SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 37
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Further Investigations during 20th century
C52H46O10(OCH3)COOH(OH)4CO + H2NRCOOH

C52H46O10(OCH3)COOH(OH)4 C=NRCOOH + H2O
According to Waksman;
1. HS not specific cpds but a mixture of cpds non specific
   nature like cellulose, hemicellulose, fats, waxes etc.
2. Artificial cpds formed by the action of alkali solutions on
   the soil
Waksman in his book “Humus” (1937, page 157)
      There is no doubt now that this complex originates
   mainly from the lignin constituents of plant residues, by
   various biological and chemical modifications; this
   fraction may, therefore, be included in the lignin group
Further Investigations during 20th century
Tyurim (1937) – Book on The Organic Matter of
  Soils – HS specific cpds – methods adopted by
  Waksman to determine humus composition not
  correct and unsuitable

Springer (1934 – 35) also criticized Waksman and
   supported that HS exist as cpds of specific
   nature – Lignoprotein cpds do not acquire new
   properties like increased exchange reactions

Later many scientist showed:
1. Non lignin cpds can form HS in the soil
2. Microbial activity & metabolism play a major role
3. Aromatic cpds formed from aliphatic cpds
   including carbohydrates
Present Stage in Soil Humus Study
  HS Structure, Composition and Properties
  Studied: X ray analysis, Electron Microscopy,
  Infrared Spectroscopy, Chromatography in
  conjunction with chemical methods

HS formation complex transformation – organic &
  biochemical – Role microbes & animal kingdom

Role of SOM in weathering of rocks and minerals,
   Soil Forming Processes, etc being studied

Interaction between SOM and Minerals

Participation in Physiological and Biochemical
   Processes in the plant
Books for Reading

1. Soil Organic Matter, its Nature, its Role in Soil
   formation and in Soil fertility. By kononova, M.
   M. 1966

2. Soil Components Vol.I. Organic Components By
   John E. Gieseking, 1975.

3. Soil Organic Matter By Schnitzer and Khan,
   1978.

4. Soil Organic Matter and its Role in Crop
   Production By Allison

5. Chemistry of the Soil By F. E. Bear

6. Humus By S. A. Waksman
Books for Reading

7. Introduction to Soil Microbiology By Martin
    Alexander

8. Soil Biochemistry By A. D. Mclaren and G. H.
   Peterson, 1967

9. Study work on Soil Organic Matter and Soil
   Fertility By G. H. Peterson

10. Agrosphere – Nutrient Dynamics, Ecology and
   Productivity By K. R. Krishna, 2003.

11. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition and
   Reactions. By Stevenson, F. J., 1982.

12. Cycles of Soil: C, N, P, S and Micronutrients By
   Stevenson, F. J., 1985.
Soil Organic Matter
1. General Types of Organic
   Materials
2. Specific Types of SOM
   Substances and Pools
3. SOM Decomposition
4. Soils and Soil Forming
   Processes
5. Factors and Processes that
   affect SOM Content
Soil Components




*Image via Bing
*Image via Bing
Som lecture 3
Organic Matter (OM) versus Soil Organic
            Matter (SOM)
Organic Matter – (OM) the material of which
organisms are composed. The material may
be alive or dead, and may be found in the
atmosphere, in organisms, or in the water
and soil.
OM may be from plant or animal tissues that
contain C. There are many types of organic
matter, and the C content varies widely.
*Image via Bing
*Image via Bing
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Fraction of the soil composed of anything that once lived

The term "Soil organic matter" (SOM) has been used in different
ways to describe the organic constituents of soil.

SOM as defined by Baldock and Skjemstad (1999) is "all organic
materials found in soils irrespective of origin or state of
decomposition".

Organic matter .is the vast array of carbon compounds in soil.

Originally created by plants, microbes, and other organisms, these
compounds play a variety of roles in nutrient, water, and biological
cycles
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Soil Organic Matter - (SOM) includes all OM fixed in
place on the soil, or already incorporated into the soil.
SOM inputs to the soil are from decomposing plants,
vertebrates, invertebrates and microbes. Leachates from
leaves (through rainfall) and exudates from plants and
animals also added to SOM.
SOM exists in some stage of decomposition.
Decomposition begins as soon as a plant part dies or a
leachate or exudate is released into the soil. In fact, some
leaching of substances from plant parts begin before plant
death, and some roots decompose while the plant is still
alive (grasses).
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Organic matter is the vast array of carbon compounds in soil.
Originally created by plants, microbes, and other organisms, these
compounds play a variety of roles in nutrient, water, and biological
cycles.

Consists of:
plant and animal remains in variable stages of decomposition

Metabolic Products of microbes utilizing organic residues as a
source of energy – root and microbial exudates

Products of secondary synthesis in the form of bacterial plasma

Humus – HS consisting of HA, FA, Humin, Hymatomelanic Acid
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
The first three categories form a group – Consist of N and
non N cpds – CHOs, Proteins, Fats, Waxes, Organic Acids,
Resins etc – Constitute 10 – 15% of SOM

Cpds that did not come under any existing organic
molecules – Nature, Origin and Properties not fully known –
Humic Substances – Constitute 85 – 90% of SOM

Thus SOM has two types of cpds:

1. Organic Substances of non specific nature

2. Natural Humic Substances of specific nature
Humus
 well-decomposed organic material

dark brown, amorphous

stable

poorly characterized chemically

~ 1-5 % of mineral soils
Distribution of humus forms in the soils of four great soil
                        groups
Humus - Structure
•colloids of polymeric nature
•structure: aromatic ring of di- or tri- hydroxy
phenol type
•bridges: -O, -CH2-, -NH-, -N=, -S-
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Proximate Constituents of SOM:

1. Carbohydrates – Mono and Di Sachharides – Cellulose,
   Hemi    cellulose,   Pectins,   Pentosans,   Mannans,
   Polyuronides
2. Fats and Related cpds
3. Proteins and their derivatives –albumins, amino acids,
   amides, Purine, Pyridine and Pyrimidine cpds, Org cpds
   with N
4. Lignin and their derivatives – precursors of lignin –
   Decomposition products
5. Tannins in simple and condensed form
6. Resins and terpenes
7. Organic acids, aromatic cpds, hydrocarbons, alcohol and
   related cpds
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Proximate Constituents of SOM: Shmuk, 1930

1. Carbohydrates – Pentoses, Pentosans, Hexoses, cellulose
   & early decomposition products
2. Hydrocarbons - Paraffin
3. Organic acids – Oxalic acid, Succinic acid etc
4. Alcohols – Mannitol
5. Esters – Glycerides of Caproic and Oleic acid
6. Aldehydes – Vannins, Salicylaldehyde
7. Resins
8. N containing cpds – Argenine, Choline, Creatinine,
   Histidine etc
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Other Proximate Constituents identified:

1. Allantonins – Shorey, 1938
2. Polyuronides – Shorey & Martin, 1932; Waksman &
   Reuszer, 1932; Norman & Bartholomew, 1943
3. Uronic acids – Rudakov and Birkal, 1949
4. Methylglyoxal (CH3COCOH) – Enders, Hibbert, 1942 –
   Primary Structural Element of Protolignins
5. Polysaccharides of Bacterial Origin – Fuller, 1947;
   Forsyth, 1950
6. Amino sugars Glucosamine, Galactosamine – Bremner
   and coworkers, 1954, 58
7. Carbohydrates and Organic acids of low molecular wejght
   – Nagar, 1953 and Martin, 1954
*Image via Bing
                  *Image via Bing
Methylglyoxal




*Image via Bing
What constitutes Soil Organic Matter?
Litter: Macro organic matter (e.g. crop residues) that lies
on the soil surface

Light fraction: Plant residues and their partial
decomposition products that.
 reside within the soil proper

Microbial biomass: Cells of living microorganisms, notably
bacteria,
 actinomycetes, and fungi

Faunal biomass: Tissues of animals (primarily
invertebrates)
What constitutes Soil Organic Matter?

Below ground plant constituents: Primarily roots with
lesser amounts of dead roots and exudates


Water-soluble organics: Organic substances dissolved in
the soil solution


Stable humus: Humified remains of plant and animal tissues
that have become stabilized by microbial and chemical
transformations and/or by association with inorganic soil
components
Organic Constituents of Soil

•Non humic substances

   Lipids (1-6%)
      oSoluble in moderately hydrophobic solvents

   Carbohydrates (5-25%)

      oLow concentrations of free sugars in the soil solution

      oComplex carbohydrates that can be extracted and
      separated from other organic constituents

      oPolymers of various sizes and shapes that are so strongly
      attached to clay and/or humic colloids that they cannot be
      easily isolated, purified, or identified
Organic Constituents of Soil
    Proteins/peptides/amino acids (9-16%)

    Low concentrations of free amino acids in the soil solution

      oAmino acids, peptides, and proteins bound to clay minerals and
      humic colloids

      oMucopeptides and teichoic acids originating from bacterial cell
      walls

    Other (trace)

•Humic substances (up to 80%)

    Most active fraction of humus

    Series of highly acidic, yellow-to black-colored, polyeloctrolytes call
   humic and fulvic acids
Components of Soil Organic Matter




Soils with high organic matter content are the most productive, store
         more water and contribute to a better environment.


   The Soil Biology Primer (Chapter 1): By Elaine R. Ingham and Small Organisms in the Soil Affect the Environment in
   Big Ways: www.iaswcd.org                                                                                      29
*Image via Bing
Composition of Soil Organic Matter
Hyphae Associated with Organic matter
Soil Organic Matter Content of Indian Soils
Soil Type           Range       Representative
                                   Values
Black Soil        0.7 – 4.31         1.39

Red Soil          1.3 – 4.12         1.14

Laterite Soil     0.23 – 6.29        1.88

Alluvial Soil     0.28 – 3.18        0.95
Soil Organic Matter Content of Mineral Soils
Alfisol            0.8 – 6.5        3.0

Aridisol           0.2 – 1.7        1.0

Histosol           20 – 98         80.0

Mollisol           1.5 – 6.5        4.0

Oxisol             1.5 – 5.0        3.0

Spodosol           1.5 – 5.0        3.5

Vertisol           1.5 – 3.0        2.0
Som lecture 3
SOM versus Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)
1. OM in not made up entirely of OC, there are
   other substances that make up about 40% of the
   weight.

2. % SOC x 1.724 = % SOM

3. % SOM x 0.58 = % SOC

4. The Van Bemmelen conversion factor is an
   average: The actual range in nature is between
   0.2 and 3.0.
Total Soil C versus SOC
 Total Soil C = Soil Inorganic C + Soil Organic Carbon


 Soil inorganic carbon is most common in semiarid and arid
 regions, but is also found in the eastern USA.

 The main sources of inorganic C is from CaCO3 (a.k.a. calcite
 or lime) as calcareous dust fall, from weathering of
 limestone    and    concrete,     agricultural   application,
 construction in cities, traffic on gravel roads, exposure of
 unweathered calcareous rock in mine spoil and pits, and
 from marl formation in wetland soils by periphyton algae
 in/under calcium-rich waters.

 We directly measure total C by combustion at 550 C, then
 subtract the content of inorganic C measured by CO2
 evolution to get the organic carbon portion.    37

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Chemical properties of soil
Chemical properties of soil Chemical properties of soil
Chemical properties of soil Mahmudul Hasan
 
Acid soil and it's reclamation
Acid soil and it's reclamationAcid soil and it's reclamation
Acid soil and it's reclamationDeependra Gupta
 
Transformations and dynamics of potassium
Transformations and dynamics of potassiumTransformations and dynamics of potassium
Transformations and dynamics of potassiumSushmitaGarg1
 
organo clay studies
organo clay studies organo clay studies
organo clay studies Sankhadip Das
 
Chemistry and physics of submerged soil
Chemistry and physics of submerged soilChemistry and physics of submerged soil
Chemistry and physics of submerged soilAnandhan Ctry
 
Process of humus formation
Process of humus formationProcess of humus formation
Process of humus formationIGKV
 
Soil Organic Matter.pptx
Soil Organic Matter.pptxSoil Organic Matter.pptx
Soil Organic Matter.pptxRavitaSaini3
 
Acid soil and their management
Acid soil and their managementAcid soil and their management
Acid soil and their managementAbhilash Panju
 
Sources of charges in soil
Sources of charges in soilSources of charges in soil
Sources of charges in soilMahiiKarthii
 
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...MohanSahu35
 
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of Science
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of ScienceSoil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of Science
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of ScienceExternalEvents
 
sulfur fertilizer source and forms
sulfur fertilizer source and formssulfur fertilizer source and forms
sulfur fertilizer source and formschandrahas sahu
 
Soil acidity
Soil aciditySoil acidity
Soil acidityjbgruver
 
Saline And Sodic Soils
Saline And Sodic SoilsSaline And Sodic Soils
Saline And Sodic SoilsUNLU2008
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Chemical properties of soil
Chemical properties of soil Chemical properties of soil
Chemical properties of soil
 
Acid soil and it's reclamation
Acid soil and it's reclamationAcid soil and it's reclamation
Acid soil and it's reclamation
 
Transformations and dynamics of potassium
Transformations and dynamics of potassiumTransformations and dynamics of potassium
Transformations and dynamics of potassium
 
organo clay studies
organo clay studies organo clay studies
organo clay studies
 
Chemistry and physics of submerged soil
Chemistry and physics of submerged soilChemistry and physics of submerged soil
Chemistry and physics of submerged soil
 
Process of humus formation
Process of humus formationProcess of humus formation
Process of humus formation
 
Soil Organic Matter.pptx
Soil Organic Matter.pptxSoil Organic Matter.pptx
Soil Organic Matter.pptx
 
SULPHUR IN SOIL AND ITS MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION
SULPHUR IN SOIL AND ITS MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONSULPHUR IN SOIL AND ITS MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION
SULPHUR IN SOIL AND ITS MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION
 
Acid soil and their management
Acid soil and their managementAcid soil and their management
Acid soil and their management
 
Sources of charges in soil
Sources of charges in soilSources of charges in soil
Sources of charges in soil
 
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...
 
Soil colloids
Soil colloidsSoil colloids
Soil colloids
 
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of Science
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of ScienceSoil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of Science
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of Science
 
Soil health an overview
Soil health an overviewSoil health an overview
Soil health an overview
 
Soil fertility
Soil fertilitySoil fertility
Soil fertility
 
sulfur fertilizer source and forms
sulfur fertilizer source and formssulfur fertilizer source and forms
sulfur fertilizer source and forms
 
Soil forming processes
Soil forming processesSoil forming processes
Soil forming processes
 
Factors of soil formation
Factors of soil formationFactors of soil formation
Factors of soil formation
 
Soil acidity
Soil aciditySoil acidity
Soil acidity
 
Saline And Sodic Soils
Saline And Sodic SoilsSaline And Sodic Soils
Saline And Sodic Soils
 

Andere mochten auch

Cyprus Debt. The perfect crisis and a way forward
Cyprus Debt. The perfect crisis and a way forwardCyprus Debt. The perfect crisis and a way forward
Cyprus Debt. The perfect crisis and a way forwardStavros A. Zenios
 
Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...
Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...
Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...IJERD Editor
 
Organic geochemistry
Organic geochemistryOrganic geochemistry
Organic geochemistryKareem Bakr
 
Ecology notes ppt
Ecology notes pptEcology notes ppt
Ecology notes pptfarrellw
 

Andere mochten auch (6)

Cyprus Debt. The perfect crisis and a way forward
Cyprus Debt. The perfect crisis and a way forwardCyprus Debt. The perfect crisis and a way forward
Cyprus Debt. The perfect crisis and a way forward
 
Soil physical constraints
Soil physical constraintsSoil physical constraints
Soil physical constraints
 
Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...
Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...
Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...
 
Som2015
Som2015Som2015
Som2015
 
Organic geochemistry
Organic geochemistryOrganic geochemistry
Organic geochemistry
 
Ecology notes ppt
Ecology notes pptEcology notes ppt
Ecology notes ppt
 

Ähnlich wie Som lecture 3

HUMUS - A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE SOIL.pptx
HUMUS - A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE SOIL.pptxHUMUS - A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE SOIL.pptx
HUMUS - A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE SOIL.pptxVanangamudiK1
 
organic matter decomposition
organic matter decompositionorganic matter decomposition
organic matter decompositionAlia Najiha
 
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1.5 -STUDY OF SOIL
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1.5 -STUDY OF SOILPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1.5 -STUDY OF SOIL
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1.5 -STUDY OF SOILshahzadebaujiti
 
Pencemaran Tanah.pptx
Pencemaran Tanah.pptxPencemaran Tanah.pptx
Pencemaran Tanah.pptxWindyaKuliah
 
Organisms and Environment - Part I
Organisms and Environment - Part IOrganisms and Environment - Part I
Organisms and Environment - Part IEdnexa
 
Petroleum formation and petroleum forming environment
Petroleum formation and petroleum forming environmentPetroleum formation and petroleum forming environment
Petroleum formation and petroleum forming environmentSubhasis Pal
 
Organic manures characteristics By Allah Dad Khan
Organic manures characteristics  By Allah Dad Khan Organic manures characteristics  By Allah Dad Khan
Organic manures characteristics By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
 
Soil Fertility, Fertilizer, and Fertiizization. Chapter 5 THE OM AND SOM
Soil Fertility, Fertilizer, and Fertiizization. Chapter 5 THE OM AND SOMSoil Fertility, Fertilizer, and Fertiizization. Chapter 5 THE OM AND SOM
Soil Fertility, Fertilizer, and Fertiizization. Chapter 5 THE OM AND SOMPurwandaru Widyasunu
 
Ecosystem Ecology by Salman Saeed
Ecosystem Ecology by Salman SaeedEcosystem Ecology by Salman Saeed
Ecosystem Ecology by Salman SaeedSalman Saeed
 
BioGeoChemical Cycles
BioGeoChemical CyclesBioGeoChemical Cycles
BioGeoChemical CyclesDan Dame
 

Ähnlich wie Som lecture 3 (20)

Chemical properties of soils
Chemical properties of soilsChemical properties of soils
Chemical properties of soils
 
Chapter-6.pptx
Chapter-6.pptxChapter-6.pptx
Chapter-6.pptx
 
HUMUS - A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE SOIL.pptx
HUMUS - A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE SOIL.pptxHUMUS - A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE SOIL.pptx
HUMUS - A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE SOIL.pptx
 
Dr. G. D. Satpute As A Resourse Person.pptx
Dr. G. D. Satpute As A Resourse Person.pptxDr. G. D. Satpute As A Resourse Person.pptx
Dr. G. D. Satpute As A Resourse Person.pptx
 
organic matter decomposition
organic matter decompositionorganic matter decomposition
organic matter decomposition
 
Sol biology and_som
Sol biology and_somSol biology and_som
Sol biology and_som
 
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1.5 -STUDY OF SOIL
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1.5 -STUDY OF SOILPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1.5 -STUDY OF SOIL
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1.5 -STUDY OF SOIL
 
Circulation Of Nutrients
Circulation Of NutrientsCirculation Of Nutrients
Circulation Of Nutrients
 
Soil Organic Matter.pptx
Soil Organic Matter.pptxSoil Organic Matter.pptx
Soil Organic Matter.pptx
 
Pencemaran Tanah.pptx
Pencemaran Tanah.pptxPencemaran Tanah.pptx
Pencemaran Tanah.pptx
 
Soil microbiology
Soil microbiology Soil microbiology
Soil microbiology
 
Organisms and Environment - Part I
Organisms and Environment - Part IOrganisms and Environment - Part I
Organisms and Environment - Part I
 
lec17.pdf
lec17.pdflec17.pdf
lec17.pdf
 
Soil resource
Soil resourceSoil resource
Soil resource
 
Petroleum formation and petroleum forming environment
Petroleum formation and petroleum forming environmentPetroleum formation and petroleum forming environment
Petroleum formation and petroleum forming environment
 
Edaphic Factor
Edaphic FactorEdaphic Factor
Edaphic Factor
 
Organic manures characteristics By Allah Dad Khan
Organic manures characteristics  By Allah Dad Khan Organic manures characteristics  By Allah Dad Khan
Organic manures characteristics By Allah Dad Khan
 
Soil Fertility, Fertilizer, and Fertiizization. Chapter 5 THE OM AND SOM
Soil Fertility, Fertilizer, and Fertiizization. Chapter 5 THE OM AND SOMSoil Fertility, Fertilizer, and Fertiizization. Chapter 5 THE OM AND SOM
Soil Fertility, Fertilizer, and Fertiizization. Chapter 5 THE OM AND SOM
 
Ecosystem Ecology by Salman Saeed
Ecosystem Ecology by Salman SaeedEcosystem Ecology by Salman Saeed
Ecosystem Ecology by Salman Saeed
 
BioGeoChemical Cycles
BioGeoChemical CyclesBioGeoChemical Cycles
BioGeoChemical Cycles
 

Mehr von Dhakshinamoorthy Maikandadevan (9)

Leadership qualities
Leadership qualitiesLeadership qualities
Leadership qualities
 
Som lecture 2
Som lecture 2Som lecture 2
Som lecture 2
 
Som lecture 1
Som lecture 1Som lecture 1
Som lecture 1
 
Lessons from Long Term Fertilizer Experiments
Lessons from Long Term Fertilizer ExperimentsLessons from Long Term Fertilizer Experiments
Lessons from Long Term Fertilizer Experiments
 
Fertilizer use efficiency
Fertilizer use efficiencyFertilizer use efficiency
Fertilizer use efficiency
 
Innovative production technologies for maximizing rice productivity and profit
Innovative production technologies for maximizing rice productivity and profitInnovative production technologies for maximizing rice productivity and profit
Innovative production technologies for maximizing rice productivity and profit
 
Soil Water Plant Relationships
Soil Water Plant RelationshipsSoil Water Plant Relationships
Soil Water Plant Relationships
 
Soil degradation
Soil degradationSoil degradation
Soil degradation
 
Agricultural Research - Opportunities and Challenges
Agricultural Research - Opportunities and ChallengesAgricultural Research - Opportunities and Challenges
Agricultural Research - Opportunities and Challenges
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 

Som lecture 3

  • 1. Further Investigations during 20th century C52H46O10(OCH3)COOH(OH)4CO + H2NRCOOH C52H46O10(OCH3)COOH(OH)4 C=NRCOOH + H2O According to Waksman; 1. HS not specific cpds but a mixture of cpds non specific nature like cellulose, hemicellulose, fats, waxes etc. 2. Artificial cpds formed by the action of alkali solutions on the soil Waksman in his book “Humus” (1937, page 157) There is no doubt now that this complex originates mainly from the lignin constituents of plant residues, by various biological and chemical modifications; this fraction may, therefore, be included in the lignin group
  • 2. Further Investigations during 20th century Tyurim (1937) – Book on The Organic Matter of Soils – HS specific cpds – methods adopted by Waksman to determine humus composition not correct and unsuitable Springer (1934 – 35) also criticized Waksman and supported that HS exist as cpds of specific nature – Lignoprotein cpds do not acquire new properties like increased exchange reactions Later many scientist showed: 1. Non lignin cpds can form HS in the soil 2. Microbial activity & metabolism play a major role 3. Aromatic cpds formed from aliphatic cpds including carbohydrates
  • 3. Present Stage in Soil Humus Study HS Structure, Composition and Properties Studied: X ray analysis, Electron Microscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy, Chromatography in conjunction with chemical methods HS formation complex transformation – organic & biochemical – Role microbes & animal kingdom Role of SOM in weathering of rocks and minerals, Soil Forming Processes, etc being studied Interaction between SOM and Minerals Participation in Physiological and Biochemical Processes in the plant
  • 4. Books for Reading 1. Soil Organic Matter, its Nature, its Role in Soil formation and in Soil fertility. By kononova, M. M. 1966 2. Soil Components Vol.I. Organic Components By John E. Gieseking, 1975. 3. Soil Organic Matter By Schnitzer and Khan, 1978. 4. Soil Organic Matter and its Role in Crop Production By Allison 5. Chemistry of the Soil By F. E. Bear 6. Humus By S. A. Waksman
  • 5. Books for Reading 7. Introduction to Soil Microbiology By Martin Alexander 8. Soil Biochemistry By A. D. Mclaren and G. H. Peterson, 1967 9. Study work on Soil Organic Matter and Soil Fertility By G. H. Peterson 10. Agrosphere – Nutrient Dynamics, Ecology and Productivity By K. R. Krishna, 2003. 11. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition and Reactions. By Stevenson, F. J., 1982. 12. Cycles of Soil: C, N, P, S and Micronutrients By Stevenson, F. J., 1985.
  • 6. Soil Organic Matter 1. General Types of Organic Materials 2. Specific Types of SOM Substances and Pools 3. SOM Decomposition 4. Soils and Soil Forming Processes 5. Factors and Processes that affect SOM Content
  • 10. Organic Matter (OM) versus Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Organic Matter – (OM) the material of which organisms are composed. The material may be alive or dead, and may be found in the atmosphere, in organisms, or in the water and soil. OM may be from plant or animal tissues that contain C. There are many types of organic matter, and the C content varies widely.
  • 13. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER Fraction of the soil composed of anything that once lived The term "Soil organic matter" (SOM) has been used in different ways to describe the organic constituents of soil. SOM as defined by Baldock and Skjemstad (1999) is "all organic materials found in soils irrespective of origin or state of decomposition". Organic matter .is the vast array of carbon compounds in soil. Originally created by plants, microbes, and other organisms, these compounds play a variety of roles in nutrient, water, and biological cycles
  • 14. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER Soil Organic Matter - (SOM) includes all OM fixed in place on the soil, or already incorporated into the soil. SOM inputs to the soil are from decomposing plants, vertebrates, invertebrates and microbes. Leachates from leaves (through rainfall) and exudates from plants and animals also added to SOM. SOM exists in some stage of decomposition. Decomposition begins as soon as a plant part dies or a leachate or exudate is released into the soil. In fact, some leaching of substances from plant parts begin before plant death, and some roots decompose while the plant is still alive (grasses).
  • 15. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER Organic matter is the vast array of carbon compounds in soil. Originally created by plants, microbes, and other organisms, these compounds play a variety of roles in nutrient, water, and biological cycles. Consists of: plant and animal remains in variable stages of decomposition Metabolic Products of microbes utilizing organic residues as a source of energy – root and microbial exudates Products of secondary synthesis in the form of bacterial plasma Humus – HS consisting of HA, FA, Humin, Hymatomelanic Acid
  • 16. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER The first three categories form a group – Consist of N and non N cpds – CHOs, Proteins, Fats, Waxes, Organic Acids, Resins etc – Constitute 10 – 15% of SOM Cpds that did not come under any existing organic molecules – Nature, Origin and Properties not fully known – Humic Substances – Constitute 85 – 90% of SOM Thus SOM has two types of cpds: 1. Organic Substances of non specific nature 2. Natural Humic Substances of specific nature
  • 17. Humus  well-decomposed organic material dark brown, amorphous stable poorly characterized chemically ~ 1-5 % of mineral soils
  • 18. Distribution of humus forms in the soils of four great soil groups
  • 19. Humus - Structure •colloids of polymeric nature •structure: aromatic ring of di- or tri- hydroxy phenol type •bridges: -O, -CH2-, -NH-, -N=, -S-
  • 20. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER Proximate Constituents of SOM: 1. Carbohydrates – Mono and Di Sachharides – Cellulose, Hemi cellulose, Pectins, Pentosans, Mannans, Polyuronides 2. Fats and Related cpds 3. Proteins and their derivatives –albumins, amino acids, amides, Purine, Pyridine and Pyrimidine cpds, Org cpds with N 4. Lignin and their derivatives – precursors of lignin – Decomposition products 5. Tannins in simple and condensed form 6. Resins and terpenes 7. Organic acids, aromatic cpds, hydrocarbons, alcohol and related cpds
  • 21. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER Proximate Constituents of SOM: Shmuk, 1930 1. Carbohydrates – Pentoses, Pentosans, Hexoses, cellulose & early decomposition products 2. Hydrocarbons - Paraffin 3. Organic acids – Oxalic acid, Succinic acid etc 4. Alcohols – Mannitol 5. Esters – Glycerides of Caproic and Oleic acid 6. Aldehydes – Vannins, Salicylaldehyde 7. Resins 8. N containing cpds – Argenine, Choline, Creatinine, Histidine etc
  • 22. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER Other Proximate Constituents identified: 1. Allantonins – Shorey, 1938 2. Polyuronides – Shorey & Martin, 1932; Waksman & Reuszer, 1932; Norman & Bartholomew, 1943 3. Uronic acids – Rudakov and Birkal, 1949 4. Methylglyoxal (CH3COCOH) – Enders, Hibbert, 1942 – Primary Structural Element of Protolignins 5. Polysaccharides of Bacterial Origin – Fuller, 1947; Forsyth, 1950 6. Amino sugars Glucosamine, Galactosamine – Bremner and coworkers, 1954, 58 7. Carbohydrates and Organic acids of low molecular wejght – Nagar, 1953 and Martin, 1954
  • 23. *Image via Bing *Image via Bing
  • 25. What constitutes Soil Organic Matter? Litter: Macro organic matter (e.g. crop residues) that lies on the soil surface Light fraction: Plant residues and their partial decomposition products that. reside within the soil proper Microbial biomass: Cells of living microorganisms, notably bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi Faunal biomass: Tissues of animals (primarily invertebrates)
  • 26. What constitutes Soil Organic Matter? Below ground plant constituents: Primarily roots with lesser amounts of dead roots and exudates Water-soluble organics: Organic substances dissolved in the soil solution Stable humus: Humified remains of plant and animal tissues that have become stabilized by microbial and chemical transformations and/or by association with inorganic soil components
  • 27. Organic Constituents of Soil •Non humic substances Lipids (1-6%) oSoluble in moderately hydrophobic solvents Carbohydrates (5-25%) oLow concentrations of free sugars in the soil solution oComplex carbohydrates that can be extracted and separated from other organic constituents oPolymers of various sizes and shapes that are so strongly attached to clay and/or humic colloids that they cannot be easily isolated, purified, or identified
  • 28. Organic Constituents of Soil Proteins/peptides/amino acids (9-16%) Low concentrations of free amino acids in the soil solution oAmino acids, peptides, and proteins bound to clay minerals and humic colloids oMucopeptides and teichoic acids originating from bacterial cell walls Other (trace) •Humic substances (up to 80%) Most active fraction of humus Series of highly acidic, yellow-to black-colored, polyeloctrolytes call humic and fulvic acids
  • 29. Components of Soil Organic Matter Soils with high organic matter content are the most productive, store more water and contribute to a better environment. The Soil Biology Primer (Chapter 1): By Elaine R. Ingham and Small Organisms in the Soil Affect the Environment in Big Ways: www.iaswcd.org 29
  • 31. Composition of Soil Organic Matter
  • 32. Hyphae Associated with Organic matter
  • 33. Soil Organic Matter Content of Indian Soils Soil Type Range Representative Values Black Soil 0.7 – 4.31 1.39 Red Soil 1.3 – 4.12 1.14 Laterite Soil 0.23 – 6.29 1.88 Alluvial Soil 0.28 – 3.18 0.95
  • 34. Soil Organic Matter Content of Mineral Soils Alfisol 0.8 – 6.5 3.0 Aridisol 0.2 – 1.7 1.0 Histosol 20 – 98 80.0 Mollisol 1.5 – 6.5 4.0 Oxisol 1.5 – 5.0 3.0 Spodosol 1.5 – 5.0 3.5 Vertisol 1.5 – 3.0 2.0
  • 36. SOM versus Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) 1. OM in not made up entirely of OC, there are other substances that make up about 40% of the weight. 2. % SOC x 1.724 = % SOM 3. % SOM x 0.58 = % SOC 4. The Van Bemmelen conversion factor is an average: The actual range in nature is between 0.2 and 3.0.
  • 37. Total Soil C versus SOC  Total Soil C = Soil Inorganic C + Soil Organic Carbon  Soil inorganic carbon is most common in semiarid and arid regions, but is also found in the eastern USA.  The main sources of inorganic C is from CaCO3 (a.k.a. calcite or lime) as calcareous dust fall, from weathering of limestone and concrete, agricultural application, construction in cities, traffic on gravel roads, exposure of unweathered calcareous rock in mine spoil and pits, and from marl formation in wetland soils by periphyton algae in/under calcium-rich waters.  We directly measure total C by combustion at 550 C, then subtract the content of inorganic C measured by CO2 evolution to get the organic carbon portion. 37