3. Gregor Mendel 1822 Austrian monk University of Vienna In charge of the Garden

5. Parts of the plant Female part-carpel (egg) Male part-stamen-pollen (sperm) Fertilization Produces new cell which develops into an embryo and is enclosed by a seed Self-pollinating Contain male and female parts Sperm cell in pollen fertilizes egg cells in flower Offspring inherit all traits of parent True breeding Allowed to self pollinate Tall plant Green seeds Cross Pollination Cut off male parts of one plant so it only had eggs Dusted it with pollen from a different plant

6. Cross Pollination Produces seeds that had two different parents Mendel could now cross bred plants with different parents

9. Terms Gene: chemical factors (sections of DNA) that determine specific traits Trait: a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another. Allelle: different forms of a gene (trait)

10. Genotype: genetic make-up of an organism (the two alleles an organism has inherited from each parent for a trait) Phenotype: physical characteristics or the OBSERVABLE version of the trait

12. Dominant Allele for trait that will be expressed no matter what the other allele is (A) Recessive Allele for a trait that can only be expressed if dominant allele is ABSENT (a) Heterozygous Dominant Organism that has two different alleles for a trait Aa Homozygous (Dominant or Recessive) Organism that has two IDENTICAL alleles for a trait aa or AA

13. Punnett Square Diagram that shows possible genotypes and phenotypes Probablity

24. Punnet Square Hybrids Offspring of crossing two parents with different versions of a trait Ex. Tall with Short; Purple with White Parents are the “P generation” Offspring are the “F1 generation” When two of the F1 plants are crossed, the offspring are referred to as the “F2 generation”

25. Ratios What is a ratio? A comparison between multiple objects Phenotypic ratios Compares the number of different phenotypes for a cross # of Dominant Phenotype : # of Recessive Phenotype Genotypic ratios Compares the number of different genotypes for a cross 3 possibilities # of DD : # of Dd : # of dd Homozygous dominant DD Heterozygous dominant Dd Homozygous recessive dd

26. What are the phenotypes of the F1 generation? Probability of having a green pod? Probability of having a yellow pod? What are the genotypes for the F1 generation? What are the phenotypes of the F2 generation? Probability of having a green pod? Probability of having a yellow pod? What are the genotypes for the F2 generation?

27. Probability Def: The likelihood of an event happening It’s a way to predict the average outcome of a large number of events CANNOT predict the precise outcome of an event only the LIKELIHOOD of the event Flip a coin What is the probability of getting heads? What is the probability of getting tails? If you flip a coin 3 times… What is the probability of getting heads? What is the probability of getting tails?

29. No…

30. One event does not effect another event’s probability

31. If there is a ¼ chance of having a white plant…the chances of having another white plant when crossing the plants again is still ¼

32. What are the chances of having 2 white plants after two fertilizations?