Chap 19 aice excretion

Control, Coordination and Homeostasis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 44.1

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Osmosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Homeostasis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Feedback Mechanisms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Accomplished by Transport Epithelia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 44.8 Proteins Nucleic acids Amino acids Nitrogenous bases – N H 2 Amino groups Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes Many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails Ammonia Urea Uric acid N H 3 N H 2 N H 2 O C C C N C O N H H C O N C H N O H

Forms of Nitrogenous Wastes ,[object Object],[object Object]

Ammonia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Urea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Uric Acid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Deamination in Humans ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Uric Acid is a Byproduct of Normal Body Functions Uric acid, C 5 H 4 N 4 O 3 , is the byproduct of the purines; guanine and adenine. Purine is a muscle protein that enters the body either through dietary intake (about 30 percent) or from the breakdown of the body's own cells during cell turnover (about 70 percent).

Humans Cannot Metabolize Uric Acid, So It Is Excreted ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Excretory Processes ,[object Object],[object Object],Filtration. The excretory tubule collects a filtrate from the blood. Water and solutes are forced by blood pressure across the selectively permeable membranes of a cluster of capillaries and into the excretory tubule. Reabsorption. The transport epithelium reclaims valuable substances from the filtrate and returns them to the body fluids. Secretion. Other substances, such as toxins and excess ions, are extracted from body fluids and added to the contents of the excretory tubule. Excretion. The filtrate leaves the system and the body. Capillary Excretory tubule Filtrate Urine 1 2 3 4

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Survey of Excretory Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vertebrate Kidneys ,[object Object],[object Object]

Ultrafiltration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What make a fluid filter? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Posterior vena cava Renal artery and vein Aorta Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (a) Excretory organs and major associated blood vessels Kidney

Structure and Function of the Nephron and Associated Structures ,[object Object],[object Object],(b) Kidney structure Ureter Section of kidney from a rat Renal medulla Renal cortex Renal pelvis Figure 44.13b

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 44.13c, d Juxta- medullary nephron Cortical nephron Collecting duct To renal pelvis Renal cortex Renal medulla 20 µm Afferent arteriole from renal artery Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Peritubular capillaries SEM Efferent arteriole from glomerulus Branch of renal vein Descending limb Ascending limb Loop of Henle Distal tubule Collecting duct (c) Nephron Vasa recta (d) Filtrate and blood flow

Filtration of the Blood ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object]

Pathway of the Filtrate ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Blood Vessels Associated with the Nephrons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look ,[object Object],[object Object],Figure 44.14 Proximal tubule Filtrate H 2 O Salts (NaCl and others) HCO 3 – H + Urea Glucose; amino acids Some drugs Key Active transport Passive transport CORTEX OUTER MEDULLA INNER MEDULLA Descending limb of loop of Henle Thick segment of ascending limb Thin segment of ascending limb Collecting duct NaCl NaCl NaCl Distal tubule NaCl Nutrients Urea H 2 O NaCl H 2 O H 2 O HCO 3  K + H + NH 3 HCO 3  K + H + H 2 O 1 4 3 2 3 5

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Solute Gradients and Water Conservation ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 44.15 H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O NaCl NaCl NaCl NaCl NaCl NaCl NaCl 300 300 100 400 600 900 1200 700 400 200 100 Active transport Passive transport OUTER MEDULLA INNER MEDULLA CORTEX H 2 O Urea H 2 O Urea H 2 O Urea H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O 1200 1200 900 600 400 300 600 400 300 Osmolarity of interstitial fluid (mosm/L) 300

Regulation of Kidney Function ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],(a) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enhances fluid retention by making the kidneys reclaim more water. Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus Drinking reduces blood osmolarity to set point H 2 O reabsorption helps prevent further osmolarity increase STIMULUS: The release of ADH is triggered when osmo- receptor cells in the hypothalamus detect an increase in the osmolarity of the blood Homeostasis: Blood osmolarity Hypothalamus ADH Pituitary gland Increased permeability Thirst Collecting duct Distal tubule

How does ADH affect the kidneys? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Negative feedback ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Chap 19 aice excretion

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (7)

Ähnlich wie Chap 19 aice excretion

Ähnlich wie Chap 19 aice excretion (20)

Mehr von Megan Lotze

Mehr von Megan Lotze (16)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Chap 19 aice excretion