openness

openness

Image: CC-BY-NC http://www.flickr.com/photos/29998767@N07/2807176376/

outline
intro to openness
open education
learning objects to OER
history
definition
motivations for openness
media issues
licensing
sustainability
examples

14th century

Image: Laurentius de Voltolina (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg)
David Wiley (2011) http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/open-education-7608981

printing press – 15th century

image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Printer_in_1568-ce.png

15th century

Image: Laurentius de Voltolina (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg)

If the Book Didn’t Change Education

Can the internet?
Can openness?


openness is not binary

image: cc-by-nc Some rights reserved
http://www.flickr.com/photos/deadhorse/367716072/

openness is a continuum

image: cc-by Some rights reserved by Hermés
http://www.flickr.com/photos/hermes-/125161447/in/photostream/

open

image: cc-by-nc Some rights reserved
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mandj98/5098020700/

open

image: cc-by-sa-nc Some rights reserved
http://www.flickr.com/photos/abennett96/2425831211/

what is
open education?

when did open education
movement start?

open education is……….
Open licensing
Open source
Open content
OpenCourseWare (OCW)
Open educational resources (OER)
Open access
Open data
Open science
Open teaching
Open business models
Open policy
Open____????

iterating toward openness pragmatism over zeal – David Wiley (2011)
http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2080

what is an open university?
“Open to all: what we mean by open admissions

Nearly all of our undergraduate courses have no formal
entry requirements, either prior qualifications or
experience. We allow people who have missed out on
education to fulfill their potential and achieve a
university-level qualification.

We believe that it is the qualifications with which our
students leave, rather than those with which they
enter, that count.”

The Open University, UK (planning began 1965 – first
students 1971) http://www.open.ac.uk/

what is an open university?
Athabasca University, Canada’s Open University, is
dedicated to the removal of barriers that restrict
access to and success in university-level study and to
increasing equality of educational opportunity for
adult learners worldwide……We are committed to our
mission of guaranteeing access to post-secondary
learning to all who have the ability and desire.

Athabasca University (established 1970 – first students
1972) http://www2.athabascau.ca/

learning objects
to
Open Educational Resources (OER)
to the
open education movement

image: http://silvana.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/elefantelo.jpg
image: http://openedweb.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/oer-300x300.png

history

the idea of reusing digital
educational resources is
almost as old as the computer
itself

Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)

history

Ted Nelson
•beginning in the early 1960s
•coined the term "hypertext“
•Xanadu - developed the conceptual
foundations of learning objects and
modern content reuse
•more connected to instructional design
(Nelson, 1982; Nelson, 19XX) – image: http://afflictor.com/tag/ted-nelson/

history
Wayne Hodgins
•emergence of the World Wide Web – 1990’s
•coined the term "learning objects,"
•from object-oriented programming (OOP)
•computer science paradigm
•LEGO analogy
•closed objects

McGreal, R. (2004)
Image: http://prodinpa-feditic.wikispaces.com/file/view/oda.gif/148240695/oda.gif

history
Richard Stallman
•free software
•GNU project
•GPL license
•freedom
•free (negative to business)
•free to open source
•OP/L license
iTunes – Introduction to Open Education
http://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Opensource.svg/220px-
Opensource.svg.png

history
David Wiley
•learning objects
•OER
•Flat World Knowledge
•Open High School of Utah
•Open Education Conference

site: http://davidwiley.org/
image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/BYU_Medallion_Logo.svg/200px-
BYU_Medallion_Logo.svg.png

why learning objects?
"Learning objects make it
unnecessary to have thousands of
iterations of the same teaching
point.“ McGreal (2004)

"I loved the learning objects idea
because the “write once,
use anywhere” idea had a lot of
economic appeal" Wiley (2006)
McGreal, R. (2004)

learning object - definition

•dozens of definitions
•confusing
•broad to specific
http://flosse.blogging.fi/2005/12
/12/urinal-as-a-learning-object/

“any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be
used, re-used or referenced during technology
supported learning...“ IEEE (2002)
image: http://www.beatmuseum.org/duchamp/images/fountain.jpg

definition
“any reusable digital
resource that is
encapsulated in a
lesson or assemblage
of lessons grouped in
units, modules,
courses, and even
programmes”
McGreal (2004)

McGreal (2004)

definition
“things that contain digitally coded information
readable by a computer“ (Sicilia et al., 2004)
"knowledge object" Merrill (1998)
"instructional object.” Gibbons, Nelson, and Richards (2002)
“units of learning” Koper (2003)
"sharable content objects“ ADL
"resources“ Downes (2004)
McGreal, R. (2004)

definition
evolving definition:

"any digital resource that can be reused to
facilitate learning" Wiley (2000)
"any digital resource that can be reused to
mediate learning" Wiley & Edwards (2003)
"any digital resource that can be freely adapted
be reused to mediate learning" Wiley (2007)

death of the learning object
“no one can agree about what a learning object
is….and perhaps that very statement is all that
needs to be made."

"The whole learning objects field of
work turned into a giant software
engineering exercise"

learning objects’ inability to live up to the incredible hype
and investment they received to the fact that the premise
of the possibility of simple reuse was simply wrong."

Wiley (2006). Blog. RIP-ping on Learning Objects
Image: cc: by-ND-NC http://www.flickr.com/photos/linden_tea/2912003081/

openness is the only future for
learning objects

"any digital resource that can be freely
adapted be reused to mediate learning"
Wiley (2007)


what is an
Open Educational Resource
(OER)
?

open learning objects
=
Open Educational Resources
(OER)


“open education
is a growth out of the learning
objects movement”

site: http://davidwiley.org/


Increased pedagogical flexibility /
effectiveness

Make a difference / public good

Decrease suffering and violence in
the world

MIT OCW
“let’s give it all away”
NGOs
72M school age children don’t attend
school
UN millennium development goals
2015-all children complete primary school


what is the “open” in
Open Educational Resource
(OER)
?

what is openness in OER
the 4 R’s of openness
Reuse – copy verbatim
Redistribute – share with others
Revise – derivatives (adapt and improve)
Remix - Combinations


media issues

ALMS
Access to Editing Tools
Level of Expertise
Meaningful Editable
Self-Sourced


what size should OER be?
how can they be used?
•Size = amount of context inside the OER
•granularity
•metadata

reusability paradox
•Big OERs – teach well/hard to reuse McGreal (2004)

•Small OERs – Don’t teach well / easy to reuse

•Ideal – big OER + revise + remix

reusability paradox

http://wikieducator.org/images/thumb/8/85/Reusability_pa
radox.svg/350px-Reusability_paradox.svg.png

licensing
All 4 R’s are a matters of copyright

Reuse – copy verbatim
Redistribute – share with others
Revise – derivatives (adapt and improve)
Remix - Combinations


licensing

Open licensing = copyright (not reform)

Open licensing = hack of copyright

Open licensing = permissions


“some rights reserved”

“some permissions granted”

images: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/

licensing
Copyleft – re-license as
same (can’t change
license)

Three “layers” of
Licenses

http://mirrors.creativecommons.org/blimg/cc-tw-license-compatibility-wizard.png
http://creativecommons.org/

Sustainability
“The ongoing ability to meet your needs”

money & time – donated

How do you earn when you are giving things
away?


Sustainability
models
Endowment model
Membership model – consortium (members $)
Donation model – Wikipedia
Conversion model – free to pay
Contributor pay – flickr pro
Sponsorship model – public television
Institutional model – MIT
Government funding model
Advertising – Google, YouTube
Stephen Downes (2008) http://www.slideshare.net/Downes/open-educational-resources-presentation

openness

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