This presentation contains information regarding various aspects of artificial intelligence, has animations and is quite wholesome!

1. 1

2. Acknowledgement
• I have put in my efforts in this project
but the final outcome couldn’t have been
such without the guidance & support of
people who have willingly helped me
with their abilities.
• First of all I would like to extend my
sincere thanks to my teacher, Ms.
Himani Bhatia who guided me through
the project.
• Also, my thanks and appreciations goes
to my fellow batch mates who assisted
me even when it was not their
responsibility.
• I would like to extend my sincere thanks
to all of them because without them the
project could not have come out to be so
meaningful and interesting.
2

3. Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. AI, the BEGINNING!
3. Central Problems/Goals of AI
4. Applications
5. Advantages
6. Problems faced
7. Future Prospects
8. Conclusion
3

4. INTRODUCTION
Common
definition: AI is a
field which attempts to
build intelligent
machines and tries to
understand intelligent
entities.
Ques: What is intelligence?
Answer: Learning, manipulating facts, but
also creativity, consciousness, emotion and
intuition.
Ques: Can machines be intelligent?
Answer: Up to the present day it is not sure
whether it is possible to build a machine that
has all aspects of intelligence.
This kind of research is central in the field of
AI.
John McCarthy- coined the term- 1956- "the
science and engineering of making
intelligent machines.”
4
Common
definition: AI is a
field which attempts to
build intelligent
machines and tries to
understand intelligent
entities.

5. HISTORY
o The seeds of modern AI were planted by classical philosophers who
attempted to describe the process of human thinking as the
mechanical manipulation of symbols.
o This work culminated in the invention of the programmable digital
computer in the 1940s, a machine based on the abstract essence of
mathematical reasoning.
o This device and the ideas behind it inspired a handful of scientists
to begin seriously discussing the possibility of building an electronic
brain.
o Many of them predicted that a machine as intelligent as a human
being would exist in no more than a generation.
5
o Russell David Hilbert challenged mathematicians of
the 1920s and 30s to answer this fundamental
question: "can all of mathematical reasoning be
formalized?" His question was answered
by Gödel's incompleteness
proof, Turing's machine and Church’s Lambda.

6. 1956 1957
1952-
62
1956:
1. John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" as the
topic of the Dartmouth Conference, the first conference devoted
to the subject.
2. Demonstration of the first running AI program, the Logic
Theorist (LT) written by Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and Herbert
Simon
1957: The General Problem Solver (GPS) demonstrated by
Newell, Shaw & Simon.
1952-62: Arthur Samuel wrote the first game-playing program, for
checkers, to achieve sufficient skill to challenge a world champion.
1958 1961
1958: John McCarthy invented the Lisp language.
1961: James Slagle wrote (in Lisp) the first
symbolic integration program, SAINT, which
solved calculus problems at the college freshman
level.
6

7. 1962: First industrial robot company, Unimation, founded.
1963: Thomas Evans' program wrote as part of his PhD work at
MIT, demonstrated that computers can solve the same analogy
problems as are given on IQ tests.
1964: Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT, shows that computers
can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra
word problems correctly.
1965: Joseph Weizenbaum (MIT) built ELIZA, an interactive
program that carries on a dialogue in English on any topic.
1962 1963 1964 1965 1967
1967:
1. Joel Moses (PhD work at MIT) demonstrated the
first successful knowledge-based program in
mathematics.
2. Richard Greenblatt at MIT built a knowledge-based
chess-playing program, MacHack, that was good
enough to achieve a class-C rating in tournament play. 7

8. 1968: Marvin Minsky & Seymour Papert publish Perceptrons,
demonstrating limits of simple neural nets.
1969: First International Joint Conference on Artificial
Intelligence (IJCAI) held in Washington, D.C.
1970:
1.Jaime Carbonell (Sr.) developed SCHOLAR, an interactive
program for computer-aided instruction based on semantic nets
as the representation of knowledge.
2. Bill Woods described Augmented Transition Networks
(ATN's) as a representation for natural language understanding.
1968 1969 1970 1971
1971: Terry Winograd's PhD thesis (MIT)
demonstrated the ability of computers to
understand English sentences in a restricted
world of children's blocks. 8

9. 1973: The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University
builds Freddy, the famous Scottish Robot, capable of using
vision to locate and assemble models.
Mid 70’s: Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg developed the Smalltalk
language, establishing the power of object-oriented
programming and of icon-oriented interfaces.
Late 70’s: Stanford's SUMEX-AIM resource, headed by Ed
Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg, demonstrates the power of
the ARPAnet for scientific collaboration.
1973
Mid
70’s
1970
1978: The MOLGEN program, written at Stanford by
Mark Stefik and Peter Friedland, demonstrated that an
object-oriented representation of knowledge can be used
to plan gene-cloning experiments.
1979: 1. Jack Myers and Harry Pople at University of
Pittsburgh developed INTERNIST, a knowledge-based
medical diagnosis program based on Dr. Myers' clinical
knowledge.
1978 1979
9

10. 1979: 2. The Stanford Cart, built by Hans Moravec, became the first
computer-controlled autonomous vehicle.
1980: First National Conference of the American Association of
Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) held at Stanford.
Early 80’s:
1. Lisp Machines developed and marketed.
2. First expert system shells and commercial applications.
1981: Danny Hillis designs the connection machine, a massively
parallel architecture that brings new power to AI, and to
computation in general.
1980
Early
80’s
1981
1985: The autonomous drawing program, Aaron,
created by Harold Cohen, is demonstrated at the
AAAI National Conference.
1990’s: 1. Rod Brooks' COG Project at MIT, with
numerous collaborators, makes significant
progress in building a humanoid robot.
1985
10

11. 3. Major advances in all areas of AI, with significant demonstrations
in machine learning, intelligent tutoring, case-based reasoning,
multi-agent planning, scheduling, uncertain reasoning, data mining,
natural language understanding and translation, vision, virtual
reality, games, and other topics.
4. Web crawlers and other AI-based information extraction programs
become essential in widespread use of the world-wide-web.
1990
2
0
0
0’
s
2000’s: 1. Interactive robot pets (a.k.a. "smart toys")
become commercially available, realizing
the vision of the 18th cen. novelty toy makers.
2. Cynthia Breazeal at MIT publishes her dissertation on
Sociable Machines, describing KISMET, a robot with
a face that expresses emotions.
3. The Nomad robot explores remote regions of Antarctica
looking for meteorite samples.
2. The Deep Blue chess program
beats the current world chess
champion, Garry Kasparov, in a
widely followed match and
rematch.
11

12. 12
Jul 17 2015
Rise of the Machines
Although most would agree that the average
person is smarter than the average cat,
comparing humans and machines is not as
straightforward. A computer may not excel
at abstract reasoning, but it can process vast
amounts of data in the blink of an eye.
LATEST: AI IN NEWS
Jul 16 2015
ZDNet - Top Headlines
The next frontier for artificial
intelligence? Learning humans'
common sense
Nearly half a century has passed
between the release of the films
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and
Transcendence (2014), in which a
quirky scientist's consciousness is
uploaded into a computer. Despite
being 50 years apart, their plots,
however, are broadly similar.
Jul 16 2015
Daily Mail - Sciencetech (UK)
Humanoid robot shows a glimmer
of self-awareness during scientific
experiment
Self-aware robots with deadly
intentions are a staple in sci-fi films.
Now scientists have proved a robot can
show a glimmer of consciousness - but
luckily this android is polite.

13. 13
Jul 15 2015
Japan Times >> News
Robot porter, check-in staff at
innovative Sasebo hotel
From the receptionist that does
the check-in and check-out to the
porter that's an automated trolley
taking luggage up to the room, this
hotel in Nagasaki Prefecture, aptly
called Weird Hotel, is "manned"
almost totally by robots to save
labor costs. Hideo Sawada, who
runs the hotel as part of the Huis
Ten Bosch amusement park,
insists using robots is not a
gimmick but a serious effort to
utilize technology and achieve
efficiency.
Jul 16 2015
When Siri is spot on with a cultural
reference who makes it happen, man or
machine?
"Caitlyn Jenner is 6ft 2in tall," it replies, with
no reference to the recent transitioning of
arguably the world's most famous transgender
woman. Siri has since been widely applauded
for having no truck with people who insist on
using Jenner's old name, but others have
railed against the "left-leaning tech elites" who
dared to program Siri to respond in such a
way.
Jul 14 2015
Researchers develop a
mathematical model
that can help you get
dressed
Jul 9, 2015
Better than
friends? This
robot gives
undivided
attention
SoftBank Corp.'s
new companion
robot Pepper (four-
foot).

14. THE GOALS
Goal 1: Deduction ,Reasoning ,problem solving
-To develop algorithms that human use.
-To develop the power of solving problems
using fast intuitive judgement.
Goal 2: Knowledge Representation
-Many of the problems machines are
expected to solve will require extensive
knowledge about the world.
-To build machine with the capability of making
working assumptions and common sense.
14

15. Goal 3: Planning
-Intelligent agents must be able to set
goals and achieve them.
-To ascertain whether world
matches its predictions
and if not , then its
must change its plan.
Goal 4: Natural Language Processing
-To gives machine the ability to
read and understand the
language that human speaks.
-Some straightforward
applications of this are
information retrieval , question answering , and
machine translation. 15

16. Goal 5: Motion and Manipulation
-The field of robotics is closely related to AI.
-Intelligence is required for robots to handle
such tasks as object manipulation and
navigation , with sub-problems of
localization, mapping and motion planning
or path planning.
Goal 6: Perception
-Machine perception is the ability to use
input from sensors(such as cameras,
microphones, sonar and other more exotic)
to deduce aspects of the world.
-Computer is the ability to analyse visual
input.
16

17. Goal 7: Social Intelligence
– To Build System That Exhibit Intelligent Behaviour.
– To increase our understanding of perceptual, reasoning and
learning.
– To design and construct useful new tools in science, industry
and culture.
– To predict the action of others, by understanding their
motives and emotional states.
Goal 8: General Intelligence
– It aims to create machines capable of
taking general intelligence actions.
– To solve complex problems in variety of
complex environments.
– To create AI that can replicate human
level intelligence completely.
17

18. Goal 9: Creativity
– It deals with constructing machine with creative ability.
– One of the ultimate goals of artificial creativity research is to
replicate creativity as it appears in humans.
– To better understand human creativity and to formulate an
algorithmic perspective on creative behavior in humans.
– To construct a program or computer capable of human level
creativity.
18

19. 1. Finance
Bank use Artificial Intelligence to:
 Organize Operations
 Invest In Stocks
 Manage properties
Financial Institutions have used AI to detect charges or
claims.
APPLICATIONS
2. Music Composition, performance, music
theory, sound processing are some of
the major areas on which research in
Music and Artificial Intelligence are
focusing.

20. 3. Transportation
Fuzzy logic controllers have been developed for automatic
gearboxes in automobiles.
For example:
 Audi TT
 VW Toureg
 VW caravell
These features the DSP Transmission which utilizes
fuzzy logic.
4. Toys And Games
AI has also been applied to video
games, for example video game
bots, which are designed to stand
in as opponents where humans
aren't available or desired.

21. 5. Hospitals
A medical clinic can use AI system to:
 Organize bed schedules
 Make a staff rotation
 Provide medical information
… and there are so many more!
Artificial Neural Network is used for:
 Heart Sound analysis
 Watson Project- suggest doctor’s of
cancer patients
 Computer aided interpretation of
medical images.
For Eg: helps in detection of
Tumour
The 1990s saw some
of the first attempts
to mass-produce
domestically aimed
types of basic
Artificial Intelligence
for education, or
leisure.

22. 6. Expert systems
Expert system is a computer based artificial intelligence system
which mimics or replicates human’s problem resolving capabilities.
Under this user has to provide
an problem through user
interface and interference engine
is just like a Search engine.
 Interference engine gets data
from Knowledge base which is
created with the help of knowledge
acquisition facility.
 Explanation facility arranges the given solution by interference
engine in the user interface.
The most popular example is audit expert system , tax expert
system.

23.  Artificial intelligence system would
give advice on the diagnosis and
evacuation of injured person.
 A trained but not necessarily
professional operator would enter
relevant information regarding the
condition of injured person .
 The system would logically evaluate
the relative seriousness and would
also diagnose the diseases of the
people.
 This system would work more
efficient if complete medical records
can be provided to the system.
7. Medical Diagnosis

24. 8. Video games
 In video games, artificial intelligence is
used to generate intelligent behaviors
primarily in non-player characters (NPCs),
often simulating human-like intelligence.
 The techniques used typically draw upon
existing methods from the field of artificial
intelligence (AI).
 During the golden age of video arcade
games that the idea of AI opponents was
largely popularized, due to the success
of Space Invaders (1978), which sported an
increasing difficulty level.
 Artificial intelligence allows game
designers to explore how people use the
game, what parts they play most, and what
causes them to stop playing, allowing
developers to tune game play or improve
monetization.

25. 9. Question Answering
 Question Answering (QA) is a computer science discipline within
the fields of information retrieval and natural language
processing (NLP), which is concerned with building systems that
automatically answer questions posed by humans in a natural
language.
 “Siri” an intelligent personal assistant application developed
by Apple Inc. and launched in 2011 for its operating system is a
well known question answering machine which works on
artificial intelligence and answer your questions using speech
recognition and natural language processing
 Through question answering machines it is now possible to have
real time answers.

26. 2. AI finds application in space
exploration. Intelligent robots
can be used to explore space.
They are machines and hence
have the ability to endure the
hostile environment of the
interplanetary space.
1. With AI, the chances of
error are almost nil and
greater precision and
accuracy is achieved.
26

27. 3. Intelligent machines can replace
human beings in many areas of
work. Robots can do certain
laborious tasks. Painstaking
activities, which have long been
carried out by humans can be taken
over by the robots.
4. Artificial intelligence has made
daily life a lot easier like by use
of applications on phones or
computers that predict user
actions and also make
recommendations that suit user’s
choice.
For eg: applications such as, GPS
and Maps applications etc
27

28. 5.) Fraud detection in
smart card-based
systems is possible with
the use of AI. It is also
employed by financial
institutions and banks to
organize and manage
records.
6.) Emotions that often intercept
rational thinking of a human
being are not a hindrance for
artificial thinkers. Lacking the
emotional side, robots can think
logically and take the right
decisions. Sentiments are
associated with moods that affect
human efficiency
28

29. 7. The greatest advantage of
artificial intelligence is that
machines do not require sleep
or breaks, and are able to
function without stopping.
They can continuously perform
the same task without getting
bored or tired.
8.) Machines do not need to
receive a pay check every
month. While they are quite
costly to maintain and power,
this cost is greatly less than
what an entire company
full of human employees would
have to be paid. The costs are
also minimized and
controlled. 29

30. PROBLEMS
FACED
Artificial intelligence is a gift, it is something extraordinary but
all that glitters is not gold! It has its disadvantages as well.
1. One of the main disadvantages of artificial intelligence is the
cost incurred in the maintenance and repair. Programs
need to be updated to suit the changing requirements, and
machines need to be made smarter. In case of a breakdown, the
cost of repair may be very high.
2. If the control of machines goes in the wrong hands, it may
cause destruction. Machines won't think before acting. Thus,
they may be programmed to do the wrong things, or for mass
destruction.

31. 3. The artificially intelligent machines are not able
to act any different from what they are
programmed to do. Though this is mostly seen as
an advantage, it may work the other way, when a
situation demands one to act in way different from
the usual. Machines may not be as efficient as
humans in altering their responses depending on the
changing situations
4. Human beings are emotional intellectuals. They
think and feel. Their feelings guide their thoughts.
This is not the case with machines. The intuitive
abilities that humans possess, the way humans can
judge based on previous knowledge, the inherent
abilities that they have, cannot be replicated by
machines. Also, machines lack common sense.

32. 5. If robots begin to replace humans in every field, it will eventually
lead to unemployment. People will be left with nothing to do. So
much empty time may result in its destructive use.
6. Also, due to the reduced need to use their
intelligence, lateral thinking and multitasking
abilities of humans may diminish. With the
heavy application of artificial intelligence, humans
may become overly dependent on machines, losing
their mental capacities.
7. Apart from all these cons of AI,
there is a fear of robots
superseding humans. Intelligent
machines may prove to be smarter
than us, they might enslave us and
start ruling the world.

33. FUTURE PROSPECTS
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a young field with massive
potential for growth.
 Artificial Intelligence has already had a significant impact on
our world, enabling developments that were unimaginable
only a century ago.
 Eg: Cars are constructed in largely unmanned factories by
automated robots, Humble vacuum-cleaner in houses etc.
 In the next 10 years, technologies in speech recognition
will continue to improve and will reach human levels.
 There will be increasing number of practical
applications based on digitally recreated aspects of human
intelligence, such as perception, rehearsal learning, or
learning by repetitive practice.
 Over time, market awareness and sophistication will grow.
With this growth , there will be increasing need for more
dedicated and specific types of computing ensembles.

34. 34

35. Answer: In future, AI will be able to create machines that are
self-aware and have intelligence and common sense like that of
humans. This seemed difficult a few years back but now, because
of the 3 latest breakthroughs (parallel computation, bigger
data, deeper algorithm) in the field of AI, this isn’t something
unimaginable any more.
This perfect storm of parallel computation, bigger data, and
deeper algorithms generated the 60-years-in-the-making
overnight success of AI. And this convergence suggests that as
long as these technological trends continue, AI will keep
improving.
Ques: Can a machine ever be as thoughtful,
self aware and intelligent as human beings?

36. If A.I. machines can be capable of doing tasks originally done by
humans, then the role of humans will change. For example:
• Robots have already begun to replace the factory workers.
• Not only factory workers, robots are being used as pilots, astronauts
and surgeons.
The central focus of AI has
changed with time.
In the 90’s: improving
conditions for humans.
Is that the only goal in future?
No, the goal for future is to
replicate humans and their
abilities as it is.
Will humans have to
worry about their
futures if artificial
intelligence takes over?
A group of experts
predicted that
intelligent machines will
increasingly replace
knowledge workers in
the near future.

37. IN A NUT SHELL
37
In its short existence, AI
has shown an immense
amount of growth and
potential.
−AI has so many applications and can benefit
the world in so many ways. Its like a gift to
mankind.
−But we can must be blinded by its positives
because nothing is entirely beautiful. Even AI
has a grim side!
−Renowned scientist Stephen Hawking thinks
“…success in creating AI could be the biggest
event in human history, but could also be the
last.”
−Science fiction and futuristic films have often
projected scary scenarios of robots acquiring
the power to challenge their creators.
The crux of the matter is that in search of Artificial
Intelligence, humans shouldn’t lose their
intelligence & start a journey which becomes the
beginning of the end!

38. Where we got it
from?
› www.google.com
› www.wikipedia.org/
› http://aitopics.org/news
› http://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-
artificial-intelligence/
›http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record
_id=6323&page=198
›Google Images
›http://intelligence.worldofcomputing.net/a
i-introduction/artificial-intelligence-
overview.html

39. 39