A Systematic Approach to Monitoring and Evaluating Integrated Health Interventions in the Era of the Global Health Initiative
1. A Systematic Approach to Monitoring and
Evaluating Integrated Health Interventions in
the Era of the Global Health Initiative
Heidi Reynolds, MPH, Ph.D. and
Elizabeth Sutherland, Ph.D.
3. Definition of integration
Linkages
Primary
Comprehensive care One stop shop
Coordination
Holistic Interoperable
Not vertical Synergies
Case management
4. Defining Integration
The effort, within any building block of the health
system, to improve the continuum of care for
clients over the life course.
• Integration is from the
client’s perspective
Client
• Goal is to improve health
outcomes
5. Health System Building Blocks
and Integration
Health financing
Direct funding by external donors -> General health care
budget
Leadership and governance
Disease policies -> integrated health policies
Decisions made without -> with consideration of general
health care activities
Health services
Single purpose ->multi-purpose service
Atun et al 2009;
Mitchell et al 2004
6. Health System Building Blocks
and Integration (con’t)
Work-force
Providers and supervisors with specialized -> generalized
knowledge
Medical products, vaccines and technologies
Vertical -> general systems
Health information systems
Single purpose reporting ->patient centered system
Atun et al 2009; Mitchell 2004
7. Health Systems and Integration
Health systems do not need to be integrated to
result in integrated care
Health systems do need to be strong
Whether and how health systems will be
integrated is context specific
8. So now what?
How do we operationalize integration in a
systematic fashion?
How do we monitor and evaluate integrated
interventions?
How do we use the data to adapt program
response and inform the global evidence base
for integration?
10. Existing M&E Best Practices
Apply
Are we doing 8. Are collective efforts
them on a large impacting the epidemic?
enough scale?
7. Are Interventions making a
difference?
6. Are we implementing the program as
Are we doing
planned?
them right?
5. What are we doing? Are we doing it correctly?
4. What interventions and resources are needed?
Are we doing
the right things?
3. What interventions can work (efficacy & effectiveness)?
2. What are the contributing factors?
1. What is the problem?
Adapted from: Organizing a framework for a functional national HIV
monitoring and evaluation system. A report. UNAIDS. April, 2008.
11. Key M&E Steps for Integration
1. Begin with end in mind
2. Define essential packages of services
3. Develop logic model
4. Improve health information systems
5. Use the data
12. 1. Begin with the end in mind
Key health outcomes and impacts
MDGs 4, 5, and 6
National priorities and targets
Proximate health outcome indicators where
appropriate
E.g. delivery with skilled birth attendants
13. 2. Define essential packages of
services
Built around specific health care entry points
ANC/maternity
HIV testing and treatment
Curative or ambulatory services
Child wellness
14. 2. Essential packages of services
(con’t)
Precedent setting examples of such
packages exist
ANC
Women presenting in pregnancy
WHO package includes range of services
HIV testing and screening for other STIs
Blood pressure and anemia screens
Tetanus toxoid injection and malaria prophylaxis
15. 2. Essential packages of services
(con’t)
Need international guidance on service
packages
Choice of package determined by health
needs
Tailored for country-specific priorities and
epidemiology
Service delivery guidelines for different
service delivery levels
16. 3. Develop logic models
Defines how and where integration occurs at each
level of intervention
Inputs, processes, outcomes, impacts
National, district hospital, health facility, community
Health system building blocks
Promotes stakeholder buy in at national-level
17. IHP+ Common M&E Framework
Inputs and Processes Outputs Outcomes Impacts
• Service
• Improved
Governance
• Infrastructure Readiness • Coverage
Financing
Health
• Workforce
Outcomes
• Commodities • Access • Prevalence
• Information of risk
• Efficiency
Systems • Quality of factors
Care
Adapted from: Monitoring the building blocks of the
health system. WHO Report. October 2010.
18. 4. Improve health information
systems
Support provider access to client health
information
Electronic medical records
3 interlinked patient monitoring systems
ANC client cards
Strong linked/interoperable routine health
information systems still needed
Track progress in service delivery
19. 4. Health information systems (con’t)
Indicators
Derived from logic model
Access, readiness, coverage, health outcomes
New indicators are needed
Quality
Met needs and prevention
Referral
20. 4. Health information systems (con’t)
Consistent with efforts to strengthen the
broader M&E system
IHP+, CHeSS, evaluation platform, etc.
Map data needs (from indicators in logic model)
to existing survey data, surveillance, RHIS, etc.
Determine what new data collection efforts are
necessary
21. 5. Use the data
Inform program decision making
Refine logic model inputs, processes, indicators
Strengthen the evidence base of what works
23. Current state of the evidence
Some improved client-level outcomes noted
increased uptake of services
increased client satisfaction
Pilot tests
Little info on how to implement/effectiveness at
scale
Value added
Little/no info on relative value of integration
24. Research agenda
Conduct outcome and impact evaluations
At scale/going to scale
Across several models and countries
Evaluate essential packages of services
What should they contain?
What is the effectiveness of package in improving key health
outcomes?
Evaluate effectiveness of improved patient monitoring tools on
Continuum of care
Provider access to client health info
25. Research agenda
Evaluate effective capacity building approaches to
intervention
For building human resources to provide
integration
Evaluate effectiveness of referral mechanisms
Conduct case studies of integrated interventions to
inform impact evaluations
26. Conclusions
Integration is fundamentally client-centered
Interventions should improve continuum of care
Approach assumes integration will be country led
Context specific and tailored to epidemiology
Experience needed to understand how to adapt
approach to reality of country setting
Role for international community to guide and
help build evidence base
27. Conclusions
Health system needs to be strong but not
necessarily integrated
Integrated interventions take place within health
system building blocks
Intersects with innovative National Evaluation
Platform design, IHP+ initiative, HSS questions,
and the CHeSS initiative
Leadership is needed from GHI on expectations
for implementing the integration principle
28. MEASURE Evaluation is a MEASURE project funded by the
U.S. Agency for International Development and implemented by
the Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill in partnership with Futures Group International,
ICF Macro, John Snow, Inc., Management Sciences for Health,
and Tulane University. Views expressed in this presentation do not
necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the U.S. Government.
MEASURE Evaluation is the USAID Global Health Bureau's
primary vehicle for supporting improvements in monitoring and
evaluation in population, health and nutrition worldwide.
Hinweis der Redaktion
The definition of integration, what we mean by integration, bogs down the dialogueIt is really an umbrella term for many concepts and operationalizations
Many definitionsDefinition must supersede specific disease areas or health outcomesClient at center as opposed to program or donor prioritiesClient has easy access, perceives seamless care, her/his needs are met
Interventions to improve the continuum of care take place within the health system building blocks, but the health system building blocks do not themselves have to be integrated to improve the continuum of care for the client(Building blocks from WHO, definitions of integration within building blocks mixed from Atun and Mitchell, and this may not be exhaustive and certainly is not definitive)
We propose a systematic approach that will inform operationalization, M&E, and data for decision making.
Many frameworks exist, this is one (MDG 6)and there are others (e.g. Bryce MCH approach to evaluate the scale up for MDGs 4 and 5) These present a series of important questions to be asked when addressing M&E. Namely, we must id the problem, plan the response to the problem, monitor implementation of the response, collect and analyze data that will allow us to revise the response as needed and assess the effectiveness of the response.This is a dynamic process and not just a matter of reporting on indicators and putting together a report.
How would we approach this process for integration? There are several key principles for applying these types of frameworks/processes to integration. This outlines some practical steps that must be taken to appropriately operationalize M&E for integration. Highlight three principles to discuss in greater depth.
Roles of international and national public health community in each of these.
Some useful packages already created (e.g. ANC and to some extent HIV) but others still needed. Not all packages can be implemented in all countries immediately. Priorities determined by country level health needs as evidenced by national plans and targets.
Lack evidence for some may have to rely on expert opinion while evidence is generated for specific packages
Logic model provides a template for integration and coordination. This is a planning document that allows for each stage of implementation (inputs and processes to be planned in terms of coordination/integration roles and responsibilities). This is where the integrated interventions are planned for, with the aim of improving the continuum of care for clientsLogic models describe plausible pathways for causal effects. They are informed by theory and evidence. They lay out a logical expected pathway for activities to influence intermediate outcomes and collectively work toward expected impact.
Common framework adapted to show how the logic model can show the elements of the health care system working together to influence service delivery/care and ultimate health impacts.
Information that allows providers to follow clients health information over time will be important in the case of screening and referrals.
Outcome/impact evaluateions are needed to generate evidence for decision making for program management and scaleup and also for global adaptation and adoption. To understand the benefit of investment in integration must also understand cost effectiveness and Must also understand the ideal interventions within each health building block to maximize the benefits of integration interventions for health
(Re: last bullet: Case studies of on-going integration efforts can help understand what changes have been made to the health system building blocks, uncover other’s ideas about plausible pathways for effects of integrated interventions on client outcomes, build the “integration theory”, tap into the measures they are testing. This information can broadly inform interventions and determine impact evaluation priorities and designs)