of municipal government to be
appropriately responsive to the needs of municipal residents. The lack of a complaint
management system and the inability to create open communication channels (and thus, the
inability to listen) were probably the main factors that triggered the protests. Numerous
interviewees mentioned that their complaints had neither been listened to nor been addressed
adequately. One of the focus groups summarised the situation: ‘After four years of
complaints and frustration, residents may believe that the only effective way to achieve [a
solution] is through violence and confrontation … but listen, this is not born out of a desire to
be violent. Instead, it is born out of [the] belief that nothing will significantly change
exclusively through non-violence and appeasement …’ The complaints voiced by residents
during the focus groups can be categorised in terms of three overall issues: politicians/
officials who do not wish to listen to complaints; the arrogance of many politicians/officials;
and the inability to communicate effectively.


The following statements by interviewees reflect the perceived inability of officials to listen
to reasonable demands of ordinary people:

     Maybe they [officials and councillors] did not worry because they were still getting
     paid. They subscribed to the notion that their actions are not to be questioned. In this
     age of democracy and civilisation, it is a surprise that officials expect us … to accept
     their behaviour without question.

     The community has complained many times to the councillor, but he was so
     arrogant he could not even listen to them. He was arrogant and he abused his

                                                92
powers; as a councillor he had to go because he was the one standing between
      service delivery and the community.

      We complained to our ward Councillor, but he was never helpful. It was decided
      that no one should vote for the councillor during the forthcoming elections. This
      particular councillor acted like a prima donna. He never listened to the people.

      One of the main factors that, perhaps, could have stopped the unrests, was the
      removal of one corrupt councillor. We were challenged to provide proof of the
      corrupt practices of this councillor, which we did. We knew that no one can just
      be dismissed, but our leaders decided to protect this man. The community felt that the
      ANC was protecting corrupt officials at their expense.



5.3     Provincial cross-boundary municipal issues – Gauteng case study


This section highlights the confusing demarcation process by means of a literature review and
empirical findings. In terms of the latter findings about public involvement in the case study,
it offers a comprehensive presentation of the reasons for the violent protests in the Gauteng
case study (Botes et al. 2007; Marais et al. 2008). This case study illustrates how how
participatory governance could go wrong (from a social engineering perspective), but equally
importantly, how it could thrive for civil society. While participatory governance is regarded
as a tenet of governance thinking in the new democratic South Africa, the Merafong City
Local Municipality demarcation process is a classic example of the weakness of participatory
governance efforts. In this regard, the following two arguments hold: first, it is argued that
the sequence of events, decisions and communications intended to give effect to the
incorporation of Merafong City Local Municipality into the North West province were both
confusing and haphazardly executed (see Table 1 below). Second, it is argued that public
involvement was not effective and that, to some extent, served largely to grant legitimacy to a
predetermined policy agenda.


Table 1: Trail of governance activities/decisions about Merafong

        Date                                  Activity/Decision                       Preference for
                                                                                        province
The year 2000              Merafong City Local Municipality was established
                           within the West Rand District Municipality
19 August 2005             Government Gazette No. 27937                              North West


                                                 93
29 August 2005           Government Gazette No. 27962                             North West
18-20 November           Written memoranda directed to the Gauteng                Gauteng
2005                     Provincial Legislature, as well as to the NCOP and
                         other governmental role-players
21 November 2005         Municipal Demarcation Board (Government Gazette          North West
                         28236)
25 November 2005         Joint Public Hearing (Gauteng and North West             Gauteng
                         Provincial Legislatures)
29 November 2005         Local Government Portfolio Committee, Gauteng            Gauteng
                         Legislature
14 December 2005         National Council of Provinces                            North West
19 March 2009            National Council of Provinces                            Gauteng


The following were comments of some stakeholders supporting the unrest:

   It was never decided to riot, but we got the message from our leaders that we cannot
   allow a government we voted for to take us for granted. Immediately after the
   announcement in Pretoria, we rushed into the streets and hurled stones, in fact
   anything that we could lay our hands on, at the police. The police reacted by firing
   rubber bullets at us. It was then that we decided to target the houses of councillors. I
   did not care what will happen to me, but I was prepared to sacrifice my life for a good
   cause, to die for my parents who are now suffering at the hands of a so-called
   democratic governmen

Some other important reasons for the conflict are the following:


   •   History of settlement-uncertainty in Khutsong due to dolomitic condition of the
       land
Due to the geological make-up of the residential land in Khutsong (i.e. predominantly
dolomite formation) the Merafong City Local Municipal councilors and officials
communicated since 2000 to the residents of Khutsong that many of them in the larger part of
Khutsong should be re-located due to the possible dangers of house slumping and house
subsiding.
       Before the unrest one of the major challenges was the unstable land. This is a
       dolomite area. 90% of the land in Khutsong has scientifically been declared unfit
       for human settlement due to the dolomitic condition of the land. We often
       encounter sinkholes which lead to pipe bursts. From time to time we have to re-
       route water pipes. This affects the municipality’s budget. We embarked on a
       process to declare Khutsong a disaster area and a Presidential project.


                                             94
According to community members and leaders of the protests, the dolomite issue is just a
ploy from the mining companies not to invest in Khutsong. Questions were also raised about
why only townships are often regarded as dolomitic. The confusion among residents about
the dolomitic condition of the area seems to be exacerbated by the activities of the
municipality and individual councillors which contradict what they state in public:


       I agree that the mayor did inform the community about the unstable condition of the
       land in Khutsong. But while they preach about the dolomitic nature of the land, one
       local councillor extended his house. Is that not sending out the wrong signals that
       we are taken for granted? A road construction project was also awarded to a
       Welkom company. The owner of the company is regarded as a ‘Mandela from the
       Free State.’ Why are these infrastructural projects allowed to continue when our
       officials know that they ultimately want to resettle the community? The roads here
       resemble swimming pools…i

       This dolomite thing is nothing, but modernised slavery. The mines do not want to
       contribute anything to the development of Khutsong. The municipality want to
       relocate people to a place which was also regarded as being dolomitic. How do you
       understand? If this is true, why are they taking so long to come up with a solution?ii

   •    History of cross border arrangements
From the beginning of the cross border arrangement, administratively it places a huge burden
on the Local Municipality of Merafong City to report to two provinces. From 2002 problems
of communicating and reporting lines started to resurface but this was handled through trial
and error. Different stakeholders indicated that the issue of demarcation is a long standing
one.


   •    Unilateral decisions regarding cross-border arrangements without proper
        communication and buy-in on the ground/Political decisions taken at national
        level without considering local opinions and conditions sufficiently
If one follows the paper trail of notices in the Government Gazettes there are quite clearly
some conflicting decisions and communiques that caused confusion at grass roots level.
Community stakeholders also indicated that the national government was not sensitive to
their specific request and that the reasons for this decision were not communicated
satisfactory:
   It was never decided to riot, but as we got the message from our leaders that we will
   finally become part of North West Province, we told ourselves not to allow a

                                               95
government we voted for, in the first place, to take us for granted. Immediately after
   the announcement, we rushed to the streets and hurled stones at or anything else we
   could lay our hands on, at the police. The police reacted by firing rubber bullets at us.
   It was then that we decided to target the houses of councillors.

   I did not care what will happen to me, but I was prepared to sacrifice my life for a
   good cause, to die for my parents who are now suffering at the hands of a so-called
   democratic government.

One of the major flaws in respect of the demarcation seems to be the manner in which the
community was informed about the decision:

      Residents were not consulted. The few that were allegedly consulted cannot be
      equated with the rest of the community. The mayor was always diplomatic in his
      interaction and dealings with the community. He approached the Faith-based Forum
      which consists of the pastors of all major denominations in Khutsong about the
      issue. We later realised that the ploy was for us to spread the news during our
      sermons that Merafong will remain as part of GP. Some pastors began to label the
      mayor as a sell-out and refused to interact with him.iii

      We were sold out by our mayor, the most unpopular mayor in South Africa. He,
      together with all the councillors knew that Merafong would ultimately be
      incorporated into North West, but they decided to keep quiet about it. The majority
      of us here [in Khutsong] were ANC members, but our party betrayed us. Minister
      Mufamadi and the provincial government delayed to inform us. Information leaked
      to us that the ANC was pushing for our incorporation into North West. In fact, this
      demarcation monster has been there for a long time, why the community was not
      consulted earlier still baffle our minds. The first time they made contact with the
      community was merely to inform us, and not to consultiv.


       6. Impacts of protests

Although the protests were not wholly negative, there were a number of destructive impacts.


6.1    Damage to public infrastructure
The impacts of the unrest were experienced, first and foremost, in terms of the destruction of
public and private infrastructure. The burning (or attempt to do so) of vehicles, libraries and
councillor housing, was a widespread feature of the protests. By the end of 2009, the
Khutsong upheavals had cost an estimated of USD 10 million. Damage to private property
alone was estimated at USD 2.5 million.




                                              96
6.2     Economic impacts
The economic impact of the protests varied from place to place. In most cases the economic
impact on businesses in the predominantly black townships was more severe than in the
traditionally white areas. The main reason for this was that many of these areas were barricaded
and nobody was allowed in. Towards the end of 2008 Eskom (the electricity supplier in South
Africa) was providing power to 126 Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs) in
Khutsong. By June 2009, they were providing electricity to only 35 of these enterprises. Larger
enterprises were also affected in that workers were not allowed to leave the townships. In the Free
State, a small town (Hennenman) estimated a daily loss to the economy of USD 35,678.25as a
result of the protests there. A further impact was that many of the protests degenerated into the
looting of ‘foreign-owned’ shops.



6.3     Impacts on the education system
One of the short-term impacts was that schools were disrupted as many pupils were in the forefront of
the protests. The matric pass rate for Port Elizabeth (the Eastern Cape case study) decreased by 8%
from 75.8% to 67.8% during the year of the protest. Although it is not clear to what extent this can be
ascribed to the conflicts in Port Elizabeth. At the same time however, the pass rate for the province as
a whole increased from 53.5% to 59.3% during the same period, thereby suggesting that at least one
of the factors responsible for the decrease in performance in Port Elizabeth could be the protests.
Education in all the case study sites was seriously disrupted by the protests. In Khutsong,
schooling was disrupted sporadically for almost three years.



        7. Lessons learned and recommendations
This article has attempted to assess the municipal, service-related unrest experienced in South
Africa, and, more specifically, in the Free State, Gauteng and Eastern Cape provinces. This
section briefly reflects on the lessons learned.


Firstly, was sometimes speculated that the presence of the media, and most especially
television cameras, had the effect of artificially fuelling the protests. It seems as if playing up
for the camera is an expression of the desire to ‘become someone’. The media should
arguably be more sensitive to their potential role in fanning the flames of these protests.
Although the sensationalising nature of media coverage is a difficult area on which to make

                                                   97
pronouncements, there is a great need for proper investigative journalism which can uncover
the causes of the protests, and fairly convey all the protagonists’ points of view.


Secondly, is the point that political or legal coercion does not minimise conflict. Two of the
case studies showed that political coercion and legislative directions do not contribute to
conflict resolution. In the case of Khutsong, the conflict was not alleviated by the
redemarcation being confirmed by parliament. Attempts in Phomolong to dampen the conflict
by demanding legally sound evidence of the allegations against the councillor, proved
fruitless. Although no such evidence could be produced this did nothing to quell the unrest.
Thirdly, the government needs to rethink development approaches in small towns. Two of the
case studies were derived from small towns and it needs to be more fully realized that many
policies, some of them essentially good policies, nonetheless have negative impacts on small
town environments. Small towns might also find it increasingly difficult to attract qualified
municipal staff. The fact that the National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP)
designates some of these areas as being without much economic potential may also tend to
reinforce a perception of regional inferiority, or purposive neglect, entertained by
government.


Finally in terms of the Khutsong case study, an in-depth socio-political analysis of cross-boundary
disputes may prevent the often violent outbursts that accompany such disputes. Again, there is a
need for more multicase-oriented studies, in that the current literature on provincial boundary
disputes has a single-case orientation. According to Mavungu (2007), a single-case study limits the
understanding of the structural and systemic factors that cause and shape such clashes.



References
Atkinson, D. 2007. Taking to the streets: has developmental local government failed in South Africa?
   In State of the nation: South Africa 2007, ed. S. Buhlungu, J. Daniel, R. Southall, and J.
   Lutchman. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC).
Ballard, R., Habib, A & Valodia, I (eds). 2006. Voices of protest: social movements in post-apartheid
    South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Castells, M. 1983. The city and the grassroots: a cross-cultural theory of urban social movements.
   Berkeley: University of California Press.
Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. 2006. The people shall govern: A research
   report on public participation in policy processes. Johannesburg. Centre for the Study of
   Violence and Reconciliation.
                                                 98
COGTA.     2009.      Local    Government      Turnaround    Strategy. Available   from
  http://www.sapi.org.za/downloads/greenpapers/Local%20Government%20Turnaround%20Strate
  gy%20(LGTAS).pdf (Accessed 02 April 2011)
Desai, A. 2002. We are the poor: community struggles in post-apartheid South Africa. New York:
   Monthly Review Press.
Dwyer, P. 2006. The concerned citizens’ forum: a fight within a fight. In Voices of protest: social
  movements in post-apartheid South Africa, ed. R. Ballard, A. Habib & I. Valodia.
  Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Edighejii, O. 2004. Globalisation and the Paradox of Participatory Governance in Southern Africa:
   The Case of the New South Africa. African Journal of International Affairs 7(1&2): 1-20.
Escobar, A & Alvarez, E. 1992. The making of social movements in Latin America: identity, strategy
   and democracy. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press.
Friedman, S. 2006. Participatory governance and citizen action in post-apartheid South Africa.
    Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
IDASA. 2010. The state of local government and service delivery in South Africa: issues, challenges
   and solutions. Johannesburg: IDASA.
Gastaldon, F. 2008. Social Movements and Shack Dwellers in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Case
   of Abahlali baseMjondolo in Durban. Bologna: University of Bologna
Government Gazette No. 21776. Local Government Municipal Systems Act no 32 of 2000. 20
 November 2000. Pretoria: Government Printers. Available from http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/
 num_act/lgmsa2000384.pdf
Madlingozi, T. 2007. Post-apartheid social movements and the quest for the elusive New South
   Africa. Journal of Law and Society 34(1): 77–98.
Marais, L., S.Z. Matebesi, M. Mthombeni, L. Botes and D. Grieshaber. 2008. Municipal unrest in the
   Free State (South Africa): a new form of social movement? Politeia 27(2): 51-69.
Marais, L., L. Botes, D. Van Rooyen, S.Z. Matebesi and M. Mthombeni. 2006. An analysis of the
   reasons for municipal unrest in South Africa: Phumelela and Khutsong as case studies.
   Bloemfontein: Centre for Development Support.
Municipal, IQ, 2009b. Press release: municipal IQ’s updated municipal hotspots results, 17
   November. Available from: www.municipalIQ.co.za [Accessed 20 February 2011].
Narasiah, S & Maharaj, B. 1994. The creation of ‘real’ spaces: regions and regionalism in the new
   South Africa. Space and Polity 1(2): 225–248.
Oberschall, A. 1993. Social movements: ideologies, interests and identities. London: Transaction
   Publishers.
Parliament of RSA. 2009. A report on the current ‘service delivery protests’ in south africa.
    Commissioned by the House Chairperson Committees, Oversight and ICT. Cape Town:
    Parliament of RSA.
SABC News Research. 2011. Service delivery issues. Johannesburg: Pretoria.
Schaefer, R.T. 2001. Sociology, 7th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
The Republic of South Africa. Local Government: The Municipal Structures Act 1998 (Act 117 of
   1998). Pretoria. Government Printers.
The Republic of South Africa. The Constitution of the Republic 1996. Pretoria. Government Printers.
The Republic of South Africa. Department of Provincial and Local Government, 1998. The White
   Paper on Local Government. Pretoria. Government Printer.

                                                 99
Thompson, L. ed. 2007. Participatory governance: Citizens and the state in South Africa. Belville:
   University of the Western Cape.
United Nations. 2007. Towards Participatory and Transparent Governance: Reinventing
   Government. New York: United Nations.
Von Holdt, K. 2010. Nationalism, bureaucracy and the developmental state: the South African case.
   South African Review of Sociology, 41(1): 4-27.



i
  Interview with leader of the protests,
ii
    Interview with involved resident,
iii
     Interview with community leader.
iv
    Interview with protest leader




                                               100

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF DECENTRALISATION IN LESOTHO
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF DECENTRALISATION IN LESOTHOCHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF DECENTRALISATION IN LESOTHO
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF DECENTRALISATION IN LESOTHOJohn1Lorcan
 
The Role of Civil Society in EU Migration Policy
The Role of Civil Society in EU Migration PolicyThe Role of Civil Society in EU Migration Policy
The Role of Civil Society in EU Migration Policy2One
 
The Regime-Reform Struggle: Elite Politics, Policy Ideas, and Public Sector E...
The Regime-Reform Struggle: Elite Politics, Policy Ideas, and Public Sector E...The Regime-Reform Struggle: Elite Politics, Policy Ideas, and Public Sector E...
The Regime-Reform Struggle: Elite Politics, Policy Ideas, and Public Sector E...EffectiveStates
 
Report of JFRC April Policy Seminar
Report of JFRC April Policy SeminarReport of JFRC April Policy Seminar
Report of JFRC April Policy SeminarJasmine Foundation
 
Negev cogress presentation
Negev cogress presentationNegev cogress presentation
Negev cogress presentationAsaf Raz
 
Local government presentation
Local    government presentationLocal    government presentation
Local government presentationFaizan Shabbir
 
Fd country overview south sudan
Fd country overview   south sudanFd country overview   south sudan
Fd country overview south sudanJohn David Garrett
 
History and Theory of European Integration
History and Theory of European IntegrationHistory and Theory of European Integration
History and Theory of European IntegrationSiraj Maryan
 
Making Rights Matter – Feminized Migration and Political Transnationalism by ...
Making Rights Matter – Feminized Migration and Political Transnationalism by ...Making Rights Matter – Feminized Migration and Political Transnationalism by ...
Making Rights Matter – Feminized Migration and Political Transnationalism by ...NIAS
 
SIG Model – Subordinates Involving Governance
SIG Model – Subordinates Involving GovernanceSIG Model – Subordinates Involving Governance
SIG Model – Subordinates Involving GovernanceTuuli Stewart
 
Social Protection: At the Intersection of Transnational Ideas and Domestic Po...
Social Protection: At the Intersection of Transnational Ideas and Domestic Po...Social Protection: At the Intersection of Transnational Ideas and Domestic Po...
Social Protection: At the Intersection of Transnational Ideas and Domestic Po...EffectiveStates
 
Action Theory as a Tool for Causal Investigation in Qualitative Research: The...
Action Theory as a Tool for Causal Investigation in Qualitative Research: The...Action Theory as a Tool for Causal Investigation in Qualitative Research: The...
Action Theory as a Tool for Causal Investigation in Qualitative Research: The...Business, Management and Economics Research
 
The Politics of Negotiating Gender Equity in Bangladesh: Coalitions, Gendered...
The Politics of Negotiating Gender Equity in Bangladesh: Coalitions, Gendered...The Politics of Negotiating Gender Equity in Bangladesh: Coalitions, Gendered...
The Politics of Negotiating Gender Equity in Bangladesh: Coalitions, Gendered...EffectiveStates
 
How Does Politics Shape Development? The Role of Incentives, Ideas and Coalit...
How Does Politics Shape Development? The Role of Incentives, Ideas and Coalit...How Does Politics Shape Development? The Role of Incentives, Ideas and Coalit...
How Does Politics Shape Development? The Role of Incentives, Ideas and Coalit...EffectiveStates
 
JFRC Annual Conference Report 2015
JFRC Annual Conference Report 2015JFRC Annual Conference Report 2015
JFRC Annual Conference Report 2015Jasmine Foundation
 
Report on the Economic Value of the Non-Profit Sector in the Western Balkans ...
Report on the Economic Value of the Non-Profit Sector in the Western Balkans ...Report on the Economic Value of the Non-Profit Sector in the Western Balkans ...
Report on the Economic Value of the Non-Profit Sector in the Western Balkans ...Catalyst Balkans
 
Bureaucracy in Bangladesh Presentation
Bureaucracy in Bangladesh PresentationBureaucracy in Bangladesh Presentation
Bureaucracy in Bangladesh PresentationMohammad Mowla
 
Religion, Politics, and Development Essays in Development Economics and Polit...
Religion, Politics, and Development Essays in Development Economics and Polit...Religion, Politics, and Development Essays in Development Economics and Polit...
Religion, Politics, and Development Essays in Development Economics and Polit...Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF DECENTRALISATION IN LESOTHO
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF DECENTRALISATION IN LESOTHOCHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF DECENTRALISATION IN LESOTHO
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF DECENTRALISATION IN LESOTHO
 
The Role of Civil Society in EU Migration Policy
The Role of Civil Society in EU Migration PolicyThe Role of Civil Society in EU Migration Policy
The Role of Civil Society in EU Migration Policy
 
The Regime-Reform Struggle: Elite Politics, Policy Ideas, and Public Sector E...
The Regime-Reform Struggle: Elite Politics, Policy Ideas, and Public Sector E...The Regime-Reform Struggle: Elite Politics, Policy Ideas, and Public Sector E...
The Regime-Reform Struggle: Elite Politics, Policy Ideas, and Public Sector E...
 
Report of JFRC April Policy Seminar
Report of JFRC April Policy SeminarReport of JFRC April Policy Seminar
Report of JFRC April Policy Seminar
 
Negev cogress presentation
Negev cogress presentationNegev cogress presentation
Negev cogress presentation
 
Decentralisation in pakistan
Decentralisation in pakistanDecentralisation in pakistan
Decentralisation in pakistan
 
Local government presentation
Local    government presentationLocal    government presentation
Local government presentation
 
Fd country overview south sudan
Fd country overview   south sudanFd country overview   south sudan
Fd country overview south sudan
 
History and Theory of European Integration
History and Theory of European IntegrationHistory and Theory of European Integration
History and Theory of European Integration
 
Making Rights Matter – Feminized Migration and Political Transnationalism by ...
Making Rights Matter – Feminized Migration and Political Transnationalism by ...Making Rights Matter – Feminized Migration and Political Transnationalism by ...
Making Rights Matter – Feminized Migration and Political Transnationalism by ...
 
SIG Model – Subordinates Involving Governance
SIG Model – Subordinates Involving GovernanceSIG Model – Subordinates Involving Governance
SIG Model – Subordinates Involving Governance
 
Social Protection: At the Intersection of Transnational Ideas and Domestic Po...
Social Protection: At the Intersection of Transnational Ideas and Domestic Po...Social Protection: At the Intersection of Transnational Ideas and Domestic Po...
Social Protection: At the Intersection of Transnational Ideas and Domestic Po...
 
Action Theory as a Tool for Causal Investigation in Qualitative Research: The...
Action Theory as a Tool for Causal Investigation in Qualitative Research: The...Action Theory as a Tool for Causal Investigation in Qualitative Research: The...
Action Theory as a Tool for Causal Investigation in Qualitative Research: The...
 
The Politics of Negotiating Gender Equity in Bangladesh: Coalitions, Gendered...
The Politics of Negotiating Gender Equity in Bangladesh: Coalitions, Gendered...The Politics of Negotiating Gender Equity in Bangladesh: Coalitions, Gendered...
The Politics of Negotiating Gender Equity in Bangladesh: Coalitions, Gendered...
 
How Does Politics Shape Development? The Role of Incentives, Ideas and Coalit...
How Does Politics Shape Development? The Role of Incentives, Ideas and Coalit...How Does Politics Shape Development? The Role of Incentives, Ideas and Coalit...
How Does Politics Shape Development? The Role of Incentives, Ideas and Coalit...
 
JFRC Annual Conference Report 2015
JFRC Annual Conference Report 2015JFRC Annual Conference Report 2015
JFRC Annual Conference Report 2015
 
Report on the Economic Value of the Non-Profit Sector in the Western Balkans ...
Report on the Economic Value of the Non-Profit Sector in the Western Balkans ...Report on the Economic Value of the Non-Profit Sector in the Western Balkans ...
Report on the Economic Value of the Non-Profit Sector in the Western Balkans ...
 
Bureaucracy in Bangladesh Presentation
Bureaucracy in Bangladesh PresentationBureaucracy in Bangladesh Presentation
Bureaucracy in Bangladesh Presentation
 
3. central - local government relationship Prof Odd-Helge Fjeldstad
3. central - local government relationship Prof Odd-Helge Fjeldstad3. central - local government relationship Prof Odd-Helge Fjeldstad
3. central - local government relationship Prof Odd-Helge Fjeldstad
 
Religion, Politics, and Development Essays in Development Economics and Polit...
Religion, Politics, and Development Essays in Development Economics and Polit...Religion, Politics, and Development Essays in Development Economics and Polit...
Religion, Politics, and Development Essays in Development Economics and Polit...
 

Andere mochten auch

Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests implications for...
Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests  implications for...Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests  implications for...
Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests implications for...Merlien Institute
 
Alfredoacosta 140405120359-phpapp02
Alfredoacosta 140405120359-phpapp02Alfredoacosta 140405120359-phpapp02
Alfredoacosta 140405120359-phpapp02Jonathan Guevara
 
Copy of Professional Resume for Matthews Otalike (2)
Copy of Professional Resume for Matthews Otalike (2)Copy of Professional Resume for Matthews Otalike (2)
Copy of Professional Resume for Matthews Otalike (2)Matthews Otalike
 
Violencia en video juegos
Violencia en video juegosViolencia en video juegos
Violencia en video juegosJuan Perez
 
Keeping It In The Family Resnick Associates
Keeping It In The Family Resnick AssociatesKeeping It In The Family Resnick Associates
Keeping It In The Family Resnick AssociatesMartin Demarest
 
Increasing pre-booked capacity
Increasing pre-booked capacityIncreasing pre-booked capacity
Increasing pre-booked capacityAlexandra Ashton
 
Memoria venta aguas de alcázar
Memoria venta aguas de alcázarMemoria venta aguas de alcázar
Memoria venta aguas de alcázarpsoealcazar
 
Buscando tu perfil profesional.Presentación por Javier Fe-Castell
Buscando tu perfil profesional.Presentación por Javier Fe-CastellBuscando tu perfil profesional.Presentación por Javier Fe-Castell
Buscando tu perfil profesional.Presentación por Javier Fe-CastellJavier Fe-Castell Benedito
 
2013 - Identificación con técnica FISH de bacterias filamentosas en MBR
2013 - Identificación con técnica FISH de bacterias filamentosas en MBR2013 - Identificación con técnica FISH de bacterias filamentosas en MBR
2013 - Identificación con técnica FISH de bacterias filamentosas en MBRWALEBUBLÉ
 
Activa egypt For Website Design Service in Egypt Cairo company profile
Activa egypt For Website Design Service in Egypt Cairo company profileActiva egypt For Website Design Service in Egypt Cairo company profile
Activa egypt For Website Design Service in Egypt Cairo company profileAhmed Farouk
 
Fueling a Culture of Sustainability: Using Behavior Design Technology to HR's...
Fueling a Culture of Sustainability: Using Behavior Design Technology to HR's...Fueling a Culture of Sustainability: Using Behavior Design Technology to HR's...
Fueling a Culture of Sustainability: Using Behavior Design Technology to HR's...WeSpire
 
Calidad empresarial, mil std-105 e
Calidad empresarial, mil std-105 eCalidad empresarial, mil std-105 e
Calidad empresarial, mil std-105 eJose Hereira
 
Tarea del sabado. etapa prenatal.
Tarea del sabado. etapa prenatal.Tarea del sabado. etapa prenatal.
Tarea del sabado. etapa prenatal.Elena Armijos
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests implications for...
Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests  implications for...Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests  implications for...
Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests implications for...
 
Dieta flexible
Dieta flexibleDieta flexible
Dieta flexible
 
Alfredoacosta 140405120359-phpapp02
Alfredoacosta 140405120359-phpapp02Alfredoacosta 140405120359-phpapp02
Alfredoacosta 140405120359-phpapp02
 
4 Graça Jara
4 Graça Jara4 Graça Jara
4 Graça Jara
 
Memoria SIGAUS 2007
Memoria SIGAUS 2007Memoria SIGAUS 2007
Memoria SIGAUS 2007
 
Copy of Professional Resume for Matthews Otalike (2)
Copy of Professional Resume for Matthews Otalike (2)Copy of Professional Resume for Matthews Otalike (2)
Copy of Professional Resume for Matthews Otalike (2)
 
Violencia en video juegos
Violencia en video juegosViolencia en video juegos
Violencia en video juegos
 
Keeping It In The Family Resnick Associates
Keeping It In The Family Resnick AssociatesKeeping It In The Family Resnick Associates
Keeping It In The Family Resnick Associates
 
200
200200
200
 
Substation Cyber Security
Substation Cyber SecuritySubstation Cyber Security
Substation Cyber Security
 
Increasing pre-booked capacity
Increasing pre-booked capacityIncreasing pre-booked capacity
Increasing pre-booked capacity
 
Memoria venta aguas de alcázar
Memoria venta aguas de alcázarMemoria venta aguas de alcázar
Memoria venta aguas de alcázar
 
Buscando tu perfil profesional.Presentación por Javier Fe-Castell
Buscando tu perfil profesional.Presentación por Javier Fe-CastellBuscando tu perfil profesional.Presentación por Javier Fe-Castell
Buscando tu perfil profesional.Presentación por Javier Fe-Castell
 
2013 - Identificación con técnica FISH de bacterias filamentosas en MBR
2013 - Identificación con técnica FISH de bacterias filamentosas en MBR2013 - Identificación con técnica FISH de bacterias filamentosas en MBR
2013 - Identificación con técnica FISH de bacterias filamentosas en MBR
 
Capacitación operarios biométricos nueva
Capacitación operarios biométricos nuevaCapacitación operarios biométricos nueva
Capacitación operarios biométricos nueva
 
Activa egypt For Website Design Service in Egypt Cairo company profile
Activa egypt For Website Design Service in Egypt Cairo company profileActiva egypt For Website Design Service in Egypt Cairo company profile
Activa egypt For Website Design Service in Egypt Cairo company profile
 
Fueling a Culture of Sustainability: Using Behavior Design Technology to HR's...
Fueling a Culture of Sustainability: Using Behavior Design Technology to HR's...Fueling a Culture of Sustainability: Using Behavior Design Technology to HR's...
Fueling a Culture of Sustainability: Using Behavior Design Technology to HR's...
 
Calidad empresarial, mil std-105 e
Calidad empresarial, mil std-105 eCalidad empresarial, mil std-105 e
Calidad empresarial, mil std-105 e
 
Tarea del sabado. etapa prenatal.
Tarea del sabado. etapa prenatal.Tarea del sabado. etapa prenatal.
Tarea del sabado. etapa prenatal.
 
Quinolonas
QuinolonasQuinolonas
Quinolonas
 

Ähnlich wie Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests implications for south africa

Diversity management in africa
Diversity management in africaDiversity management in africa
Diversity management in africaDr Lendy Spires
 
popular participation-decentralization-in-africa-min
popular participation-decentralization-in-africa-minpopular participation-decentralization-in-africa-min
popular participation-decentralization-in-africa-minJamaity
 
Hrm 603 Comparative study between Fiji and Australia
Hrm 603 Comparative study between Fiji and AustraliaHrm 603 Comparative study between Fiji and Australia
Hrm 603 Comparative study between Fiji and AustraliaRedchick
 
The implications of innovation in e-government and communication strategy in ...
The implications of innovation in e-government and communication strategy in ...The implications of innovation in e-government and communication strategy in ...
The implications of innovation in e-government and communication strategy in ...Dr Beige Pureau
 
Governance for economic and social development in Africa: A special reference...
Governance for economic and social development in Africa: A special reference...Governance for economic and social development in Africa: A special reference...
Governance for economic and social development in Africa: A special reference...iosrjce
 
Uncertainty of rganisation environment in developing countries
Uncertainty of rganisation environment in developing countriesUncertainty of rganisation environment in developing countries
Uncertainty of rganisation environment in developing countriesSolomon Adetokunbo
 
UNCERTAINTY OF ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
UNCERTAINTY OF ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESUNCERTAINTY OF ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
UNCERTAINTY OF ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESSolomon Adetokunbo
 
Financial sector development
Financial sector developmentFinancial sector development
Financial sector developmentAlexander Decker
 
Community governance and peacebuilding
Community governance and peacebuildingCommunity governance and peacebuilding
Community governance and peacebuildingkeshavkacharya
 
Factors, Causes And Impact Of Administrative Monopoly
Factors, Causes And Impact Of Administrative MonopolyFactors, Causes And Impact Of Administrative Monopoly
Factors, Causes And Impact Of Administrative MonopolyMary Burg
 
The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Pubic Policy Process Advocacy in a...
The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Pubic Policy Process Advocacy in a...The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Pubic Policy Process Advocacy in a...
The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Pubic Policy Process Advocacy in a...Sharmaine McLaren
 
Case Study Of Ethical Dilemmas In Public Hospitals
Case Study Of Ethical Dilemmas In Public HospitalsCase Study Of Ethical Dilemmas In Public Hospitals
Case Study Of Ethical Dilemmas In Public HospitalsRochelle Schear
 
The unformal sector in sub saharan africa - out of the shadows to forster sus...
The unformal sector in sub saharan africa - out of the shadows to forster sus...The unformal sector in sub saharan africa - out of the shadows to forster sus...
The unformal sector in sub saharan africa - out of the shadows to forster sus...Dr Lendy Spires
 
The Role Of Governments And Unions Affected The Efficiency...
The Role Of Governments And Unions Affected The Efficiency...The Role Of Governments And Unions Affected The Efficiency...
The Role Of Governments And Unions Affected The Efficiency...Karrie Garcia
 
11.pp.0109www.iiste.org call for paper-148
11.pp.0109www.iiste.org call for paper-14811.pp.0109www.iiste.org call for paper-148
11.pp.0109www.iiste.org call for paper-148Alexander Decker
 
An Overview of the Challenges of Decentralized Agricultural Extension Practic...
An Overview of the Challenges of Decentralized Agricultural Extension Practic...An Overview of the Challenges of Decentralized Agricultural Extension Practic...
An Overview of the Challenges of Decentralized Agricultural Extension Practic...Premier Publishers
 
Administrative Amp Financial Corruption In Developing Countries ( Case Of S...
Administrative  Amp  Financial Corruption In Developing Countries ( Case Of S...Administrative  Amp  Financial Corruption In Developing Countries ( Case Of S...
Administrative Amp Financial Corruption In Developing Countries ( Case Of S...Dustin Pytko
 
Review Of Governance Issues For Indonesia
Review Of Governance Issues For IndonesiaReview Of Governance Issues For Indonesia
Review Of Governance Issues For Indonesiarossmcle
 

Ähnlich wie Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests implications for south africa (20)

Diversity management in africa
Diversity management in africaDiversity management in africa
Diversity management in africa
 
popular participation-decentralization-in-africa-min
popular participation-decentralization-in-africa-minpopular participation-decentralization-in-africa-min
popular participation-decentralization-in-africa-min
 
Hrm 603 Comparative study between Fiji and Australia
Hrm 603 Comparative study between Fiji and AustraliaHrm 603 Comparative study between Fiji and Australia
Hrm 603 Comparative study between Fiji and Australia
 
The implications of innovation in e-government and communication strategy in ...
The implications of innovation in e-government and communication strategy in ...The implications of innovation in e-government and communication strategy in ...
The implications of innovation in e-government and communication strategy in ...
 
Governance for economic and social development in Africa: A special reference...
Governance for economic and social development in Africa: A special reference...Governance for economic and social development in Africa: A special reference...
Governance for economic and social development in Africa: A special reference...
 
Uncertainty of rganisation environment in developing countries
Uncertainty of rganisation environment in developing countriesUncertainty of rganisation environment in developing countries
Uncertainty of rganisation environment in developing countries
 
UNCERTAINTY OF ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
UNCERTAINTY OF ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESUNCERTAINTY OF ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
UNCERTAINTY OF ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
 
Financial sector development
Financial sector developmentFinancial sector development
Financial sector development
 
Community governance and peacebuilding
Community governance and peacebuildingCommunity governance and peacebuilding
Community governance and peacebuilding
 
Factors, Causes And Impact Of Administrative Monopoly
Factors, Causes And Impact Of Administrative MonopolyFactors, Causes And Impact Of Administrative Monopoly
Factors, Causes And Impact Of Administrative Monopoly
 
The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Pubic Policy Process Advocacy in a...
The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Pubic Policy Process Advocacy in a...The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Pubic Policy Process Advocacy in a...
The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Pubic Policy Process Advocacy in a...
 
Case Study Of Ethical Dilemmas In Public Hospitals
Case Study Of Ethical Dilemmas In Public HospitalsCase Study Of Ethical Dilemmas In Public Hospitals
Case Study Of Ethical Dilemmas In Public Hospitals
 
The Fourth Measurement of Social Capital of Colombia
The Fourth Measurement of Social Capital of Colombia The Fourth Measurement of Social Capital of Colombia
The Fourth Measurement of Social Capital of Colombia
 
The unformal sector in sub saharan africa - out of the shadows to forster sus...
The unformal sector in sub saharan africa - out of the shadows to forster sus...The unformal sector in sub saharan africa - out of the shadows to forster sus...
The unformal sector in sub saharan africa - out of the shadows to forster sus...
 
Dissertation
DissertationDissertation
Dissertation
 
The Role Of Governments And Unions Affected The Efficiency...
The Role Of Governments And Unions Affected The Efficiency...The Role Of Governments And Unions Affected The Efficiency...
The Role Of Governments And Unions Affected The Efficiency...
 
11.pp.0109www.iiste.org call for paper-148
11.pp.0109www.iiste.org call for paper-14811.pp.0109www.iiste.org call for paper-148
11.pp.0109www.iiste.org call for paper-148
 
An Overview of the Challenges of Decentralized Agricultural Extension Practic...
An Overview of the Challenges of Decentralized Agricultural Extension Practic...An Overview of the Challenges of Decentralized Agricultural Extension Practic...
An Overview of the Challenges of Decentralized Agricultural Extension Practic...
 
Administrative Amp Financial Corruption In Developing Countries ( Case Of S...
Administrative  Amp  Financial Corruption In Developing Countries ( Case Of S...Administrative  Amp  Financial Corruption In Developing Countries ( Case Of S...
Administrative Amp Financial Corruption In Developing Countries ( Case Of S...
 
Review Of Governance Issues For Indonesia
Review Of Governance Issues For IndonesiaReview Of Governance Issues For Indonesia
Review Of Governance Issues For Indonesia
 

Mehr von Merlien Institute

Overcoming technical and infrastructure challenges for mobile research in Afr...
Overcoming technical and infrastructure challenges for mobile research in Afr...Overcoming technical and infrastructure challenges for mobile research in Afr...
Overcoming technical and infrastructure challenges for mobile research in Afr...Merlien Institute
 
Mobile Research – What’s the point - Millward Brown
Mobile Research – What’s the point - Millward BrownMobile Research – What’s the point - Millward Brown
Mobile Research – What’s the point - Millward BrownMerlien Institute
 
Clustering by mobile usage and behaviour – the many faces of smartphone users...
Clustering by mobile usage and behaviour – the many faces of smartphone users...Clustering by mobile usage and behaviour – the many faces of smartphone users...
Clustering by mobile usage and behaviour – the many faces of smartphone users...Merlien Institute
 
Cracking the code…Insights for mobile from behavioral sciences - Pondering Panda
Cracking the code…Insights for mobile from behavioral sciences - Pondering PandaCracking the code…Insights for mobile from behavioral sciences - Pondering Panda
Cracking the code…Insights for mobile from behavioral sciences - Pondering PandaMerlien Institute
 
Understanding respondent’s interaction with household electronics – using tab...
Understanding respondent’s interaction with household electronics – using tab...Understanding respondent’s interaction with household electronics – using tab...
Understanding respondent’s interaction with household electronics – using tab...Merlien Institute
 
The why, what and how to use mobile marketing in Africa - MMA SA
The why, what and how to use mobile marketing in Africa - MMA SAThe why, what and how to use mobile marketing in Africa - MMA SA
The why, what and how to use mobile marketing in Africa - MMA SAMerlien Institute
 
Maximising internet based mobile research in Africa - TNS & Binu
Maximising internet based mobile research in Africa - TNS & BinuMaximising internet based mobile research in Africa - TNS & Binu
Maximising internet based mobile research in Africa - TNS & BinuMerlien Institute
 
Something fishy is going on in the world of mobile research - Sea Harvest & TNS
Something fishy is going on in the world of mobile research - Sea Harvest & TNSSomething fishy is going on in the world of mobile research - Sea Harvest & TNS
Something fishy is going on in the world of mobile research - Sea Harvest & TNSMerlien Institute
 
Mobile Qual – opening new ways to leverage Africa’s mobile first society - IK...
Mobile Qual – opening new ways to leverage Africa’s mobile first society - IK...Mobile Qual – opening new ways to leverage Africa’s mobile first society - IK...
Mobile Qual – opening new ways to leverage Africa’s mobile first society - IK...Merlien Institute
 
Mobile Market Research - a brand owner's perspective - PZ Cussons
Mobile Market Research - a brand owner's perspective - PZ CussonsMobile Market Research - a brand owner's perspective - PZ Cussons
Mobile Market Research - a brand owner's perspective - PZ CussonsMerlien Institute
 
Leveraging longitudinal communities for better, faster and cheaper insights -...
Leveraging longitudinal communities for better, faster and cheaper insights -...Leveraging longitudinal communities for better, faster and cheaper insights -...
Leveraging longitudinal communities for better, faster and cheaper insights -...Merlien Institute
 
Insights and Innovations – today and the way forward for mobile research from...
Insights and Innovations – today and the way forward for mobile research from...Insights and Innovations – today and the way forward for mobile research from...
Insights and Innovations – today and the way forward for mobile research from...Merlien Institute
 
Tablets killed the paper star – tablet usage in developing and emerging marke...
Tablets killed the paper star – tablet usage in developing and emerging marke...Tablets killed the paper star – tablet usage in developing and emerging marke...
Tablets killed the paper star – tablet usage in developing and emerging marke...Merlien Institute
 
Leveraging mobile to bring overnight television ratings to Africa - GeoPoll
Leveraging mobile to bring overnight television ratings to Africa - GeoPollLeveraging mobile to bring overnight television ratings to Africa - GeoPoll
Leveraging mobile to bring overnight television ratings to Africa - GeoPollMerlien Institute
 
In mobile diary research the map is not the territory - TNS
In mobile diary research the map is not the territory - TNSIn mobile diary research the map is not the territory - TNS
In mobile diary research the map is not the territory - TNSMerlien Institute
 
Engaging youth – using social media networks to generate valuable insights - ...
Engaging youth – using social media networks to generate valuable insights - ...Engaging youth – using social media networks to generate valuable insights - ...
Engaging youth – using social media networks to generate valuable insights - ...Merlien Institute
 
Building Brands in a Mobile World - Added Value
Building Brands in a Mobile World - Added ValueBuilding Brands in a Mobile World - Added Value
Building Brands in a Mobile World - Added ValueMerlien Institute
 
'What is in a name!' - Name-test Using 'Contextual Probing' - GfK & Tata Sky
'What is in a name!' - Name-test Using 'Contextual Probing' - GfK & Tata Sky'What is in a name!' - Name-test Using 'Contextual Probing' - GfK & Tata Sky
'What is in a name!' - Name-test Using 'Contextual Probing' - GfK & Tata SkyMerlien Institute
 
The evolution of Qual research - Kellogg
The evolution of Qual research - KelloggThe evolution of Qual research - Kellogg
The evolution of Qual research - KelloggMerlien Institute
 
Taming the raging river - Qualitative Research & Social Media - Firefly
Taming the raging river - Qualitative Research & Social Media - FireflyTaming the raging river - Qualitative Research & Social Media - Firefly
Taming the raging river - Qualitative Research & Social Media - FireflyMerlien Institute
 

Mehr von Merlien Institute (20)

Overcoming technical and infrastructure challenges for mobile research in Afr...
Overcoming technical and infrastructure challenges for mobile research in Afr...Overcoming technical and infrastructure challenges for mobile research in Afr...
Overcoming technical and infrastructure challenges for mobile research in Afr...
 
Mobile Research – What’s the point - Millward Brown
Mobile Research – What’s the point - Millward BrownMobile Research – What’s the point - Millward Brown
Mobile Research – What’s the point - Millward Brown
 
Clustering by mobile usage and behaviour – the many faces of smartphone users...
Clustering by mobile usage and behaviour – the many faces of smartphone users...Clustering by mobile usage and behaviour – the many faces of smartphone users...
Clustering by mobile usage and behaviour – the many faces of smartphone users...
 
Cracking the code…Insights for mobile from behavioral sciences - Pondering Panda
Cracking the code…Insights for mobile from behavioral sciences - Pondering PandaCracking the code…Insights for mobile from behavioral sciences - Pondering Panda
Cracking the code…Insights for mobile from behavioral sciences - Pondering Panda
 
Understanding respondent’s interaction with household electronics – using tab...
Understanding respondent’s interaction with household electronics – using tab...Understanding respondent’s interaction with household electronics – using tab...
Understanding respondent’s interaction with household electronics – using tab...
 
The why, what and how to use mobile marketing in Africa - MMA SA
The why, what and how to use mobile marketing in Africa - MMA SAThe why, what and how to use mobile marketing in Africa - MMA SA
The why, what and how to use mobile marketing in Africa - MMA SA
 
Maximising internet based mobile research in Africa - TNS & Binu
Maximising internet based mobile research in Africa - TNS & BinuMaximising internet based mobile research in Africa - TNS & Binu
Maximising internet based mobile research in Africa - TNS & Binu
 
Something fishy is going on in the world of mobile research - Sea Harvest & TNS
Something fishy is going on in the world of mobile research - Sea Harvest & TNSSomething fishy is going on in the world of mobile research - Sea Harvest & TNS
Something fishy is going on in the world of mobile research - Sea Harvest & TNS
 
Mobile Qual – opening new ways to leverage Africa’s mobile first society - IK...
Mobile Qual – opening new ways to leverage Africa’s mobile first society - IK...Mobile Qual – opening new ways to leverage Africa’s mobile first society - IK...
Mobile Qual – opening new ways to leverage Africa’s mobile first society - IK...
 
Mobile Market Research - a brand owner's perspective - PZ Cussons
Mobile Market Research - a brand owner's perspective - PZ CussonsMobile Market Research - a brand owner's perspective - PZ Cussons
Mobile Market Research - a brand owner's perspective - PZ Cussons
 
Leveraging longitudinal communities for better, faster and cheaper insights -...
Leveraging longitudinal communities for better, faster and cheaper insights -...Leveraging longitudinal communities for better, faster and cheaper insights -...
Leveraging longitudinal communities for better, faster and cheaper insights -...
 
Insights and Innovations – today and the way forward for mobile research from...
Insights and Innovations – today and the way forward for mobile research from...Insights and Innovations – today and the way forward for mobile research from...
Insights and Innovations – today and the way forward for mobile research from...
 
Tablets killed the paper star – tablet usage in developing and emerging marke...
Tablets killed the paper star – tablet usage in developing and emerging marke...Tablets killed the paper star – tablet usage in developing and emerging marke...
Tablets killed the paper star – tablet usage in developing and emerging marke...
 
Leveraging mobile to bring overnight television ratings to Africa - GeoPoll
Leveraging mobile to bring overnight television ratings to Africa - GeoPollLeveraging mobile to bring overnight television ratings to Africa - GeoPoll
Leveraging mobile to bring overnight television ratings to Africa - GeoPoll
 
In mobile diary research the map is not the territory - TNS
In mobile diary research the map is not the territory - TNSIn mobile diary research the map is not the territory - TNS
In mobile diary research the map is not the territory - TNS
 
Engaging youth – using social media networks to generate valuable insights - ...
Engaging youth – using social media networks to generate valuable insights - ...Engaging youth – using social media networks to generate valuable insights - ...
Engaging youth – using social media networks to generate valuable insights - ...
 
Building Brands in a Mobile World - Added Value
Building Brands in a Mobile World - Added ValueBuilding Brands in a Mobile World - Added Value
Building Brands in a Mobile World - Added Value
 
'What is in a name!' - Name-test Using 'Contextual Probing' - GfK & Tata Sky
'What is in a name!' - Name-test Using 'Contextual Probing' - GfK & Tata Sky'What is in a name!' - Name-test Using 'Contextual Probing' - GfK & Tata Sky
'What is in a name!' - Name-test Using 'Contextual Probing' - GfK & Tata Sky
 
The evolution of Qual research - Kellogg
The evolution of Qual research - KelloggThe evolution of Qual research - Kellogg
The evolution of Qual research - Kellogg
 
Taming the raging river - Qualitative Research & Social Media - Firefly
Taming the raging river - Qualitative Research & Social Media - FireflyTaming the raging river - Qualitative Research & Social Media - Firefly
Taming the raging river - Qualitative Research & Social Media - Firefly
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 

Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests implications for south africa

  • 1. This paper is part of the proceedings of the 2ndAnnual conference on Qualitative Research for Policy Making, 26 & 27 May 2011, Belfast Qualitative evidence of municipal service delivery protests: implications for South Africa Zacheus Matebesi Department of Sociology/Centre for Development Support UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein, 9300 SOUTH AFRICA matebsz@ufs.ac.za Tel: +2751 4012590 Fax: +2751 4013518 MAY 2011 80
  • 2. CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………..3 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................3 2. Overview of Local Government in South Africa...............................................................5 3. Demarcation and participation: some conceptual issues....................................................6 3.1 Partocipatory governance...................................................................................................7 3.2 Cross-boundary municipality.............................................................................................7 3.3 Demarcation process..........................................................................................................8 4. Methodology......................................................................................................................8 5. Reasons fo protests..........................................................................................................10 5.1 Structural reasons for the protests....................................................................................10 5.2 Systemic reasons..............................................................................................................11 5.2.1 Poor governance.........................................................................................................11 5.2.2 Individual political struggles......................................................................................12 5.2.3 Complaint management and communication.............................................................13 5.3 Provincial cross-boundary municipal issues - Gauteng case study..................................14 6. Impacts of the protests......................................................................................................17 6.1 Damage to public infrastructure.......................................................................................17 6.2 Economic impact..............................................................................................................17 6.3 Impacts on the education system......................................................................................18 7. Lessons and recommendations.........................................................................................18 REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................19 81
  • 3. Abstract Social protests in South Africa were to a large degree responsible for making the former black townships ungovernable. In 2004, a decade since the advent of the new political dispensation, South Africa witnessed unrest of significant proportions at local government level. This occurred despite the emphasis on good municipal governance by the national government. The lack of capacity to deliver on mandates, together with factors such as individual political struggles, poor communication and ineffective client interface, are key contributors to the surge in violent protests. This study was conducted in four cities from three different provinces in South Africa. The main aim of the study was to identify the reasons for the violent protests and policy implications. Methodologically, this entailed 100 in-depth interviews with community leaders, councillors and municipal and provincial government officials. More than 300 community members (both protestors and non-protestors) were interviewed by of focus groups discussions. This qualitative study is useful to policy makers and planners at all spheres of government, including security services because it not only identified the reasons for the protests, but also identified early warning signals and various lessons on how to prevent or manage these events in future. 1. Introduction During the apartheid-era in South Africa, social protests against the political system used to be widespread (Atkinson, 2007). These protests, together with the popular mobilisation for democracy, were led by the banned African National Congress (ANC) and its ally the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU); the South African National Civics Organisation (SANCO), and the United Democratic Movement (UDF) (Narsiah and Maharaj, 1994). Despite the transition to a democratic political system 17 years ago, social protests has been recurrent in South Africa. For those familiar with the popular protests in apartheid “it might appear as if the rolling mass action of the end-of-apartheid period had simply continued into the dawn of a democratic government in South Africa (Atkinson, 2007). Data presented in 82
  • 4. Figure 1 below provide some indication of the scale of the protest movement. There has been no less than 285 service delivery protests between 2004 and October 2010. The years, 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2010 were particularly worrisome for the South African government because the most number of protests occurred during these times (Municipal IQ, 2009; SABC News Research, 2011). Figure 1: Number of service delivery protests (January 2004 to October 2010) 96 100 83 80 60 35 32 40 27 20 10 2 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: Municipal IQ, 2009; SABC News Research, 2011. A myriad of factors triggering some of the protests identified in studies include lack of capacity to deliver services at local government level, poverty and unemployment, individual political struggles and the erosion of public confidence in government leadership (Ballard, Habib & Valodia, 2006; Desai, 2002, Mandlingozi, 2007, Marais et al., 2008). The multiplicity of factors at the root of the current protests can best be placed into three broad categories: systemic (such as maladministration, fraud, nepotism and corruption in housing lists); structural (such as healthcare, unemployment, and land issues); and governance (such as weak leadership and the erosion of public confidence in leadership)” (Parliament of RSA, 2009). Participatory governance, as Friedman (2006: 1) rightfully states, ‘has been a canon of governance thinking in the new democracy [in South Africa], for it has strong roots in the fight against apartheid’. In fact, a number of commentators (Edigheji 2004; Friedman 2006; Papadikis 2005; Thompson 2007) also concurred that participatory governance and accountability arrangements in South Africa are generally regarded as world-class examples 83
  • 5. of good practice. Scholarly contributions have emphasised the importance not only of the existence of public participation in governance, but also of the extent and meaningfulness of participation (Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) 2007: 6; Friedman 2006: 3; Marais et al., 2008). Despite such noble sentiments, examples of genuinely effective participation by all relevant stakeholders are still the exception rather than the rule (United Nations 2008: 1.2). Broadly, Butler’s (2008) assessment of the ANC government’s performance since the first democratic election in 1994 illustrates how the South African government has struggled to strike a balance between political and economic development. He further that the South African government’s failure in meeting the basic services needs of the poor, especially in terms of housing, education, electricity and water, limits attempts at achieving sufficient economic redress and, thus contributes to the violent social protests one can contend. This paper first provides an overview of local government in South Africa. This is followed by a synoptic description of the methodologically followed. 2. Overview of Local Government in South Africa The Constitution of South Africa (1996) establishes local governemnt as a distinctive sphere of government, which is interdependent, and inter-realated with national and provincial spheres of government. Local government is reagrded as the sphere of government ‘closest to the people.’During the aprtheid years, there were four (4) administrations, 10 Bantustans and more than 800 racially-segregated local authorities. The National and Provincial Government came into effect in 1994 after the adoption of the Transitional Constitution of South Africa. The new Local Government was inaugarated much later on 5 December 2000, with the almagamation of the 800 racially-segregated municipalities were amalgamated and reconstituted to 284 (SABC Research News, 2011). According to the White Paper on Local Government 1998, the core Constitutional ideals and mandate entrusted to local government (Section 152) are: • to provide democratic and accountable government for local communities; • to ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner; 84
  • 6. to peomote social and economic development; • to promote a safe and healthy environment; and • to encourage the involvement of communities and community organisations in the matters of local government. The transformation of local government has probably been the largest undertaking within the entire democratic governance transformation process since 1994. Enormous progress has been made but much still needs to be achieved before all 283 municipalities are fully functional, effective, efficient, responsive and sustainable. A number of “stubborn” service delivery and governance problems have been identified in municipalities over a number of years and remain consistently at the forefront of government’s developmental challenges. These priority areas according to COGTA (2009) include: • Huge service delivery and backlog challenges, e.g. housing, water and • sanitation; • Poor communication and accountability relationships with communities; • Problems with the political administrative interface; • Corruption and fraud; • Poor financial management, e.g. negative audit opinions; • Number of (violent) service delivery protests; • Weak civil society formations; • Intra - and inter-political party issues negatively affecting governance and delivery; and • Insufficient municipal capacity due to lack of scarce skills. 3. Demarcation and participation: some conceptual issues This section of the paper clarifies several concepts used in this article. First, the concept of ‘participatory governance’ is defined, followed by a description of the concept of ‘cross- boundary municipality’. A brief description of the role of the demarcation process is also provided. 85
  • 7. 3.1 Participatory governance Participatory governance, as employed in this article, is defined as a set of structural and procedural requirements to realise public participation in the operation of provincial and local governments. It also refers to a regulatory framework in which the task of running public affairs is not only entrusted to both government and public administration, but further involves cooperation between state institutions and civil society groups (Friedman 2006). The term goes beyond the public management ‘to a more fundamental question of how the processes of democracy (citizen involvement, decision-making, procedures and administrative function) can be adapted to help countries resolve the complex public issues with which they are challenged’ (Lovan, Murray and Schaffer 2004: xv). Participatory governance is expected to empower people (Osmani 2008: 36), but it is only through the use of effective tools that it can yield benefits in terms of efficiency, equity and responsiveness of policies by giving a sense of ownership to the citizens, by allocating resources according to citizens’ priorities, needs and preferences, and by utilising their skills and knowledge (Yemek 2007). 3.2 Cross-boundary municipality Boundaries have very important political, financial and social effects, because they determine what each municipality is responsible for, and where. The Constitution and the Local Government Municipal Structures Act, 117 of 1998, of the Republic of South Africa made provision for an Act of Parliament to authorise the establishment of a cross-boundary municipality. The Municipal Demarcation Board, after initial research, noted that there are a number of areas in South Africa where large tracts of land, including a number of different communities and settlements, straddle provincial boundaries. A cross-boundary municipality refers to a situation where parts of a local municipality are located within the borders of two different provinces. For example, in the case of Merafong, the smaller part in the south was located in North West Province and the larger part in the east was located in Gauteng Province. This in effect meant that the governance of these municipalities was a shared political and fiscal responsibility of two different provinces. 86
  • 8. Since the establishment of cross-boundary municipalities, numerous problems have been experienced with the administration of these areas. One of the main challenges experienced with the administration of these areas was the day- to-day management of the cross-boundary municipalities (Naidoo 2007). This geo-political arrangement meant that a matter such a local government project in one municipality, for example, had to be subjected to a tedious, labour-intensive and bureaucratic process of consultation between the local government concerned and principals of the local government departments at provincial sphere. According to the GCIS (2006), this process greatly affected and ultimately constrained the execution of the provincial department of local government’s mandate in terms of the cross-boundary municipalities. This affected communities negatively, as government was not able to effectively deliver services. 3.3 Demarcation process The participation of communities and stakeholders in the demarcation process is important, to ensure that the Demarcation Board considers all the different views people have about boundaries. The demarcation process is governed by three different pieces of legislation which all relate to each other. These are the Constitution, the Municipal Demarcation Act and the Municipal Structures Act (1998). According to the Department of Provincial and Local Government (DPLG 2008), communities can be involved in the demarcation process in three ways: • Members of communities may respond to invitations by the Board to submit written representations on how boundaries in their area should be drawn; • If the Demarcation Board decides to hold a public meeting to discuss boundaries, members of the public can air their views; • Any member of a community can object to the demarcation of a municipal boundary or the delimitation of a ward. The Board must take account of the objection and respond to the person. It is the responsibility of municipalities to ensure that all community members participate, particularly people who are illiterate or who cannot transport themselves to a public meeting. 87
  • 9. 4. Methodology The overall study design was descriptive and explanatory, but also directed towards recommending interventions at both policy and practice levels. The main aim of the study was to identify the reasons for the violent protests and policy implications. Methodologically, this paper is based on three interlinked approaches: • First, an extensive media and literature scan was conducted. Although most of the media reports were relatively superficial as they focused on the narrative of the unrest without any real background analysis, they proved to be pivotal in piecing together the chronology of events, as they unfolded in the case studies. In respect of scholarly papers concerning the social protests, very little is available, except for the growing number of papers on post-apartheid social movements in South Africa. • The second methodological dimension of the study involved in-depth interviews conducted with community leaders; councillors; ex-councillors; protest leaders; business people; officials (both provincial and local); and the police. About 100 in- depth interviews were conducted. • The third methodological tool was a series of focus group meetings held with community members. Two of these meetings were conducted with the leaders of the protests. Three focus group meetings were also held with ordinary citizens who had not participated in the protests. Focus groups generally consisted of from ten to 16 participants. In all, approximately 300 people participated in the focus group discussions. In addition to the main methodological approaches, three further activities should be mentioned. The research process started off with workshops in the case study areas. The aim of the workshops was to inform the relevant role players about the research and afford them the opportunity to influence the main methodological approaches. After the completion of the empirical study, feedback workshops were also conducted. On this occasion the findings of the research were shared with those present. Finally, comments and suggestions received from these reviewers were incorporated, where appropriate, into the final report. 88
  • 10. All four of these case studies were conducted between 2007 and early 2010 and was funded by the Conflict and Governance Facility (CAGE). In Khutsong1 the conflict is about the demarcation of the boundary between the North-West Province and Gauteng. Nevertheless, the Khutsong study is particularly instructive where it comes to deriving lessons concerning the appropriate handling of local conflicts. 5. Reasons for the protests This section aims to assess the reasons for the protests. In general, the protests were regarded as having been sparked off by deficient service-delivery. However, in this section I shall try to analyse the reasons behind poor service delivery. Notably, not all the reasons pertained in all four of the case study sites. It was, however, various configurations of these factors that contributed to the protests. The sections begin with a discussion of the reasons for the unrest in the four localities. This is followed by an analysis of the impacts of the unrest and, finally, the lessons to be derived from the case studies are discussed. 5.1 Structural reasons for the protests There is a body of literature that suggests that structural reasons are the fundamental source of social protests. Six of these structural reasons are highlighted below. First, socio-economic conditions such as poverty, unemployment and poor living conditions contributed to the violent protests. Second, the lack of economies of scale in small towns in respect of infrastructure investment should be acknowledged as a contributing reason. The capital expenditure, along with the 1 Khutsong, which ironically means place of peace, has been engulfed in violent protests since the government passed this controversial cross-boundary municipality legislation. This black town formed part of the Merafong Local Municipality in Gauteng Province until it was incorporated into the North West Province (Bernstein and Johnston 2007: 144). The agenda of the cross-boundary municipalities – of which there were 16 in five of South Africa’s provinces – has been the focus of the Municipal Demarcation Board for the past few years. Since the establishment of these municipalities, numerous problems have been experienced in respect of administering them. Several attempts at resolving the identified issues have largely failed. In an attempt to ensure that in future these 16 municipalities would individually be located in one province only, whereby, ultimately, a more effectively integrated provision of services could be achieved, the Constitution Twelfth Amendment Bill was adopted in 2005. 89
  • 11. pressure on basic infrastructure that results from the need for maintenance in small towns, is fairly high in relation to the number of people serviced by the municipalities in the four areas. A third contributing factor linked to the foregoing reason is rural–urban migration. Large- scale urbanisation of former farm workers has placed tremendous pressure on the provision of basic service. For instance one senior municipal official remarked: “The deterioration of street, electricity and sewerage networks was compounded by an influx of people who had been evicted from farms.” A fourth factor cited by leaders from the coloured communities, is the legacy of apartheid, which divided many neighbourhoods into racial camps and which, to a large extent, still prevails today. The fifth reason relates to the amalgamation of municipalities that has exerted huge institutional pressure on local municipalities and inhibited them from efficiently performing their normal service delivery and maintenance duties. In the case of the Nelson Mandela Bay Metro, three towns/cities constitute the newly amalgamated Metro. It has taken several years to resolve and synchronise the administrative system, created from the separate administrations. More than eight years ago, small-town research has already indicated that the amalgamation of municipalities has had a negative impact on local economic development in those towns not designated as the headquarters of these municipalities (Atkinson 2002). Finally, considering the fact that young people were at the forefront of the protests in the former black townships, these protests probably, to some degree, had a bearing on issues of youth development. One respondent at a focus-group meeting remarked, ‘If the municipality can become serious about youth development, I will not take to [the] streets again. I once asked the then mayor to get us someone [to] act as a mentor for young aspiring entrepreneurs. Most young people struggle to write business proposals …’ 5.2 Systemic reasons Although the structural causes already discussed cannot be ignored, a number of systemic reasons for the municipal protests should also be considered 90
  • 12. 5.2.1 Poor governance “Governance” refers to the ability of institutions to take decisions. In the cases under review, poor governance contributed markedly to the protests. For example, the fact that the Phumelela Council (in the Free State Province) did not meet for long periods of time resulted in a complete lack of basic decision making and direction. This left the Municipal Manager and the municipal officials rudderless and had the effect of hampering service delivery which contributed to the conflict and protest. In the case of the Nelson Mandela Metro, it took years for its draft Integrated Development Plan (IDP)2 to be accepted. 5.2.2 Individual political struggles In most of the case studies there was evidence of political in-fighting. In the two case studies in the Free State Province some of these struggles were between local factions, whereas others seemed to emanate more from provincial level. In the Gauteng and Eastern Cape municipalities there was evidence of deep ideological divisions within the tri-party alliance3. The protest in Free State case studies is an example of how protesters, pursuing an agenda that involved getting rid of a certain councillor, managed to force the issue via recourse to violence.7 There was no compelling evidence for any of the allegations made against the councillor in question. Despite their inability to prove their case, the protesters were able to capitalize on the rupture in communication lines between the councillor and the community, and this helped ensure that via their protest actions the councillor was finally compelled to resign. The fact that many of these upheavals occurred within the twelve months prior to the local government elections furnishes further evidence of political jockeying for position. The nature of leadership in post-apartheid South African towns remains complex and obscure, and it will require a great deal more qualitative research for the dynamics of this to 2 In terms of Chapter V of the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (No 32 of 2000), local government bodies are required to formulate and implement Integrated Development Plans (“IDPs”) for their respective areas of jurisdiction. These IDPs are meant to deal with all developmental and planning related issues for a period of five years. The main objective in formulating IDPs is: “To guide implementation oriented planning which is strategic and consultative and is integrated requiring holistic thinking across the conventional sectoral boundaries”. Specifically the IDP is to guide decisions in respect of the Municipal budget, improve spatial management, promote local economic development and at the same time ensure effective institutional transformation in a consultative, systematic and with strategic interventions (Government Gazette no 21776, 2000). 3 This refers to the alliance between the ruling African National Congress, South African Communist Party and the labor federation, the Congress of South African Trade Unions. 91
  • 13. be fully understood. Firstly, the party political structures within affected communities have had to develop a mode of response to this leadership style, and to the growing level of public grievances that it has precipitated. But there seem to be no formal mechanisms to deal with such cases within most of the political parties. Secondly, this type of leader has unwittingly created an ethos of counter-leadership within communities. As public frustration with poor service delivery mounts, and people attempt to find responsive communication channels to vent their grievances, the attitude of delinquent councillors often becomes increasingly offensive. 5.2.3 Complaint management and communication Atkinson (2006 and 2007) has outlined the inability of municipal government to be appropriately responsive to the needs of municipal residents. The lack of a complaint management system and the inability to create open communication channels (and thus, the inability to listen) were probably the main factors that triggered the protests. Numerous interviewees mentioned that their complaints had neither been listened to nor been addressed adequately. One of the focus groups summarised the situation: ‘After four years of complaints and frustration, residents may believe that the only effective way to achieve [a solution] is through violence and confrontation … but listen, this is not born out of a desire to be violent. Instead, it is born out of [the] belief that nothing will significantly change exclusively through non-violence and appeasement …’ The complaints voiced by residents during the focus groups can be categorised in terms of three overall issues: politicians/ officials who do not wish to listen to complaints; the arrogance of many politicians/officials; and the inability to communicate effectively. The following statements by interviewees reflect the perceived inability of officials to listen to reasonable demands of ordinary people: Maybe they [officials and councillors] did not worry because they were still getting paid. They subscribed to the notion that their actions are not to be questioned. In this age of democracy and civilisation, it is a surprise that officials expect us … to accept their behaviour without question. The community has complained many times to the councillor, but he was so arrogant he could not even listen to them. He was arrogant and he abused his 92
  • 14. powers; as a councillor he had to go because he was the one standing between service delivery and the community. We complained to our ward Councillor, but he was never helpful. It was decided that no one should vote for the councillor during the forthcoming elections. This particular councillor acted like a prima donna. He never listened to the people. One of the main factors that, perhaps, could have stopped the unrests, was the removal of one corrupt councillor. We were challenged to provide proof of the corrupt practices of this councillor, which we did. We knew that no one can just be dismissed, but our leaders decided to protect this man. The community felt that the ANC was protecting corrupt officials at their expense. 5.3 Provincial cross-boundary municipal issues – Gauteng case study This section highlights the confusing demarcation process by means of a literature review and empirical findings. In terms of the latter findings about public involvement in the case study, it offers a comprehensive presentation of the reasons for the violent protests in the Gauteng case study (Botes et al. 2007; Marais et al. 2008). This case study illustrates how how participatory governance could go wrong (from a social engineering perspective), but equally importantly, how it could thrive for civil society. While participatory governance is regarded as a tenet of governance thinking in the new democratic South Africa, the Merafong City Local Municipality demarcation process is a classic example of the weakness of participatory governance efforts. In this regard, the following two arguments hold: first, it is argued that the sequence of events, decisions and communications intended to give effect to the incorporation of Merafong City Local Municipality into the North West province were both confusing and haphazardly executed (see Table 1 below). Second, it is argued that public involvement was not effective and that, to some extent, served largely to grant legitimacy to a predetermined policy agenda. Table 1: Trail of governance activities/decisions about Merafong Date Activity/Decision Preference for province The year 2000 Merafong City Local Municipality was established within the West Rand District Municipality 19 August 2005 Government Gazette No. 27937 North West 93
  • 15. 29 August 2005 Government Gazette No. 27962 North West 18-20 November Written memoranda directed to the Gauteng Gauteng 2005 Provincial Legislature, as well as to the NCOP and other governmental role-players 21 November 2005 Municipal Demarcation Board (Government Gazette North West 28236) 25 November 2005 Joint Public Hearing (Gauteng and North West Gauteng Provincial Legislatures) 29 November 2005 Local Government Portfolio Committee, Gauteng Gauteng Legislature 14 December 2005 National Council of Provinces North West 19 March 2009 National Council of Provinces Gauteng The following were comments of some stakeholders supporting the unrest: It was never decided to riot, but we got the message from our leaders that we cannot allow a government we voted for to take us for granted. Immediately after the announcement in Pretoria, we rushed into the streets and hurled stones, in fact anything that we could lay our hands on, at the police. The police reacted by firing rubber bullets at us. It was then that we decided to target the houses of councillors. I did not care what will happen to me, but I was prepared to sacrifice my life for a good cause, to die for my parents who are now suffering at the hands of a so-called democratic governmen Some other important reasons for the conflict are the following: • History of settlement-uncertainty in Khutsong due to dolomitic condition of the land Due to the geological make-up of the residential land in Khutsong (i.e. predominantly dolomite formation) the Merafong City Local Municipal councilors and officials communicated since 2000 to the residents of Khutsong that many of them in the larger part of Khutsong should be re-located due to the possible dangers of house slumping and house subsiding. Before the unrest one of the major challenges was the unstable land. This is a dolomite area. 90% of the land in Khutsong has scientifically been declared unfit for human settlement due to the dolomitic condition of the land. We often encounter sinkholes which lead to pipe bursts. From time to time we have to re- route water pipes. This affects the municipality’s budget. We embarked on a process to declare Khutsong a disaster area and a Presidential project. 94
  • 16. According to community members and leaders of the protests, the dolomite issue is just a ploy from the mining companies not to invest in Khutsong. Questions were also raised about why only townships are often regarded as dolomitic. The confusion among residents about the dolomitic condition of the area seems to be exacerbated by the activities of the municipality and individual councillors which contradict what they state in public: I agree that the mayor did inform the community about the unstable condition of the land in Khutsong. But while they preach about the dolomitic nature of the land, one local councillor extended his house. Is that not sending out the wrong signals that we are taken for granted? A road construction project was also awarded to a Welkom company. The owner of the company is regarded as a ‘Mandela from the Free State.’ Why are these infrastructural projects allowed to continue when our officials know that they ultimately want to resettle the community? The roads here resemble swimming pools…i This dolomite thing is nothing, but modernised slavery. The mines do not want to contribute anything to the development of Khutsong. The municipality want to relocate people to a place which was also regarded as being dolomitic. How do you understand? If this is true, why are they taking so long to come up with a solution?ii • History of cross border arrangements From the beginning of the cross border arrangement, administratively it places a huge burden on the Local Municipality of Merafong City to report to two provinces. From 2002 problems of communicating and reporting lines started to resurface but this was handled through trial and error. Different stakeholders indicated that the issue of demarcation is a long standing one. • Unilateral decisions regarding cross-border arrangements without proper communication and buy-in on the ground/Political decisions taken at national level without considering local opinions and conditions sufficiently If one follows the paper trail of notices in the Government Gazettes there are quite clearly some conflicting decisions and communiques that caused confusion at grass roots level. Community stakeholders also indicated that the national government was not sensitive to their specific request and that the reasons for this decision were not communicated satisfactory: It was never decided to riot, but as we got the message from our leaders that we will finally become part of North West Province, we told ourselves not to allow a 95
  • 17. government we voted for, in the first place, to take us for granted. Immediately after the announcement, we rushed to the streets and hurled stones at or anything else we could lay our hands on, at the police. The police reacted by firing rubber bullets at us. It was then that we decided to target the houses of councillors. I did not care what will happen to me, but I was prepared to sacrifice my life for a good cause, to die for my parents who are now suffering at the hands of a so-called democratic government. One of the major flaws in respect of the demarcation seems to be the manner in which the community was informed about the decision: Residents were not consulted. The few that were allegedly consulted cannot be equated with the rest of the community. The mayor was always diplomatic in his interaction and dealings with the community. He approached the Faith-based Forum which consists of the pastors of all major denominations in Khutsong about the issue. We later realised that the ploy was for us to spread the news during our sermons that Merafong will remain as part of GP. Some pastors began to label the mayor as a sell-out and refused to interact with him.iii We were sold out by our mayor, the most unpopular mayor in South Africa. He, together with all the councillors knew that Merafong would ultimately be incorporated into North West, but they decided to keep quiet about it. The majority of us here [in Khutsong] were ANC members, but our party betrayed us. Minister Mufamadi and the provincial government delayed to inform us. Information leaked to us that the ANC was pushing for our incorporation into North West. In fact, this demarcation monster has been there for a long time, why the community was not consulted earlier still baffle our minds. The first time they made contact with the community was merely to inform us, and not to consultiv. 6. Impacts of protests Although the protests were not wholly negative, there were a number of destructive impacts. 6.1 Damage to public infrastructure The impacts of the unrest were experienced, first and foremost, in terms of the destruction of public and private infrastructure. The burning (or attempt to do so) of vehicles, libraries and councillor housing, was a widespread feature of the protests. By the end of 2009, the Khutsong upheavals had cost an estimated of USD 10 million. Damage to private property alone was estimated at USD 2.5 million. 96
  • 18. 6.2 Economic impacts The economic impact of the protests varied from place to place. In most cases the economic impact on businesses in the predominantly black townships was more severe than in the traditionally white areas. The main reason for this was that many of these areas were barricaded and nobody was allowed in. Towards the end of 2008 Eskom (the electricity supplier in South Africa) was providing power to 126 Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs) in Khutsong. By June 2009, they were providing electricity to only 35 of these enterprises. Larger enterprises were also affected in that workers were not allowed to leave the townships. In the Free State, a small town (Hennenman) estimated a daily loss to the economy of USD 35,678.25as a result of the protests there. A further impact was that many of the protests degenerated into the looting of ‘foreign-owned’ shops. 6.3 Impacts on the education system One of the short-term impacts was that schools were disrupted as many pupils were in the forefront of the protests. The matric pass rate for Port Elizabeth (the Eastern Cape case study) decreased by 8% from 75.8% to 67.8% during the year of the protest. Although it is not clear to what extent this can be ascribed to the conflicts in Port Elizabeth. At the same time however, the pass rate for the province as a whole increased from 53.5% to 59.3% during the same period, thereby suggesting that at least one of the factors responsible for the decrease in performance in Port Elizabeth could be the protests. Education in all the case study sites was seriously disrupted by the protests. In Khutsong, schooling was disrupted sporadically for almost three years. 7. Lessons learned and recommendations This article has attempted to assess the municipal, service-related unrest experienced in South Africa, and, more specifically, in the Free State, Gauteng and Eastern Cape provinces. This section briefly reflects on the lessons learned. Firstly, was sometimes speculated that the presence of the media, and most especially television cameras, had the effect of artificially fuelling the protests. It seems as if playing up for the camera is an expression of the desire to ‘become someone’. The media should arguably be more sensitive to their potential role in fanning the flames of these protests. Although the sensationalising nature of media coverage is a difficult area on which to make 97
  • 19. pronouncements, there is a great need for proper investigative journalism which can uncover the causes of the protests, and fairly convey all the protagonists’ points of view. Secondly, is the point that political or legal coercion does not minimise conflict. Two of the case studies showed that political coercion and legislative directions do not contribute to conflict resolution. In the case of Khutsong, the conflict was not alleviated by the redemarcation being confirmed by parliament. Attempts in Phomolong to dampen the conflict by demanding legally sound evidence of the allegations against the councillor, proved fruitless. Although no such evidence could be produced this did nothing to quell the unrest. Thirdly, the government needs to rethink development approaches in small towns. Two of the case studies were derived from small towns and it needs to be more fully realized that many policies, some of them essentially good policies, nonetheless have negative impacts on small town environments. Small towns might also find it increasingly difficult to attract qualified municipal staff. The fact that the National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP) designates some of these areas as being without much economic potential may also tend to reinforce a perception of regional inferiority, or purposive neglect, entertained by government. Finally in terms of the Khutsong case study, an in-depth socio-political analysis of cross-boundary disputes may prevent the often violent outbursts that accompany such disputes. Again, there is a need for more multicase-oriented studies, in that the current literature on provincial boundary disputes has a single-case orientation. According to Mavungu (2007), a single-case study limits the understanding of the structural and systemic factors that cause and shape such clashes. References Atkinson, D. 2007. Taking to the streets: has developmental local government failed in South Africa? In State of the nation: South Africa 2007, ed. S. Buhlungu, J. Daniel, R. Southall, and J. Lutchman. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). Ballard, R., Habib, A & Valodia, I (eds). 2006. Voices of protest: social movements in post-apartheid South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Castells, M. 1983. The city and the grassroots: a cross-cultural theory of urban social movements. Berkeley: University of California Press. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. 2006. The people shall govern: A research report on public participation in policy processes. Johannesburg. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. 98
  • 20. COGTA. 2009. Local Government Turnaround Strategy. Available from http://www.sapi.org.za/downloads/greenpapers/Local%20Government%20Turnaround%20Strate gy%20(LGTAS).pdf (Accessed 02 April 2011) Desai, A. 2002. We are the poor: community struggles in post-apartheid South Africa. New York: Monthly Review Press. Dwyer, P. 2006. The concerned citizens’ forum: a fight within a fight. In Voices of protest: social movements in post-apartheid South Africa, ed. R. Ballard, A. Habib & I. Valodia. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Edighejii, O. 2004. Globalisation and the Paradox of Participatory Governance in Southern Africa: The Case of the New South Africa. African Journal of International Affairs 7(1&2): 1-20. Escobar, A & Alvarez, E. 1992. The making of social movements in Latin America: identity, strategy and democracy. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press. Friedman, S. 2006. Participatory governance and citizen action in post-apartheid South Africa. Geneva: International Labour Organisation. IDASA. 2010. The state of local government and service delivery in South Africa: issues, challenges and solutions. Johannesburg: IDASA. Gastaldon, F. 2008. Social Movements and Shack Dwellers in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Case of Abahlali baseMjondolo in Durban. Bologna: University of Bologna Government Gazette No. 21776. Local Government Municipal Systems Act no 32 of 2000. 20 November 2000. Pretoria: Government Printers. Available from http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/ num_act/lgmsa2000384.pdf Madlingozi, T. 2007. Post-apartheid social movements and the quest for the elusive New South Africa. Journal of Law and Society 34(1): 77–98. Marais, L., S.Z. Matebesi, M. Mthombeni, L. Botes and D. Grieshaber. 2008. Municipal unrest in the Free State (South Africa): a new form of social movement? Politeia 27(2): 51-69. Marais, L., L. Botes, D. Van Rooyen, S.Z. Matebesi and M. Mthombeni. 2006. An analysis of the reasons for municipal unrest in South Africa: Phumelela and Khutsong as case studies. Bloemfontein: Centre for Development Support. Municipal, IQ, 2009b. Press release: municipal IQ’s updated municipal hotspots results, 17 November. Available from: www.municipalIQ.co.za [Accessed 20 February 2011]. Narasiah, S & Maharaj, B. 1994. The creation of ‘real’ spaces: regions and regionalism in the new South Africa. Space and Polity 1(2): 225–248. Oberschall, A. 1993. Social movements: ideologies, interests and identities. London: Transaction Publishers. Parliament of RSA. 2009. A report on the current ‘service delivery protests’ in south africa. Commissioned by the House Chairperson Committees, Oversight and ICT. Cape Town: Parliament of RSA. SABC News Research. 2011. Service delivery issues. Johannesburg: Pretoria. Schaefer, R.T. 2001. Sociology, 7th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. The Republic of South Africa. Local Government: The Municipal Structures Act 1998 (Act 117 of 1998). Pretoria. Government Printers. The Republic of South Africa. The Constitution of the Republic 1996. Pretoria. Government Printers. The Republic of South Africa. Department of Provincial and Local Government, 1998. The White Paper on Local Government. Pretoria. Government Printer. 99
  • 21. Thompson, L. ed. 2007. Participatory governance: Citizens and the state in South Africa. Belville: University of the Western Cape. United Nations. 2007. Towards Participatory and Transparent Governance: Reinventing Government. New York: United Nations. Von Holdt, K. 2010. Nationalism, bureaucracy and the developmental state: the South African case. South African Review of Sociology, 41(1): 4-27. i Interview with leader of the protests, ii Interview with involved resident, iii Interview with community leader. iv Interview with protest leader 100