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3.01 Vital Signs
- 2. VViittaall SSiiggnnss • Provide information about body function • Include: – temperature – pulse – respiration – blood pressure • Changes may be the first sign of disease • Accuracy is imperative! 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 2
- 3. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature Measurement of the balance between heat lost and heat produced Heat lost through: • Perspiration • Respiration • Excretion Heat produced by: • Metabolism of food • Muscle and gland activity 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 3
- 4. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services NNoorrmmaall rraannggeess – 97º - 100º F – 36.1º - 37.8º C 4
- 5. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature Hypothermia •Temperature below 95º F •Death can occur if below 93º F 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 5
- 6. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature Hypothermia Temperature decreases with: – environment – exposure to cold – inactivity – sleep – starvation Symptoms: – shivering – cold skin – confusion 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 6
- 7. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature Hyperthermia •Temperature 100-104º F •Temperature above 104º F is life-threatening •Prolonged hyperthermia may cause brain injury. 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 7
- 8. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature Hyperthermia Temperature increases with: – environment – exercise – illness, infection, injury – stress Symptoms: – hot, dry, red skin – nausea/vomiting – headache – low blood pressure 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 8
- 9. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature Clinical Non-mercury glass Electronic Thermometers 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services Aural 9
- 10. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature Sites to measure temperature: •Aural – auditory canal •Axillary – armpit •Oral – mouth •Rectal – rectum 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 10
- 11. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature To record temperature: – Oral 98.6º (O) – Rectal 99.6º (R) – Axillary 97.6º (ax) – Aural 98.6º (T) 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 11
- 12. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature Measurement OOrraall •Ask the patient if they have ingested hot or cold food or drink, or smoked within the last ½ hour •If yes, wait at least 15 minutes before measuring the oral temperature 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 12
- 13. RREEPPOORRTT AABBNNOORRMMAALL RREESSUULLTTSS OOFF AANNYY VVIITTAALL SSIIGGNN IIMMMMEEDDIIAATTEELLYY 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 13 VViittaall SSiiggnnss
- 14. TTeemmppeerraattuurree Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 14 VViittaall SSiiggnnss OOrraall
- 15. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Temperature Measurement • AAuurraall • Pros: – Measures core body temperature – Fast and convenient • Con: – Inaccurate if not placed correctly in the ear canal – Ear infection – Ear wax 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 15
- 16. TTeemmppeerraattuurree Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 16 VViittaall SSiiggnnss AAuurraall
- 17. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Pulse Pressure of blood on artery walls as the heart beats and relaxes •Sites: Temporal – side of the forehead Carotid – side of the neck Brachial – inner elbow Radial – above the thumb at radius Femoral – upper thigh Popliteal – behind the knee Dorsalis pedis – top of the arch of the foot 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 17
- 18. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Pulse When would you use these pulse sites? Temporal Carotid Brachial Radial Femoral Popliteal Dorsalis pedis 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 18
- 19. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Pulse Normal rate adult (male) 60 – 70 beats per minute adult (female) 65 – 80 beats per minute children (over 7) 70 – 100 beats per minute children (1 – 7) 80 – 110 beats per minute infants (less than 1 year) 100 – 160 beats per minute Rhythm regular or irregular Volume strength of the pulse 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 19
- 20. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Pulse • Pulse can be increased by: – exercise – stimulant drugs – excitement – fever – shock – nervousness 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 20
- 21. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Pulse • Pulse can be decreased by: – sleep – depressant drugs – heart disease – coma 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 21
- 22. RREEPPOORRTT AABBNNOORRMMAALL RREESSUULLTTSS OOFF AANNYY VVIITTAALL SSIIGGNN IIMMMMEEDDIIAATTEELLYY 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 22 VViittaall SSiiggnnss
- 23. RRaaddiiaall PPuullssee Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 23 VViittaall SSiiggnnss
- 24. VViittaall SSiiggnnss AAppiiccaall Pulse • Pulse count taken with the stethoscope. • Use if the patient has: – Irregular heartbeat – Arteriosclerosis – Weak or rapid radial pulse – Infants and children 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 24
- 25. AAppiiccaall PPuullssee Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 25 VViittaall SSiiggnnss
- 26. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Respiration Process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = respiration Normal rate: adults – 12 – 20 breaths per minute children – 16 – 30 breaths per minute Evaluate for rhythm and character Rhythm – regular or irregular Character – depth, ease of breaths 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 26
- 27. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Respiration • Abnormal respiratory patterns Apnea – periods of absent breathing Cheyne-stokes – periods of apnea and dyspnea Dyspnea – difficult breathing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 27
- 28. RREEPPOORRTT AABBNNOORRMMAALL RREESSUULLTTSS OOFF AANNYY VVIITTAALL SSIIGGNN IIMMMMEEDDIIAATTEELLYY 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 28 VViittaall SSiiggnnss
- 29. RReessppiirraattiioonnss Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 29 VViittaall SSiiggnnss
- 30. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Blood pressure Pressure of blood on the arterial walls Recorded as a fraction: 120/80 Systolic pressure – wall of left ventricle is contracting Normal range: 100-140 mm Hg Diastolic pressure– wall of left ventricle is resting Normal range: 60-90 mm Hg 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 30
- 31. VViittaall SSiiggnnss Blood pressure Factors that elevate blood pressure: – anxiety – eating – exercise – excitement – stimulant drugs Factors that lower blood pressure: – depressant drugs – excessive loss of blood – rest – shock 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 31
- 32. RREEPPOORRTT AABBNNOORRMMAALL RREESSUULLTTSS OOFF AANNYY VVIITTAALL SSIIGGNN IIMMMMEEDDIIAATTEELLYY 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 32 VViittaall SSiiggnnss
- 33. BBlloooodd PPrreessssuurree Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 33 VViittaall SSiiggnnss
- 34. CCoommbbiinneedd VViittaall SSiiggnnss TTPPRR BBPP Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 34 VViittaall SSiiggnnss
- 35. DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc SSkkiillllss:: HHeeiigghhtt aanndd WWeeiigghhtt Measured if warranted by patient’s age and physical condition • Measured routinely: –on admission to health care facility –as part of annual physical examination –each provider visit for children • Important for evaluation of laboratory tests and calculation of medications 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 35
- 36. DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc SSkkiillllss:: DDaaiillyy WWeeiigghhttss • Daily weights are used to monitor patients with chronic disease processes: – Hormone disorders – Renal disorders – Heart disease – Cancer 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 36
- 37. DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc SSkkiillllss:: DDaaiillyy WWeeiigghhttss • Guidelines for daily weights: use the same scales at the same time wearing the same type of clothing patient voids to empty bladder • Make sure to balance the scales before weighing the patient. 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 37
- 38. DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc SSkkiillllss:: DDaaiillyy WWeeiigghhttss OOBBSSEERRVVEE SSAAFFEETTYY PPRREECCAAUUTTOONNSS!! Prevent injury from falls and the protruding height lever. 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 38
- 39. MMeeaassuurriinngg HHeeiigghhtt aanndd WWeeiigghhtt Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 39 DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc SSkkiillllss
- 40. DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc SSkkiillllss:: MMeeaassuurree VViissuuaall AAccuuiittyy • Used to measure the ability to see • Snellen charts: used to measure distant vision • Ishihara method tests for color • Tonometer measures intraocular pressure 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 40
- 41. DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc SSkkiillllss:: MMeeaassuurree VViissuuaall AAccuuiittyy • OD – right eye (oculus dexter) • OS – left eye (oculus sinister) • OU – both eyes (oculus uterque) • Myopia – nearsightedness, defect in distant vision • Hyperopia – farsightedness, defect in near vision 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 41
- 42. MMeeaassuurree VViissuuaall AAccuuiittyy Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services 42 DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc SSkkiillllss