5. Horizontal Analysis Horizontal analysis , also called trend analysis , is a technique for evaluating a series of financial statement data over a period of time. Its purpose is to determine the increase or decrease that has taken place. Horizontal analysis is commonly applied to the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of retained earnings.
6. Horizontal Analysis Exercise: The comparative condensed balance sheets of Ramsey Corporation are presented below. Instructions: Prepare a horizontal analysis of the balance sheet data for Ramsey Corporation using 2008 as a base.
7. Horizontal Analysis Exercise: The comparative condensed balance sheets of Ramsey Corporation are presented below. Instructions: Prepare a horizontal analysis of the balance sheet data for Ramsey Corporation using 2008 as a base.
8. Vertical Analysis Vertical analysis , also called common-size analysis , is a technique that expresses each financial statement item as a percent of a base amount. On an income statement , we might say that selling expenses are 16% of net sales. Vertical analysis is commonly applied to the balance sheet and the income statement.
9. Exercise: The comparative condensed income statements of Hendi Corporation are shown below. Instructions: Prepare a vertical analysis of the income statement data for Hendi Corporation in columnar form for both years. Vertical Analysis
10. Exercise: The comparative condensed income statements of Hendi Corporation are shown below. Instructions: Prepare a vertical analysis of the income statement data for Hendi Corporation in columnar form for both years. Vertical Analysis
11. Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis expresses the relationship among selected items of financial statement data. Liquidity Profitability Solvency Measures short-term ability of the company to pay its maturing obligations and to meet unexpected needs for cash. Financial Ratio Classifications Measures the income or operating success of a company for a given period of time. Measures the ability of the company to survive over a long period of time.
12. Ratio Analysis The discussion of ratios will include the following types of comparisons. A single ratio by itself is not very meaningful .
16. Ratio Analysis All sales were on account. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $3,200 on December 31, 2009, and $3,000 on December 31, 2008.
17. LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency. Ratio Analysis Compute the Current Ratio for 2009. The ratio of 1.82:1 means that for every dollar of current liabilities, the company has $1.82 of current assets. Current Assets Current Liabilities = Current Ratio $369,900 $203,500 = 1.82 : 1 Liquidity Ratios
18. Ratio Analysis Compute the Acid-Test Ratio for 2009. The acid-test ratio measures immediate liquidity. Cash + Short-Term Investments + Receivables (Net) Current Liabilities Acid-Test Ratio $60,100 + $69,000 + $107,800 $203,500 = 1.16 : 1 = Liquidity Ratios
19. Ratio Analysis Compute the Receivables Turnover ratio for 2009. It measures the number of times, on average, the company collects receivables during the period. $1,818,500 ($107,800 + $102,800) / 2 = 17.3 times Net Credit Sales Average Net Receivables Receivables Turnover = Liquidity Ratios
20. Ratio Analysis A variant of the receivables turnover ratio is to convert it to an average collection period in terms of days. This means that receivables are collected on average every 21 days. $1,818,500 ($107,800 + $102,800) / 2 = 17.3 times Liquidity Ratios 365 days / 17.3 times = every 21.1 days Receivables Turnover
21. Ratio Analysis Compute the Inventory Turnover ratio for 2009. Inventory turnover measures the number of times, on average, the inventory is sold during the period. $1,011,500 ($133,000 + $115,500) / 2 = 8.1 times Cost of Good Sold Average Inventory Inventory Turnover = Liquidity Ratios
22. Ratio Analysis A variant of inventory turnover is the days in inventory . Inventory turnover ratios vary considerably among industries. Liquidity Ratios 365 days / 8.1 times = every 45.1 days $1,011,500 ($133,000 + $115,500) / 2 = 8.1 times Inventory Turnover
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24. Ratio Analysis Compute the Profit Margin ratio for 2009. Measures the percentage of each dollar of sales that results in net income. $199,000 $1,818,500 = 10.9% Net Income Net Sales Profit Margin = Profitability Ratios
25. Ratio Analysis Compute the Asset Turnover ratio for 2009. Measures how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate sales. $1,818,500 ($970,200 + $852,800) / 2 = 2.0 times Net Sales Average Assets Asset Turnover = Profitability Ratios
26. Ratio Analysis Compute the Return on Assets ratio for 2009. An overall measure of profitability. $199,000 ($970,200 + $852,800) / 2 = 21.8% Net Income Average Assets Return on Assets = Profitability Ratios
27. Ratio Analysis Compute the Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity ratio for 2009. Shows how many dollars of net income the company earned for each dollar invested by the owners. $199,000 - $0 ($566,700 + $465,400) / 2 = 38.6% Net Income – Preferred Dividends Average Common Stockholders’ Equity Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity = Profitability Ratios
28. Ratio Analysis Compute the Earnings Per Share for 2009. A measure of the net income earned on each share of common stock. $199,000 57,000 (given) = $3.49 per share Net Income Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding Earnings Per Share = Profitability Ratios
29. Ratio Analysis Compute the Price Earnings Ratio for 2009. The price-earnings (PE) ratio reflects investors’ assessments of a company’s future earnings. $25 (given) $3.49 = 7.16 times Market Price per Share of Stock Earnings Per Share Price Earnings Ratio = Profitability Ratios
30. Ratio Analysis Compute the Payout Ratio for 2009. Measures the percentage of earnings distributed in the form of cash dividends. $77,700 $199,000 = 39% Cash Dividends Net Income Payout Ratio = Profitability Ratios * * From analysis of retained earnings.
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32. Ratio Analysis Compute the Debt to Total Assets Ratio for 2009. Measures the percentage of the total assets that creditors provide. $403,500 $970,200 = 41.6% Total Debt Total Assets Debt to Total Assets Ratio = Solvency Ratios
33. Ratio Analysis Compute the Times Interest Earned ratio for 2009. Provides an indication of the company’s ability to meet interest payments as they come due. $199,000 + $84,000 + $18,000 $18,000 = 16.7 times Income before Income Taxes and Interest Expense Interest Expense Times Interest Earned = Solvency Ratios
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36. Exercise: McCarthy Corporation had after tax income from continuing operations of $55,000,000 in 2008. During 2008, it disposed of its restaurant division at a pretax loss of $270,000. Prior to disposal, the division operated at a pretax loss of $450,000 in 2008. Assume a tax rate of 30%. Prepare a partial income statement for McCarthy. Income from continuing operations $55,000,000 Discontinued operations: Loss from operations, net of $135,000 tax 315,000 Loss on disposal, net of $81,000 tax 189,000 Net income $54,496,000 Total loss on discontinued operations 504,000 Earning Power and Irregular Items
37. Discontinued Operations are reported after “Income from continuing operations.” Previously labeled as “Net Income”. Moved to Earning Power and Irregular Items
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41. Exercise: McCarthy Corporation had after tax income from continuing operations of $55,000,000 in 2008. In addition, it suffered an unusual and infrequent pretax loss of $770,000 from a volcano eruption. The corporation’s tax rate is 30%. Prepare a partial income statement for McCarthy Corporation beginning with income from continuing operations. Income from continuing operations $55,000,000 Extraordinary loss, net of $231,000 tax 539,000 Net income $54,461,000 ($770,000 x 30% = $231,000 tax) LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented. Earning Power and Irregular Items
42. Extraordinary Items are reported after “Income from continuing operations.” Previously labeled as “Net Income”. Moved to Earning Power and Irregular Items
43. Reporting when both Discontinued Operations and Extraordinary Items are present. Discontinued Operations Extraordinary Item Earning Power and Irregular Items
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Editor's Notes
1. On the topic, “Challenges Facing Financial Accounting,” what did the AICPA Special Committee on Financial Reporting suggest should be included in future financial statements? Non-financial Measurements (customer satisfaction indexes, backlog information, and reject rates on goods purchases). Forward-looking Information Soft Assets (a company’s know-how, market dominance, marketing setup, well-trained employees, and brand image). Timeliness (no real time financial information)
Service Cost - Actuaries compute service cost as the present value of the new benefits earned by employees during the year. Future salary levels considered in calculation. Interest on Liability - Interest accrues each year on the PBO just as it does on any discounted debt. Actual Return on Plan Assets - Increase in pension funds from interest, dividends, and realized and unrealized changes in the fair market value of the plan assets. Amortization of Unrecognized Prior Service Cost - The cost of providing retroactive benefits is allocated to pension expense in the future, specifically to the remaining service-years of the affected employees. Gain or Loss - Volatility in pension expense can be caused by sudden and large changes in the market value of plan assets and by changes in the projected benefit obligation. Two items comprise the gain or loss: difference between the actual return and the expected return on plan assets and, amortization of the unrecognized net gain or loss from previous periods
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