5. REPRODUCTIVE EVENTS
HUMANS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CONSIST OF: VIVIPAROUS, UNISEXUAL.
EACH SEX HAS PAIR OF GONADS, REPRODUCTIVE DUCT AND ACCESSORY STRUCTURES.
SEX ORGANS – TESTIS( PAIRED) MALE , OVARIES (PAIRED) GAMETE FORMATION, HORMONES ANDPUBERTY
1. GAMETOGENESIS - FORMATION OF GAMETES (SPERMS/ OVA)
2. INSEMINATION -- TRANSFER OF SPERMS INTO THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
3. FERTILISATION -- FUSION OF MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES LEADING TO
FORMATION OF ZYGOTE
4. IMPLANTATION -- DEVELOPMENT OF BLASTOCYST AND ITS ATTACHMENT TO
THE UTERINE WALL
5. GESTATION -- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT ( FROM CONCEPTION TO BIRTH )
6. PARTURITION-- DELIVERY OF THE BABY ( CHILD BIRTH )
6. VOCABULARY
• CLUSTER: A GROUP OF SIMILAR THINGS OR PEOPLE.
• WOMB: THE ORGAN IN THE LOWER BODY OF A WOMAN OR FEMALE MAMMAL WHERE
OFFSPRING ARE CONCEIVED AND IN WHICH THEY GESTATE.
• SYN: THE UTERUS.
• EMBED: TO INSERT ONE THING IN ANOTHER.
• EMBRYO: IT IS A MULTICELLULAR DIPLOID EUKARYOTE IN ITS EARLIEST STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT, FROM THE TIME OF FIRST CELL DIVISION UNTIL BIRTH, OR GERMINATION.
• FETUS: IT IS A DEVELOPING MAMMAL OR OTHER VIVIPAROUS VERTEBRATE AFTER THE
EMBRYONIC STAGE AND BEFORE BIRTH.
9. 2. MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ANATOMY
• THE MALE’S EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS ARE: THE SCROTUM AND
PENIS
• INTERNAL ORGANS ARE:
•
GONADS (TESTES), WHICH PRODUCE SPERM AND HORMONES,
• ACCESSORY GLANDS
10. • TESTIS – MALE GONADS
• EPIDIDYMIS - STRUCTURE IN THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN WHICH SPERM
FULLY MATURE AND ARE STORED – SPERM
IS PRODUCED IN THE SEMINIFEROUS
TUBULES
• VAS DEFERENS - TUBE THAT CARRIES
SPERM FROM THE EPIDIDYMIS TO THE
URETHRA
• PROSTATE GLAND – LARGE GLAND THAT
SECRETES SEMEN DIRECTLY INTO THE
URETHRA
• URETHRA - TUBE THROUGH WHICH URINE
AND SEMEN ARE RELEASED FROM THE
BODY
• PENIS - EXTERNAL MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGAN THAT CONNECTS THE URETHRA TO
11. A. MALE GONADS: TESTES
• TESTES, CONSIST OF:
• HIGHLY COILED SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (IN WHICH SPERM FORM)
• SURROUNDED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• LEYDIG CELLS PRODUCE HORMONES AND ARE SCATTERED BETWEEN THE TUBULES.
12. CONTINUED
• PRODUCTION OF NORMAL SPERM CANNOT OCCUR AT THE BODY
TEMPERATURES .
• THE TESTES ARE HELD OUTSIDE THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY IN THE SCROTUM,
WHERE THE TEMPERATURE IS 2ºC LOWER THAN IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
13. B. DUCTS
• FROM THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES OF A TESTIS, SPERM
PASS INTO THE COILED TUBULES OF THE EPIDIDYMIS
• DURING EJACULATION, SPERM ARE PROPELLED
THROUGH THE MUSCULAR VAS DEFERENS AND THE
EJACULATORY DUCT, AND THEN EXIT THE PENIS
THROUGH THE URETHRA.
14. C. ACCESSORY GLANDS
• SEMEN IS COMPOSED OF:
• SPERM PLUS
• SECRETIONS FROM THREE SETS OF ACCESSORY
GLANDS
• THE TWO SEMINAL VESICLES CONTRIBUTE ABOUT
60% OF THE TOTAL VOLUME OF SEMEN.
• THE PROSTATE GLAND SECRETES ITS PRODUCTS
DIRECTLY INTO THE URETHRA THROUGH SEVERAL
SMALL DUCTS.
15. C. ACCESSORY GLANDS
• THE BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS SECRETE A CLEAR
MUCUS BEFORE EJACULATION THAT NEUTRALIZES
ACIDIC URINE REMAINING IN THE URETHRA.
16. D. PENIS
• THE HUMAN PENIS IS COMPOSED OF THREE CYLINDERS OF
SPONGY ERECTILE TISSUE.
• DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL, THE ERECTILE TISSUE FILLS WITH
BLOOD FROM THE ARTERIES, CAUSING AN ERECTION.
• THE HEAD OF THE PENIS IS CALLED THE GLANS AND IS COVERED
WITH A PREPUCE.
• THE REST IS CALLED THE SHAFT.
20. ACCESSORY GLANDS
Seminal vesicles
Between urinary bladder and rectum
Alkaline mucoid fluid rich in fructose , ascorbic
acid
Prostate glands
Largest male gland, milky fluid 1/3 volume of semen
Helps in sperm motility, maintains pH – survival of
sperms
COWPER’S gLANDS/
Bulbourethral
glands
Fluid lubricating passage for sperms
Seminal plasma- secretion of all the accessory glands. Rich in fructose, calcium
and certain enzymes.
Semen – mixture of spermatozoa and seminal plasma.
Single ejaculation 200-300 million sperms, slightly alkaline, neutralize acidity in
vagina, sperms are protected.
22. 1. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
ANATOMY
• THE FEMALE EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
INCLUDE
• THE CLITORIS AND
• TWO SETS OF LABIA
Animation: Female Reproductive Anatomy
23. • THE INTERNAL ORGANS ARE:
• A PAIR OF GONADS (OVARIES) AND
• A SYSTEM OF DUCTS (OVIDUCTS/ FALLOPIAN TUBES)
AND
• CHAMBERS (UTERUS,VAGINA, VULVA) THAT CARRY
GAMETES AND HOUSE THE EMBRYO AND FETUS
Animation: Female Reproductive Anatomy
24. A. FEMALE GONADS: OVARIES
• LIE IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY
• EACH OVARY CONTAINS
• MANY FOLLICLES, WHICH CONSIST OF A PARTIALLY
DEVELOPED EGG, CALLED AN OOCYTE, SURROUNDED BY
SUPPORT CELLS.
• ONCE A MONTH, AN OOCYTE DEVELOPS INTO AN OVUM (EGG) BY
THE PROCESS OF OOGENESIS
25. •
CONTINUED
• OVULATION IS THE RELEASE OF AN EGG CELL FROM THE
FOLLICLE.
• THE REMAINING FOLLICULAR TISSUE GROWS WITHIN THE OVARY,
FORMING THE CORPUS LUTEUM.
• THE CORPUS LUTEUM SECRETES HORMONES E.G. THAT HELP
TO MAINTAIN PREGNANCY.
• IF THE EGG IS NOT FERTILIZED, THE CORPUS LUTEUM
DEGENERATES.
26. B. OVIDUCTS AND UTERUS
• AFTER OVULATION, THE EGG CELL TRAVELS FROM THE OVARY TO THE
UTERUS VIA AN OVIDUCT, OR FALLOPIAN TUBE.
• CILIA IN THE OVIDUCT CONVEY THE EGG TO THE UTERUS, ALSO CALLED
THE WOMB.
• THE UTERUS LINING, THE ENDOMETRIUM, HAS MANY BLOOD VESSELS
• THE UTERUS NARROWS AT THE CERVIX, THEN OPENS INTO THE VAGINA.
27. C.VAGINA AND VULVA
• THE VAGINA: IS A THIN-WALLED CHAMBER THAT IS THE
REPOSITORY FOR SPERM DURING COPULATION AND SERVES
AS THE BIRTH CANAL
• THE VAGINA OPENS TO THE OUTSIDE AT THE VULVA, WHICH
CONSISTS OF THE
• LABIA MAJORA,
• LABIA MINORA,
• HYMEN, AND
• CLITORIS
28. D. MAMMARY GLANDS
• THE MAMMARY GLANDS ARE NOT PART OF THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM BUT ARE IMPORTANT TO
MAMMALIAN REPRODUCTION.
• WITHIN THE GLANDS, SMALL SACS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
SECRETE MILK.
29. Reproductive anatomy of the
human female
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Rectum)
(Pubic bone)
Cervix
Urethra
Shaft
Glans
Prepuce
Vagina
Vaginal opening
Clitoris
Labia minora
Labia majora
31. CHANGES DURING GROWTH
• PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS: PRESENT AT BIRTH.
• FEMALE GENITALIA
• MALE GENITALIA.
• SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS: APPEARS IN
THE MATURITY.
• THIS CHANGES OCCURS DURING A VERY SPECIFC AGE
WHICH IS KNOWN AS PUBERTY AND ARE THE RESULT OF
THE ACTION OF SEXUAL HORMONS.
32. CHANGES DURING PUBERTY
•IN THE FEMALE:
•PUBIC HAIR AND HAIR UNDER THE ARMS.
•DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FATS.
•DEVELOPMENT OS MAMMARY GLANDS.
•IN THE MALE:
•THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC HAIR.
•THE BEARD AND HAIR OVER A LARGE PART
OF THE BODY.
•AN INCREASE IN THE BONES AND MUSCLES,
CHANGE OF VOICE, ETC.
33.
34. 3. GAMETOGENESIS
• GAMETOGENESIS, THE PRODUCTION OF GAMETES BY MEIOSIS.
• SPERMATOGENESIS IS PRODUCTION OF MATURE SPERM
• OOGENESIS IS DEVELOPMENT OF MATURE OOCYTES (EGGS).
• SPERM ARE SMALL AND MOTILE AND ARE PRODUCED THROUGHOUT THE
LIFE OF A SEXUALLY MATURE MALE.
37. Primordial germ cell in embryo
SPERMATOGENESIS
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonial
stem cell
2n
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonium
2n
Mitotic divisions
Primary spermatocyte
2n
Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocyte
n
n
Meiosis II
Early
spermatid
n
n
n
n
n
n
Differentiation (Sertoli
cells provide nutrients)
Sperm
n
n
39. B. Oogenesis
• OOGENESIS IS DEVELOPMENT OF MATURE OOCYTES (EGGS) AND
CAN TAKE MANY YEARS ,TAKES PLACE IN FEMALES
• EGGS CONTAIN STORED NUTRIENTS AND ARE MUCH LARGER.
41. Fig. 46-12g
In embryo
Primordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions
2n
OOGENISIS
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte
(present at birth), arrested
in prophase of meiosis I
2n
First
polar
body
Completion of meiosis I
and onset of meiosis II
n
n
Secondary oocyte,
arrested at metaphase of
meiosis II
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis II
Second
polar n
body
n
Fertilized egg
42. Difference between Spermatogenesis and oogenesis:
1.
IN OOGENESIS, ONE EGG FORMS FROM EACH CYCLE OF MEIOSIS; IN
SPERMATOGENESIS FOUR SPERM FORM FROM EACH CYCLE OF
MEIOSIS.
2. OOGENESIS STOPS LATER IN LIFE IN FEMALES; SPERMATOGENESIS
CONTINUES THROUGHOUT THE ADULT LIFE OF MALES
3. OOGENESIS HAS LONG INTERRUPTIONS; SPERMATOGENESIS PRODUCES
SPERM FROM PRECURSOR CELLS IN A CONTINUOUS SEQUENCE
43. 4. HORMONES INVOLVED IN HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
• HUMAN REPRODUCTION IS COORDINATED BY HORMONES FROM
THE:
• HYPOTHALAMUS (GNRH) ,
• ANTERIOR PITUITARY (FSH AND LH) , AND
• GONADS
44. HYPOTHALAMUS
• GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GNRH) IS SECRETED BY
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
• AND DIRECTS THE RELEASE OF FSH AND LH FROM THE ANTERIOR
PITUITARY GLAND.
• FSH AND LH REGULATE PROCESSES IN THE GONADS AND THE
PRODUCTION OF SEX HORMONES
45. ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
• RELEASE FSH AND LH.
• FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE) AND LH REGULATE
PROCESSES IN THE GONADS AND THE PRODUCTION OF SEX
HORMONES.
46. GONAD HORMONES
• GONADS PRODUCE AND RELEASE THE SEX
HORMONES.
• WHICH INCLUDE
• ANDROGENS,
• ESTROGENS, AND
• PROGESTERONE
47. • SEX HORMONES REGULATE:
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
DURING EMBRYOGENESIS.
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
AT PUBERTY
• SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND SEX DRIVE.
48. A.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• FSH PROMOTES THE ACTIVITY OF SERTOLI CELLS, WHICH
NOURISH DEVELOPING SPERM AND ARE LOCATED
WITHIN THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
• LH REGULATES LEYDIG CELLS, WHICH SECRETE
TESTOSTERONE AND OTHER ANDROGEN HORMONES,
WHICH IN TURN PROMOTE SPERMATOGENESIS.
Animation: Male Hormones
50. • TESTOSTERONE REGULATES THE
PRODUCTION OF GNRH, FSH, AND LH
THROUGH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS.
• SERTOLI CELLS SECRETE THE
HORMONE INHIBIN, WHICH REDUCES
FSH SECRETION FROM THE ANTERIOR
PITUITARY.
51. B. HORMONAL CONTROL IN
FEMALES AND
THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES OF
FEMALES
• PRIOR TO OVULATION, THE ENDOMETRIUM THICKENS WITH
BLOOD VESSELS IN PREPARATION FOR EMBRYO
IMPLANTATION
• IF AN EMBRYO DOES NOT IMPLANT IN THE ENDOMETRIUM,
THE ENDOMETRIUM IS SHED IN A PROCESS CALLED
MENSTRUATION.
52. • TWO CYCLES OF FEMALE
REPRODUCTION:
• CHANGES IN THE UTERUS DEFINE THE MENSTRUAL
CYCLE (ALSO CALLED THE UTERINE CYCLE)
• CHANGES IN THE OVARIES DEFINE THE OVARIAN
CYCLE
53. (a)
Control by hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
–
GnRH
+
Inhibited by combination of
estradiol and progesterone
Stimulated by high levels
of estradiol
–
Inhibited by low levels of
estradiol
Anterior pituitary
LH
FSH
Pituitary gonadotropins
in blood
(b)
LH
FSH
FSH and LH stimulate
follicle to grow
Ovarian cycle
(c)
Growing follicle
Days
LH surge triggers
ovulation
Corpus
luteum
Maturing
follicle
Follicular phase
|
|
|
0
5
10
Ovulation
|
|
14 15
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Luteal phase
|
20
|
25
|
28
55. I. THE OVARIAN CYCLE
• THE RELEASE OF GNRH THEN FSH AND LH STIMULATES FOLLICLE
GROWTH.
• FOLLICLE GROWTH AND AN INCREASE IN THE HORMONE
ESTRADIOL CHARACTERIZE THE FOLLICULAR PHASE OF THE
OVARIAN CYCLE.
• THE FOLLICULAR PHASE ENDS AT OVULATION, AND THE SECONDARY
OOCYTE IS RELEASED.
Animation: Ovulation
56. • THE FOLLICULAR TISSUE LEFT BEHIND FORMS THE
CORPUS LUTEUM; THIS IS THE LUTEAL PHASE
• THE CORPUS LUTEUM DISINTEGRATES, AND
OVARIAN LH AND FSH DECREASE.
Animation: Post Ovulation
57. II. THE UTERINE (MENSTRUAL)
CYCLE
• HORMONES COORDINATE THE UTERINE CYCLE WITH THE OVARIAN
CYCLE.
• A NEW CYCLE BEGINS IF NO EMBRYO IMPLANTS IN THE
ENDOMETRIUM.
• CELLS OF THE UTERINE LINING CAN SOMETIMES MIGRATE TO AN
ABNORMAL, OR ECTOPIC, LOCATION.
• SWELLING OF THESE CELLS IN RESPONSE TO HORMONE STIMULATION
RESULTS IN A DISORDER CALLED ENDOMETRIOSIS.
60. FERTILIZATION
• IT IS THE UNION OF A MALE GAMETE (SPERM) AND A FEMALE GAMETE (OVULE).
• IN HUMANS, THIS FERTILIZATION IS INTERNAL: IT TAKES PLACE INSIDE THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBES.
• THE UNION OF AN OVULE AND A SPERM IS WHAT WE CALL ZYGOTE.
61. FERTILISATION
Occurs when an ovum
and sperm join and
they create a cell
called zygote.
Return
It is implanted in the
wall of the uterus and
it become an embryo.
62. 6. CONCEPTION, EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT, AND BIRTH
• AN EGG DEVELOPS INTO AN EMBRYO IN A SERIES OF
PREDICTABLE EVENTS
1. CONCEPTION
• FERTILIZATION OF AN EGG BY A SPERM, OCCURS IN THE
OVIDUCT
• THE RESULTING ZYGOTE BEGINS TO DIVIDE BY MITOSIS IN A
PROCESS CALLED CLEAVAGE.
• THIS GIVES RISE TO A BLASTOCYST, A BALL OF CELLS WITH A
CAVITY.
64. •AFTER BLASTOCYST FORMATION, THE EMBRYO
IMPLANTS INTO THE ENDOMETRIUM.
•THE EMBRYO RELEASES HUMAN CHORIONIC
GONADOTROPIN (HCG), WHICH PREVENTS
MENSTRUATION.
•PREGNANCY, OR GESTATION, IS THE CONDITION
OF CARRYING ONE OR MORE EMBRYOS IN THE
UTERUS.
65. 7. GESTATION: FIRST TRIMESTER
• HUMAN GESTATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE
TRIMESTERS OF ABOUT THREE MONTHS EACH.
• THE FIRST TRIMESTER IS THE TIME OF MOST RADICAL
CHANGE FOR BOTH THE MOTHER AND THE EMBRYO.
• DURING IMPLANTATION, THE ENDOMETRIUM GROWS OVER
THE BLASTOCYST.
66. • DURING ITS FIRST 2 TO 4 WEEKS, THE EMBRYO OBTAINS NUTRIENTS
DIRECTLY FROM THE ENDOMETRIUM.
• MEANWHILE, THE OUTER LAYER OF THE BLASTOCYST, CALLED THE
TROPHOBLAST, MINGLES WITH THE ENDOMETRIUM AND EVENTUALLY
FORMS THE PLACENTA
• BLOOD FROM THE EMBRYO TRAVELS TO THE PLACENTA THROUGH
ARTERIES OF THE UMBILICAL CORD AND RETURNS VIA THE
UMBILICAL VEIN
70. GESTATION: SECOND TRIMESTER
• DURING THE SECOND TRIMESTER:
• THE FETUS GROWS AND IS VERY ACTIVE
• THE MOTHER MAY FEEL FETAL MOVEMENTS
• THE UTERUS GROWS ENOUGH FOR THE PREGNANCY TO
BECOME OBVIOUS.
71. GESTATION: THIRD TRIMESTER
• DURING THE THIRD TRIMESTER, THE FETUS GROWS AND
FILLS THE SPACE WITHIN THE EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
• HORMONES E.G. OXYTOCIN INDUCES AND REGULATES
LABOUR, THE PROCESS BY WHICH CHILDBIRTH OCCURS
72. Fig. 46-18
from
ovaries
Oxytocin
+
from fetus
and mother’s
posterior pituitary
Positive feedback
Estradiol
Induces oxytocin
receptors on uterus
Stimulates uterus
to contract
Stimulates
placenta to make
Prostaglandins
A model for the induction of
labour
Stimulate more
contractions
of uterus
+
73. Fig. 46-19-1
The three stages of labour
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Uterus
Cervix
1
Dilation of the cervix
76. • BIRTH IS BROUGHT ABOUT BY A SERIES OF STRONG,
RHYTHMIC UTERINE CONTRACTIONS.
• FIRST THE BABY IS DELIVERED, AND THEN THE PLACENTA.
• LACTATION, THE PRODUCTION OF MILK, IS UNIQUE TO
MAMMALS.
77. 8. CONTRACEPTION AND
ABORTION
• CONTRACEPTION, THE DELIBERATE PREVENTION OF PREGNANCY.
• CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS FALL INTO THREE CATEGORIES:
1.
PREVENTING RELEASE OF EGGS AND SPERM
2.
KEEPING SPERM AND EGG APART
3.
PREVENTING IMPLANTATION OF AN EMBRYO
78. THE RHYTHM METHOD, OR NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING, IS TO
REFRAIN FROM INTERCOURSE WHEN CONCEPTION IS MOST LIKELY;
IT HAS A PREGNANCY RATE OF 10–20%.
I.
II. COITUS INTERRUPTUS, THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE PENIS BEFORE
EJACULATION, IS UNRELIABLE.
III. BARRIER METHODS BLOCK FERTILIZATION WITH A PREGNANCY
RATE OF LESS THAN 10%
I.
A CONDOM FITS OVER THE PENIS
II.
A DIAPHRAGM IS INSERTED INTO THE VAGINA BEFORE INTERCOURSE.
79. IVINTRAUTERINE DEVICES ARE INSERTED INTO THE
FERTILIZATION AND
UTERUS AND INTERFERE WITH
IMPLANTATION; THE PREGNANCY RATE IS LESS THAN 1%
V.
FEMALE BIRTH CONTROL PILLS ARE HORMONAL
PREGNANCY RATE OF LESS
THAN 1%
VI.
STERILIZATION IS PERMANENT AND PREVENTS THE RELEASE OF GAMETES:
• TUBAL LIGATION TIES OFF THE OVIDUCTS.
• VASECTOMY TIES OFF THE VAS DEFERENS.
VII. ABORTION IS THE TERMINATION OF A PREGNANCY.
CONTRACEPTIVES WITH A
80. 9.
MODERN REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
• WAYS OF DETECTING DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY:
a. AMNIOCENTESIS AND CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING ARE
INVASIVE TECHNIQUES IN WHICH AMNIOTIC FLUID OR FETAL CELLS
ARE OBTAINED FOR GENETIC ANALYSIS.
b. NONINVASIVE PROCEDURES USUALLY USE ULTRASOUND IMAGING
TO DETECT FETAL CONDITION
c. GENETIC TESTING OF THE FETUS POSES ETHICAL QUESTIONS AND
CAN PRESENT PARENTS WITH DIFFICULT DECISIONS.
81. 10. TREATING INFERTILITY
• MODERN TECHNOLOGY CAN PROVIDE INFERTILE COUPLES WITH
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES:
• IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) MIXES EGGS WITH SPERM IN
CULTURE DISHES AND RETURNS THE EMBRYO TO THE UTERUS AT THE
8 CELL STAGE
• SPERM ARE INJECTED DIRECTLY INTO AN EGG IN A TYPE OF IVF
CALLED INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION (ICSI)
82. REFERENCE LIST
•
ALEJITA0492 ON OCT 25, 201. HUMAN REPRODUCTION: HTTP://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/ALEJITA0492/HUMAN-REPRODUCTION-9866682
•
BONAVAL81 ON DEC 01, 2013. HUMAN REPRODUCTION: HTTP://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/BONAVAL81/HUMAN-REPRODUCTION-28781095
•
DAMARBE ON DEC 01, 201 .HUMAN REPRODUCTION : HTTP://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/DAMARBE/HUMAN-REPRODUCTION-28777697
•
PHILISILE ZANELE MAGAGULA, S .UNIT 6 HUMAN REPRODUCTION : HTTP://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/ZANELE200/UNIT-6-HUMAN-REPRODUCTION-22551733
•
PUTRI UNNARDI. HUMAN REPRODUCTION SYSTEM : HTTP://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/PUTRIMATTAU/2-HUMAN-REPRODUCTION-SYSTEM
