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Chronic Kidney Disease
  (CKD) and Diabetes

                      .




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Medic Yatra Kidney Foundation




      Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
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         Current Terminology
•   Kidney, not Renal (or Reno)
•   CKD, not CRF
•   DKD (= diabetic nephropathy)
•   AKI, not ARF
•   Still ESRD (End Stage Renal Disease)
•   Still RRT (Renal Replacement Therapy)


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 ESRD Incidence Counts and Rates
by Primary Diagnosis (USRDS, 2006)




                                                       Better CKD
       Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd       Management?
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Glomerulus = filtering unit




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Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
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Importance of Diabetic Kidney Disease


• Kidney disease as diabetic complication:
  – 30% of Type 1 Diabetes
  – 40% of Type 2 Diabetes
• CKD amplifies CVD risk of diabetes




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Diabetic Kidney Disease Screening
• WHEN
 – Type 1: after 5 years, then annually
 – Type 2: at diagnosis, then annually
• HOW
 – Albumin-to-Creatinine ratio in random urine
   • Microalbuminuria = 30-300 mg/g
   • Macroproteinuria
 – Estimate GFR (eGFR) from serum creatinine
   using formulas
 – Retinopathy: useful clue
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          Stages of CKD
Stage                  ICD-9                     GFR
                                            (mL/min/1.73M2)
 1                     585.1              > 91 + damage
 2                     585.2              60-89 + damage

 3                     585.3                     30-59
 4                     585.4                     15-29
 5                     585.5                      < 15
 6                     585.6              ESRD on RRT
     Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
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Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com


        Action Plan in the Clinic
•   Determine AKI vs. CKD?
•   Estimate GFR and rate of decline
•   Identify kidney disease requiring specific Rx
•   Slow progression of CKD
•   Review medications
•   Identify + treat systemic complications
•   Prepare for replacement therapy

            Depending on CKD Stage
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  Formulas for Estimating GFR
• Cockcroft-Gault
• MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study)
   – GFR calculator (www.kidney.org)
• GFR depends on:
   – Serum creatinine
   – Age
   – Gender
   – Race

           Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com


Interventions to Slow CKD Progression
 • Strong evidence
   – Blood pressure control
   – ACEI / ARB
   – Glucose control in DM
 • Weaker evidence
   – Protein restriction
   – Lowering LDL cholesterol


        Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com

    Management of Albuminuria
     in Normotensive Diabetic
• Normotensive DM patients with
  macroalbuminuria should be treated with
  ACEI / ARB
• Treatment with an ACE inhibitor or an
  ARB should be considered in
  normotensive persons with diabetes and
  microalbuminuria

         Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com


     AKI Superimposed on CKD
•   Dehydration
•   BP too low
•   Obstruction
•   Contract dye
•   Drugs
    – Nephrotoxic or allergic or hemodynamic
    – NSAID (including Cox-2 inhibitors)
    – ACEI / ARB

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Systemic Complications of CKD

•   Hypertension
•   Cardiovascular disease
•   Anemia
•   Calcium-phosphorus-parathyroid




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  American Heart Association

• Patients with CKD
  – Should be considered as highest-risk group
    for CVD
  – Should be treated as such




                                            Sarnak, Circ, 2004

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Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in CKD




     Risk factors: HTN and Anemia
       Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd 1999; Foley, KI, 1995
                                   Levin, AJKD.
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com


Erythropoietin Stimulating Agent in CKD
 • Administration (SQ q 1-4 wk)
   – Epoietin-α (start 75-150 units/kg)
   – Darbepoetin (start 0.45 μg/kg)
 • Target Hgb (11-12 g/dL)
 • Adverse effects
   – Iron deficiency (may need IV iron)
   – Hypertension


             Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com


        What is Renal Diet?
• Low sodium
• Low potassium
  – What about DASH?
• Low phosphorus
  – Adding glucose and fat targets?
• Should be individualized



         Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com



         Symptoms of Uremia
•   None or subtle
•   Fatigue, lack of energy
•   Anorexia (nausea/vomiting)
•   Sleep disturbance
•   Impaired cognitive function
•   Impotence


           Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
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When to Start Replacement Therapy
•   Phophorus higher than hct
•   Pale and sallow
•   Needs a razor blade to scratch the itch
•   Vomiting day & night
•   Legs twitching
•   Hands flapping
•   Uremic smell you cannot stand

• Too late!!
• Should start no later than mildly symptomatic
• Usually GFR 7-8@ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
             Copyright mL/min
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com


        Preparation for RRT
• GFR 20 mL/min (depends on rate of decline)
• Early CKD education (including diet)
• Early nephrology referral for co-management
  (delineate responsibilities)
• Arm vein preservation


         Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd
Email: enquiry@medicyatra.com




Copyright @ Forever Medic Online Pvt. Ltd

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and Diabetes Treatment