4. “a collective term to describe institutional
practices and programmatic initiatives that
broaden access to the learning and training
traditionally offered through formal
education systems”
5. “open” in open education =
elimination of barriers
What barriers?
●
●
●
High cost
Access to resources
Distance to institutions
●
●
●
Restrictive copyright laws
Incompatible technology
Academic admission requirements
●
Accreditation
6. When and how did it all start?
Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
“Everyone has the right to education .
Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages”
(United Nations, 1948, Art. 26, para. 1)
7. A bit of history...
On the role of openness in education: A historical reconstruction (CC-BY)
8. A bit of history...
Global
Open
Education
movement
On the role of openness in education: A historical reconstruction (CC-BY)
9. Take home message
Openness in education is not a new idea,
fundamentally, education is a human
right.
And looking at the historical development
“shows us not only a technological, but
also a social, cultural and economic
phenomenon.”
On the role of openness in education: A historical reconstruction (CC-BY)
10. Key players
The 4Rs:
Reuse
Remix
Revise
Redistribute
David Wiley
1998: “Open Content”
Open Source Initiative (CC-BY)
David Wiley (CC-BY)
A creative work freely available for modification,
use and redistribution under a license similar to
those used by the Open Source / Free Software
community
11. Key players
Richard Baranuik
1999: Connexions
A global repository for educational content,
provided by volunteers, available for remixing,
editing and download in various formats.
12. Key players
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2001: MIT OpenCourseWare
MIT committed to putting all their content (lecture
notes, syllabi, lecture videos) for all their courses
on the web, freely accessible to the public
13. Open Educational Resources
(OER)
"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the
public domain or have been released under an intellectual
property license that permits their free use and re-purposing by
others. Open educational resources include full courses, course
materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software,
and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support
access to knowledge"
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
14. Key players
Larry Lessig
2001: Creative Commons
A non-profit organization that enables the sharing
and use of creativity and knowledge through free
legal tools.
Lawrence Lessig (CC-BY)
22. Benefits of open licenses and OER
OER are freely available for use by educators and learners,
without the need to pay royalties
Remember the 4 Rs?
Reuse
Remix
Revise
Redistribute
23. Benefits of open licenses and OER
Let's brainstorm!
●
●
We can't afford new textbooks for our school.
I can't afford the textbook for my university course.
●
The resources we have do not suit our needs or context.
●
●
Our textbooks do not align to our curriculum or standards.
●
●
●
Our textbooks are outdated.
I want to share my notes with others in my community.
We don't have additional resources for students to go beyond the lesson.
I want to add in my own activities to existing resources but don't know how.
24. Benefits of open licenses and OER
Grant freedoms instead of impose restrictions
Sharing is fundamental to teaching
Collaboration
25. Open education and OER in Africa
CC-BY on Flickr
CC-BY on Flickr
Contexts abound and all are
challenging
Every child deserves a chance
Parklands School gallery
26. Open education and OER in Africa
CC-BY on Flickr
CC-BY on Flickr
Build capacity by providing educators free
or low-cost access to tools, content and
communities of practice
●
●
●
Parklands School gallery
Reduce the cost of access to educational
materials
Adapt and develop materials relevant to
African contexts and learners
27. Open education and OER in Africa
Plays a leading role in supporting higher
education institutions across Africa in the
development and use of OER to enhance
teaching and learning, covering teacher
education, agriculture and health.
The African Virtual University released 73 of its
courses as OER in 2006, and has since
developed the OER@AVU repository to increase
the number of Africans using and adapting OER.
An initiative which brings together teachers and
teacher educators across sub-Saharan Africa,
offering a range of OER to support school based
teacher education and training.
28. Siyavula – 'we are opening'
Community
Siyavula is a social enterprise built on
community, openness and technology,
y
y
log
log
no
no
ch
ch
Te
Te
Op
e nn
es
s
working to make high quality educational
resources available to every learner and
teacher in South Africa.
32. Open everything...
Open processes - iterative, transparent and collaborative
Open copyright licenses - freedom to distribute, adapt and enhance
Open standards - formats that enable the freedoms
Opensource software - freedom distribute, adapt and enhance
36. Why?
South Africa has many different contexts
Teachers are from different backgrounds that teach in different areas
Drawing on these experiences helps us ensure that our textbooks include aspects
that are relevant to the different contexts
More eyes = fewer errors that slip through
50. “a collective term to describe institutional
practices and programmatic initiatives that
broaden access to the learning and training
traditionally offered through formal
education systems”
51. “open” in open education =
elimination of barriers
What barriers?
●
●
●
High cost
Access to resources
Distance to institutions
●
●
●
Restrictive copyright laws
Incompatible technology
Academic admission requirements
●
Accreditation
52. When and how did it all start?
Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
“Everyone has the right to education .
Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages”
(United Nations, 1948, Art. 26, para. 1)
53. A bit of history...
On the role of openness in education: A historical reconstruction (CC-BY)
54. A bit of history...
Global
Open
Education
movement
On the role of openness in education: A historical reconstruction (CC-BY)
55. Take home message
Openness in education is not a new idea,
fundamentally, education is a human
right.
And looking at the historical development
“shows us not only a technological, but
also a social, cultural and economic
phenomenon.”
On the role of openness in education: A historical reconstruction (CC-BY)
56. Key players
The 4Rs:
Reuse
Remix
Revise
Redistribute
David Wiley
1998: “Open Content”
Open Source Initiative (CC-BY)
David Wiley (CC-BY)
A creative work freely available for modification,
use and redistribution under a license similar to
those used by the Open Source / Free Software
community
57. Key players
Richard Baranuik
1999: Connexions
A global repository for educational content,
provided by volunteers, available for remixing,
editing and download in various formats.
58. Key players
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2001: MIT OpenCourseWare
MIT committed to putting all their content (lecture
notes, syllabi, lecture videos) for all their courses
on the web, freely accessible to the public
59. Open Educational Resources
(OER)
"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the
public domain or have been released under an intellectual
property license that permits their free use and re-purposing by
others. Open educational resources include full courses, course
materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software,
and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support
access to knowledge"
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
60. Key players
Larry Lessig
2001: Creative Commons
A non-profit organization that enables the sharing
and use of creativity and knowledge through free
legal tools.
Lawrence Lessig (CC-BY)
68. Benefits of open licenses and OER
OER are freely available for use by educators and learners,
without the need to pay royalties
Remember the 4 Rs?
Reuse
Remix
Revise
Redistribute
69. Benefits of open licenses and OER
Let's brainstorm!
●
●
We can't afford new textbooks for our school.
I can't afford the textbook for my university course.
●
The resources we have do not suit our needs or context.
●
●
Our textbooks do not align to our curriculum or standards.
●
●
●
Our textbooks are outdated.
I want to share my notes with others in my community.
We don't have additional resources for students to go beyond the lesson.
I want to add in my own activities to existing resources but don't know how.
70. Benefits of open licenses and OER
Grant freedoms instead of impose restrictions
Sharing is fundamental to teaching
Collaboration
71. Open education and OER in Africa
CC-BY on Flickr
CC-BY on Flickr
Contexts abound and all are
challenging
Every child deserves a chance
Parklands School gallery
72. Open education and OER in Africa
CC-BY on Flickr
CC-BY on Flickr
Build capacity by providing educators free
or low-cost access to tools, content and
communities of practice
●
●
●
Parklands School gallery
Reduce the cost of access to educational
materials
Adapt and develop materials relevant to
African contexts and learners
73. Open education and OER in Africa
Plays a leading role in supporting higher
education institutions across Africa in the
development and use of OER to enhance
teaching and learning, covering teacher
education, agriculture and health.
The African Virtual University released 73 of its
courses as OER in 2006, and has since
developed the OER@AVU repository to increase
the number of Africans using and adapting OER.
An initiative which brings together teachers and
teacher educators across sub-Saharan Africa,
offering a range of OER to support school based
teacher education and training.
74. Siyavula – 'we are opening'
Community
Siyavula is a social enterprise built on
community, openness and technology,
y
y
log
log
no
no
ch
ch
Te
Te
Op
en
ne
ss
working to make high quality educational
resources available to every learner and
teacher in South Africa.
78. Open everything...
Open processes - iterative, transparent and collaborative
Open copyright licenses - freedom to distribute, adapt and enhance
Open standards - formats that enable the freedoms
Opensource software - freedom distribute, adapt and enhance
82. Why?
South Africa has many different contexts
Teachers are from different backgrounds that teach in different areas
Drawing on these experiences helps us ensure that our textbooks include aspects
that are relevant to the different contexts
More eyes = fewer errors that slip through