We didn't talk about these slides in class, but they might be useful for your responses. Going through them will give you a better understanding of the Reformation (new religious leaders challenging the Pope's power), the Printing Press, and new philosophers.

2. The Protestant Reformation 1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses 1534 - Act of Supremacy 1555 - Peace of Augsburg

3. Martin Luther Planned to be a lawyer Religious conversion to Augustinian monk Theology teacher at university of Wittenberg “The just shall live by faith.” Romans (1:17) Justification by faith Johann Tetzel Indulgence controversy 95 Theses Diet of Worms

4. Lutheranism “Justification by faith” “Sola scriptura” Baptism and holy communion Priesthood of believers German translation of Bible Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy

5. Lutheranism Peasants’ Revolt Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Diet of Augsburg Peace of Augsburg German prince right to determine religion of his state Lutheran or Roman Catholic No recognition of Calvinists or Anabaptists Lutheranism dominant in northern Germany and Scandinavia

6. Calvinism Ulrich Zwingli Humanist and Catholic priest Sacraments only symbolic ceremonies Rejected celibacy of clergy Emphasized simplicity in worship Killed by Catholic forces John Calvin Protestant Exile in Geneva Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination Salvation by election Puritanism Theocracy

7. Spread of Calvinism Switzerland France Huguenots John Knox Presbyterians England Puritans Netherlands Max Weber’s theory of the “Protestant work ethic”

8. Anglicanism King Henry VIII Divorce of Catherine of Aragon Thomas Cramner Act of Supremacy King head of Church of England Six Articles No papal supremacy Sold monasteries Supported by English people Papal taxes “Babylonian Captivity” Monastic land Execution of Thomas More Edward VI 42 Articles More Protestant Cramner’s Book of Common Prayer Bloody Mary Executed Cramner Married Philip II Elizabeth I Last Tudor 39 Articles Opposition Pilgrims - Separatists Mary Queen of Scots Philip II

9. Anabaptism Radicals of the PR Rejection of infant baptism Active in Peasants’ Revolt Thomas Munzer John of Leyden Menno Simons Mennonites

10. Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22 CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS 1. In 1517, Luther posts his 95 Theses on the church doors at Wittenberg. Luther attacks a monk named Tetzel for selling indulgences. Luther’s words are printed and spread all over Germany and attract many followers. Above: The church doors At Luther’s church in Wittenberg. Other pics, Wittenberg, 2002. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

11. Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22 CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS The peace settlement ended the war and allowed the ruler of each German state to decide his own state’s religious preference. Charles V fought a 20 year war against the German Protestant princes and defeated them in 1547. But he could not force them to remain in the Catholic Church. The Peace of Augsburg is signed in 1555. Martin Luther continued his writings and lectures until his death in 1546. In 1525 Luther had married a former nun named Katharine von Bora. She bore him eight children and outlived him by six years. Charles V Holy Roman Emperor Even today, unlike Catholic priests who take a vow of celibacy, ministers in Protestant churches can get married. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

12. England becomes Protestant - Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23 CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS 5. English Parliament approves the Act of Supremacy in 1534. Henry closes all English monasteries; seizes their lands and other Catholic holdings in England; thereby increasing his royal power, as well as his own personal wealth. Henry VIII needed to annul his marriage to Catherine so he could remarry in order to get a male heir. The Pope would not allow. So Henry calls Parliament into session and passes the Act of Supremacy. The Act of Supremacy made the ruler of England the official head of the Church of England – no longer the Catholic Pope. Today, the Act of Supremacy remains in effect – Queen Elizabeth II of England is officially the head of the Anglican Church. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

13. Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22 CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS 2. In 1520, Luther refuses to recant at Worms and is excommunicated. In 1521, he is declared an outlaw and heretic. Luther is sheltered by the prince of Saxony where he translates Bible into German. When he returns to Wittenberg, his followers have become a separate religious group – the Lutherans. The Pope realizes Luther is a threat to papal authority. The H.R.E., is a devout Catholic, and also feels threatened by the uproar. Charles V Holy Roman Emperor SAXONY Frederick, Prince of Saxony offered protection to Luther Martin Luther Pope Leo X

14. Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22 CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS Excited by Luther’s talk about “religious freedom,” peasants revolt hoping for social / economic freedom (an end to serfdom). When the armies of German princes (at Luther’s request) brutally crush this revolt (killing thousands), previous supporters now turn against Luther. 3. The German peasants revolt in 1524. Religious Wars begin between Catholics and Protestants.

17. Renaissance Ideas Spread to Northern Europe; Text, p. 427; Packet p. 18 Since antiquity it had been scribes and later, monks in the Medieval period, who copied all manuscripts by hand … UNTIL … Johann Gutenberg invented a “printing press” – or, the technique of printing from movable blocks of type letters. Gutenberg was a 15th-century German craftsman, inventor, and printer. He used hand-set type cast in molds to print multiple copies of manuscripts. Copying now became mechanized and much faster. The invention of movable-type printing facilitated an easier exchange of ideas throughout Europe and helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

18. Renaissance Ideas Spread to Northern Europe; Text, p. 427; Packet p. 18 Johann Gutenberg invented a “printing press” – or, the technique of printing from movable blocks of type letters. Gutenberg's invention did not make him rich, but it laid the foundation for the first commercial mass production of books. The success of printing meant that books soon became cheaper, and the previously uneducated lower classes of the population could now afford them and it inspired them to learn to read, increasing literacy. More than ever before, it spread news more quickly and enabled people to follow debates and discussions of matters that concerned them. Consequently, the printed book also led to more stringent attempts at censorship. This was a sign that it was felt by those in authority to be dangerous and challenging to their position. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

19. Renaissance Ideas Spread to Northern Europe; Text, p. 427; Packet p. 18 Johann Gutenberg invented a “printing press” – or, the technique of printing from movable blocks of type letters. It is said that other great historical events such as the Protestant Reformation of the 1500s, the Scientific Age of Enlightenment of the 1600s, and the French Revolution in the 1700s would likely have not been such transforming forces had it not been for the invention of the printing press. Explain why historians would make such an assertion. The Gutenberg Bible – one of only 5 existing copies, purchased by the University of Texas Harry Ransom Center museum in 1978. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

21. Northern Writers Try to Reform Society; Text, p. 425; Packet p. 18 “Northern Renaissance writers also adopted the ideas of Humanism... however, some gave it a more religious slant.” Textbook, p.425 6. Desiderius Erasmus – a Christian humanist, wrote “The Praise of Folly” which poked fun at people’s human flaws such as greedy merchants, arrogant priests, etc. He believed mankind could improve society by reading the Bible and that Christianity was about “the heart” and not a bunch of “rules and ceremonies” done in Church. Examining a Primary Source: “In Praise of Folly,” packet p. 17a – 17b Erasmus was from the Dutch region of Holland and received many honors in his lifetime. He was often critical of the “mindless” rituals Christians performed during church services and their ignorance about the actual Bible itself. “It is the chief point of happiness when a man is willing to be what he is - not what others would have him be.” ~ Erasmus, 1527. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

22. Northern Writers Try to Reform Society; Text, p. 425; Packet p. 18 7. Thomas More – an English humanist concerned about society’s problems. He wrote “Utopia,” about an ideal model of society. Utopia is Greek for “no place” – More’s sense of humor is shown since this perfect society he gives this name to clearly did not exist. More served as Speaker in the House of Commons and Lord Chancellor during the reign of King Henry VIII of England. When Henry began his plan to separate the Church of England from the Catholic Pope, More defended Catholicism and the struggle with his king would lead eventually to his trial for treason and his beheading in 1535 at the Tower of London. The events are dramatized in a classic film entitled “A Man for All Seasons.” Statue of More in Chelsea, London PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

23. The Inventor: Johannes Gutenberg Germany He was born around the year 1400, perhaps as early as 1394, probably in Mainz, and trained as a goldsmith. His family later settled in Strasbourg."Gutenberg, Johannes."Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2001. © 1993-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

24. How it works: Invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450, the printing press made the mass publication and circulation of literature possible. Derived from the presses farmers used to make olive oil, the first printing press used a heavy screw to force a printing block against the paper below. An operator worked a lever to increase and decrease the pressure of the block against the paper. "Early Printing Press."Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2001. © 1993-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

25. How it works: As a goldsmith he had cut letters and symbols into precious metals and into wax to form molds to cast jewelry. It is unknown exactly how he conceived of casting letters for printing. However, the concept of "mirror' images was common knowledge. Gutenberg's casting process involved first cutting a letter by hand in reverse on a piece of hard metal, then punching the letter shape into a soft copper mold to form a die called a matrix. He next needed a suitable metal to cast in the matrix. He experimented with pewter hardened with large quantities of antimony, but the mixture shrank when it cooled and pulled away from the matrix. The letters formed were imperfect.

26. How it works: Gutenberg's most notable work, a forty-two-line-a-page Bible, was begun in 1452 and completed by 1455. Each page contained around 2,800 characters. Two pages were printed at the same time, 50 5,600 pieces of type were needed to make each two-page printing. It was the practice for the next two pages to be composed during the press run of the current two, so at least 11,200 letters were needed to even begin printing. Working a normal workday (twelve hours), it took two craftsmen more than thirty-seven workdays just to prepare the initial type. At this rate, more than three years were needed to complete just two hundred copies of Gutenberg's Bible.

27. How it changed society: In three decades, printing spread across Europe where it became one of the chief means by which the Renaissance, the humanist re-birth of interest in learning and the classics, was transmitted from culture to culture.

28. How it changed society: In time the printed book became a means of political revolution, the necessary technological corollary for the rise of the vernacular (ie. non-Latin) as a vehicle for literary texts, and the larger democratic revolutions of the eighteenth century.

29. How it changed society: Much of the language of modern printing comes from the craft of foundry type composition developed by Gutenberg and his workers more than five hundred years ago. Terms such as 'form," "leading," "uppercase," "lowercase," "type size, impression," and "make-ready" originated with Gutenberg. All printers today owe the hundreds of early craftsmen who followed Gutenberg in the tradition of hand-set foundry type and gave us both a language and an art.

30. Erasmus Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible “I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated . . . As if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it” The Praise of Folly Used humor to show the immoral and ignorant behavior of people, including the clergy. He felt people would be open minded and be kind to others.

31. Sir Thomas More English Humanist Wrote: Utopia A book about a perfect society Believed men and women live in harmony. No private property, no one is lazy, all people are educated and the justice system is used to end crime instead of executing criminals.