1. SC.912.L.14.7
Plants

2. Plant Overview
 More than 400,000 different species of plants have been identified (and
more are out there!)
 Plants evolved from an organism much like the multicellular ALGAE
we see today
 What are some unique feature to a plant cell???
 Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
 How do plants obtain energy?
 Photosynthesis (to make their food) and then cellular respiration (to actually
get ATP to do all those cool things living organisms do….)
 Grow and develop
 Reproduce
 Maintain Homeostasis
 Evolve
 Obtain and use resources

3. Plant characteristics
 Domain Eukarya
 Kingdom Plantae
 Evolved from unicellular algae
 Multicellular
 Many cells organized into tissues
organized into functioning organs to
make a function organism
 Autotrophic
 They can make their own
food…GLUCOSE!!!
 Use Photosynthesis to do so…

4. Two Major Groups of Plants
VASCULAR Tissue is tissue that transports water and nutrients
in an organism
Plants
Bryophytes Tracheophytes
(non-vascular) (vascular)
Lack specialized tissue Have specialized tissue that
for H2O transport transports H2O and nutrients
Seedless Non- Flowering
plants flowering seed plants
seed plants

5. Bryophytes
 Non-vascular
 No specialized tissue
to carry H2O
 Absorb nutrients
directly from
surroundings
 osmosis
 Examples
 Mosses
 Liverworts
 Hornworts

6. Tracheophytes
 Vascular system
 Transport system between ORGANS
of plant
 roots, stems and leaves
 Plants have different structure and
arrangement of these organs to
adapt to their environment
 Transport water and nutrients all
over=LARGE sizes
 Examples:
 Seedless plants…
 FERNS
 GYMNOSPERMS: Non-flowering
seeded plants
 PINE TREES
 ANGIOSPERMS: Flowering seeded
plants
 DAISYS

7. Vascular
Tissue
 VEINS of the plant (similar to
our blood vessels)
 can move fluids through the
body of a plant, even against
the force of gravity
 XYLEM
 Carries water from the roots
to the stem and leaves
 PHOLEM
 Transports solutions of
nutrients and carbohydrates
made by photosynthesis in
the leaves to all the other
parts of the plant

9. Major Organs of the Plants
 Roots
 Anchor and support plant
 Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
 Store food and water
 Stem
 Transport materials between plants roots and its leaves and
flowers
 Support leaves and flowers
 Some store food and water
 Leaves
 Main organs that carry out photosynthesis
 Many adaptations (size, shape, structure) to help plant survive
 Needles
 Flowers

10. Roots
 2 types
 Taproots
 Single, large root that grows deep
into soil
 Smaller roots branch off main root
 Good at storing food and water
 DICOT plants have taproots
 Examples: Carrots and beets
 Desert plants have very long
taproots…why do you think?
 Fibrous roots
 Does NOT have single main root
 Many small, shallow roots branching
from base of plant
 MONOCOT plants have fibrous roots
 Examples: Grasses

11. Stems
 Connect roots to leaves and
flowers
 TRANSPORT
 Defense against predators and
disease
 Storage of food and water
 POTATOES: modified stems that
store lots of food in form of starch
• WOODY plants (trunk is the stem)
 Trees and shrubs have HARD Stems
 Larger and long life spans
• HERBACEOUS plants
 Plants with green, flexible stems
 Smaller, and shorter life spans

12. Leaves
 Location of Photosynthesis
 Three major structures of leaf
 Petiole- tube like structure that attaches
leaf to stem
 Blade- broad, flat part of leaf
 Veins- tube-like structures that transport
water to leave
 Stomata
 Small, pore-like openings on the
underside of leaves
 Site of TRANSPIRATION
 water
 Site of Gas exchange (respiration)
 Carbon dioxide and oxygen
 Guard cells
 Tiny cells, that control the opening and
closing of the stomata
 Adaptations

14. Leaf Adaptations
 Adaptations
 Pine Needles and Cacti:
needle shaped leaves or
microscopic leaves b/c they
need to prevent water loss
 Rainforest plants: broad, flat
leaves b/c they need to catch
as much light as possible in
shade
 Flowers: modified leaves for
sexual reproduction

15. Major Plant Tissues
 Dermal tissue
 Outer covering of leaves made of epidermal cells
 Waxy “cuticle” and fuzzy appearance of leaves (from tiny projections called
trichomes)
 On roots, this tissue is the roots hairs (increase surface area to increase water
absorption)
 Vascular tissue
 Transport (xylem and phloem)
 Ground tissue
 Tissue made of the cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissue
 Made of cells with many central vacuoles
 In leaves, this tissue is made of cells with many chloroplasts
 Meristematic tissue
 Clusters of tissue that is responsible for continuing growth throughout a plants
lifetime “indeterminate Growth”
 Growth that produces new cells at the tips of a plants roots and stems throughout a
plant’s lifetime
 Made of “undifferentiated” cells…a plants STEM CELLS
 Only part of the plant that produces new cells by mitosis

16. Cambiu
 Plants grow tall from APICAL
MERISTEMS
m
 How do they get wider???
 Secondary Growth
 Method of growth where stem
increase in WIDTH
 Conifers and Dicots
 Secondary growth takes place in:
 Vascular Cambium lateral
meristematic tissue that produces
vascular tissue and increases
thickness of stem (makes wood of a
tree)
 Cork Cambium lateral
meristematic tissue that produces
outer covering of stems (makes bark
of a tree)

17. Plants: Flowers, Fruits
and Cones

18. I’m Sexy and You
Know it!
 Most EVOLVED plants
 Flowering Plants Very Attractive!
 Smell good
 Look pretty
 There is a reason they are used
in courtship
 Reproduce sexually
 Contain both MALE and FEMALE
reproductive parts

19. Flowers
 Angiosperms
 Seed plant that produces a
seed that is enclosed by a fruit
 Fruit develops inside the
flower
 Surround by lots of yummy
Glucose
 Flowers are Modified leaves
 Reproductive Organ of the
Angiosperm
 Attractive color and smells to
attract birds and bees to help
them cross-pollinate =
GENETIC DIEVRSITY!!!

20. Flower
Anatomy
 Pistil (female
parts)
 Stigma
 Style (with pollen
tube)
 Ovary
 Ovule
 Stamen (male
parts)
 Anthers (pollen)
 Filaments

24. Seeds
 Reproductive structure of plant that contains a
plant embryo
 Part of embryo will develop into stem, leaves and
roots of new plant
 In flowering plants, seed also contains food
(glucose=sugar) and protective coat (ie. banana
peel)
 Seed of Angiosperm may have one or two baby
leaves (called cotyledons)
 1 cotyledon= monocot (grasses/grains)
 2 cotyledons= dicot (beans)

25. Fruits
• Pollination transfer of
pollen from the stamen to
the pistil
• When pollen gets into style,
Fertilization of the eggs in
the ovary of the flower
occur
• After fertilization, more
seeds develop in ovary
• Ovary develops into a
protective FRUIT providing
developing seeds with lots
of yummy GLUCOSE!

27. Angiosperms are classified in
Two Categories
Monocots………………..……Dicots

30. Cones
 UNLIKE seeds of flowering plants 
NO protective coating of the embryo
 More sexiness AKA reproduction!
 Gymnosperms
 Conifers (Pine trees) do NOT have
flowers but they do have CONES
 Male
 Pollen cones…pollen carried by wind
 Female
 Ovules under scales

33. Time to Review

34. Plant structure and processes
1. Jenny is comparing the reproductive structures of
different species in the plant kingdom. Which
structures would most useful for determining
angiosperms from gymnosperms?
A. Fruits and cones
B. Anthers and pistils
C. Xylem and phloem
D. Needles and pollen

35. Plant structure and
processes
2. For which important process in the plant physiology
do openings on the undersides of leaves need to be
open?
A. Photosynthesis
B. Phototropism
C. Reproduction
D. Respiration

36. Plant structure and
processes
3. The leaf cells of green plants usually contain thylakoids. The
root cells of green plants do not usually contain these
structures, or contain fewer of them. Which statement best
explains why?
A. Root cells eject organelles to make space for water and
nutrients to pass through the roots.
B. Roots cells are simpler and do not need energy to perform their
specialized functions.
C. Leaf cells are large enough to contain thylakoids, but the root
cells are not.
D. Leaf cells are the primary site for light-dependent chemical
reactions.

37. Plant structure and
processes
4. Which of the following events indicates that a
plant’s reproductive system has successfully carried
out its function?
A. A seed forms.
B. A flower opens.
C. A root system expands.
D. A sprout grows to maturity.

38. Plant structure and
processes
5. Which type of dermal cell has more chloroplasts
than other dermal cells because it has greater energy
needs?
A. Cuticle
B. Guard cells
C. Lower epidermal cells
D. Upper epidermal cells

39. Plant structure and
processes
6. What type of cell is indicated
by label B?
A. An epidermal cell
B. A guard cell A
C. A stomata
D. A nucleus
C
B

40. Plant structure and
processes
7.What is one of the main advantages of asexual
reproduction?
A. It occurs more slowly than sexual reproduction.
B. There is a smaller chance of mutation.
C. The offspring varies from the parent.
D. It creates more genetic variety.

41. Plant structure and
processes
8.Which fact about the apical meristem makes this a good
suggestion? (NNED DIAGRAM)
A. Enzymes in the apical meristem carry out DNA
replication.
B. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of green
plant cells.
C. Auxins produced in the meristem inhibit the growth of
lateral buds.
D. The apical meristem uses triphosphate (ATP) as its
energy source.

42. ANSWERS
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. B