Ciência, religião e desenvolvimento perspectivas para o brasil

CIÊNCIA,
RELIGIÃO

E

DESENVOLVIMENTO
PERSPECTIVAS PARA O BRASIL

CIÊNCIA,
RELIGIÃO E
DESENVOL
VIMENTO


ORGANIZADOR
IRADJ ROBERTO EGHRARI

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© Copyright 2005
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SUMÁRIO

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*Errata com numeração: 225/A a 240/A
VI

CIÊNCIA, RELIGIÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO

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PREFÁCIO

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VII


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VIII


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IX


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E'($('*+=% +% e"0'+% eA=+0+H% #($)+% M"'=+% (*&)+0#"% eJ&)"$
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($E&'&)A+&$H% /(*+'C"% D"=% =+&"'% E"$$&J&/&#+#(% [% =A#+0B+$
#A'+#"A'+$H%)+0)"%0+%D"0#A)+%&0#&*&#A+/%D"="%D"/()&*+3
-=% ($$T0D&+H% "% E'"D($$"% #(% #($(0*"/*&=(0)"% ($)% (=
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E($$"+$% D"="% #+$% ($)'A)A'+$% $"D&+&$% gA(% "$% =(=J'"$% #+
$"D&(#+#(%D'&+=3%U%$A'<&=(0)"%#(%M"'=+$%#(%*&#+%E+DFM&D+$%(
E'"<'($$&$)+$% (?&<(=% )+0)"% A=+% '("'#(0+BC"% &0)('0+% D"="
XIII


INTRODUÇÃO

(?)('0+H%(%)+/%'("'#(0+BC"%$"=(0)(%"D"''('%gA+0#"%"%D"'+BC"
eA=+0"% M"'% )'+0$M"'=+#"3% -0)C"H% E+'+% $('% (M()&*"H% "
#($(0*"/*&=(0)"%E'(D&$+%*"/)+'9$(%#&'()+=(0)(%E+'+%+%*&#+
&0)('0+%(%E+'+%"%D+')('%#"$%$('($%eA=+0"$H%D"="%)+=Jm=
E+'+%+%"'<+0&1+BC"%#+%$"D&(#+#(3%>(A%E'"EY$&)"%)('%#(%$('%+
E'"="BC"% #(% A=% E'"D($$"% #(% )'+0$M"'=+BC"% $"D&+/% gA(
(0<(0#'(%+%D""E('+BC"H%+%D"=E+&?C"H%+%'()&#C"%#(%D"0#A)+H%(
+%rA$)&B+%j%)'+0$M"'=+B^($%gA(%E('=(+'C"%)"#"$%"$%+$E(D)"$
#"%'(/+D&"0+=(0)"%gA(%#&'&<(=%+%+)&*&#+#(%eA=+0+3
Z($)(%E"0)"%#(%*&$)+H%"%E'"<'($$"%=+)('&+/%m%#(*&#+=(0)(
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A=%*(FDA/"%E+'+%"%E'"<'($$"%$"D&+/H%&0)(/(D)A+/%(%="'+/3%Z(
M"'=+% $(=(/e+0)(H% gA+/gA('% +*+0B"% $&<0&M&D+)&*"% #"% J(=9
($)+'% =+)('&+/% $"=(0)(% #(D"''(% gA+0#"% e% +% +E/&D+BC"
D"0D'()+%#"$%E'(D(&)"$%($E&'&)A+&$%D"="%(gq&#+#(H%M&#(/&#+#(
(%+/)'AF$="3%U%'(D"0e(D&=(0)"%#+%D"0(?C"%&0$(E+'*(/%(0)'(
"$% +$E(D)"$% =+)('&+&$% (% ($E&'&)A+&$% #+% *&#+H% E"')+0)"H% #
0+$D&=(0)"% +% A=+% 0"BC"% MA0#+=(0)+/=(0)(% #&M('(0)(% #(
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O%-x.-V@cP2@O%s@>!yV@2O4
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D"/+E$"%#"$%$&$)(=+$%D"/"0&+&$%(%D"=%"%$A'<&=(0)"%#(%0"*+$
0+B^($% +EY$% +% >(<A0#+% WA(''+% ;A0#&+/3% U$% E'&=(&'"$
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'(D"0$)'ABC"%(A'"Em&+%'(+/&1+#"%D"=%"%./+0"%;+'$e+//3%-$$(
43%;A&)"%#"%+'<A=(0)"%#($)+%$(BC"%(%#+$%$(<A&0)($H%M"'+=%#($(0*"/*&#+$
(=% =+&"'% E'"MA0#&#+#(% (=% z.'"="*(0#"% A=% Z&$DA'$"% $"J'(% 2&T0D&+H
V(/&<&C"%(%Z($(0*"/*&=(0)"{%E"'%X+'1+=%O'J+J%|(=%z!e(%]+JH%)e(%!(=E/(
+0#%)e(%;+'l(){}3

XIV


INTRODUÇÃO

="#(/"% E'"EA0e+% A=% D+=&0e"% #(% ="#('0&1+BC"% *"/)+#"
gA+$(%gA(%(?D/A$&*+=(0)(%E+'+%+%&0#A$)'&+/&1+BC"3%U%&=EA/$"
J$&D"%#($$(%(0M"gA(%('+%+/D+0B+'%A=%D'($D&=(0)"%=?&="
0+% (D"0"=&+% #(% E+F$($% (=% #($(0*"/*&=(0)"H% "% gA+/H
+D'(#&)+*+9$(H%<('+'&+%'&gA(1+$%(%(=E'(<"$%$AM&D&(0)($%E+'+
<'+#A+/=(0)(% (0*"/*('% +% =+&"'&+% #(% $A+$% E"EA/+B^($% (=
+)&*&#+#($%E'"#A)&*+$3%U%+Dp=A/"%#(%D+E&)+/H%+%)'+0$M('T0D&+
#(%)(D0"/"<&+%(%l0"~9e"~%D"''($E"0#(0)(H%+%&0)'"#ABC"%#(
="#('0"$%=m)"#"$%#(%+#=&0&$)'+BC"H%(%+%$&<0&M&D+)&*+%&0r(BC"
#(% +rA#+% (?)('0+% M"'+=% "$% E'&0D&E+&$% (/(=(0)"$% #(% A=
(0M"gA(%gA(%E'(*&+%)'+1('%"$%J(0(MFD&"$%#+%="#('0&#+#(%E+'+
+$%=+$$+$%#"%=A0#"3
-=J"'+% J(=% &0)(0D&"0+#"H% ($)(% E+'+#&<=+% #(
="#('0&1+BC"%E'"*"A9$(%#($+$)'"$"%(=%=A&)"$%+$E(D)"$3%-=
$A+%)(0)+)&*+%#(%#($E(')+'%"%E")(0D&+/%#"$%E"*"$%#"$%E+F$($
(=%#($(0*"/*&=(0)"H%"%E'"D($$"%#(%&0#A$)'&+/&1+BC"%'($A/)"A
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=+&"'&+%#"$%e+J&)+0)($%#+$%'(<&^($%'A'+&$%)&0e+%A=+%M"'=+
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$(% D+#+% *(1% =+&$% (*&#(0)(H% "% M"D"% #+$% +)(0B^($% *"/)"A9$(H
#A'+0)(% +% #mD+#+% #"$% +0"$% $($$(0)+H% E+'+% +$% gA($)^($
DA/)A'+&$H% #(="<'M&D+$% (% )(D0"/Y<&D+$3% !(0#"% $&#"% "
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$AE('+'%"$%"J$)DA/"$%(=%$(A%D+=&0e"3%.'"<'+=+$%*"/)+#"$
[%$+p#(%(%(#AD+BC"H%(%($M"'B"$%D"0D(0)'+#"$%E+'+%="#('0&1+'
XV


INTRODUÇÃO

+%+<'&DA/)A'+%+)'+*m$%#+%V(*"/ABC"%`('#(H%$C"%M'(gq(0)(=(0)(
D&)+#"$%D"="%"$%$AD($$"$%=+&$%0")*(&$%#+gA(/(%E('F"#"3%N=+
D"0D(EBC"%$AJr+D(0)(%#($$($%E'"<'+=+$%M"&%gA(%+$%E"EA/+B^($
'A'+&$%('+=%0+%*('#+#(%=A&)"%D+E+1($%(%gA(%E'(D&$+=%+E(0+$
#+$%M(''+=(0)+$%+E'"E'&+#+$3%-=%$A=+H%$(%+%J+$(%)(D0"/Y<&D+
#($$+$% E($$"+$% EA#($$(% $('% +E('M(&B"+#+H% +% E'"$E('&#+#(
(D"0h=&D+%$('&+%A=+%#(D"''T0D&+%D(')+3
O%V(*"/ABC"%`('#(%M"&%+E(0+$%E+'D&+/=(0)(%J(=%$AD(#&#+3
O%E'"#ABC"%#(%+/&=(0)"$%D'($D(A%#(%M"'=+%0")*(/H%(%=&/e^($
M"'+=%E'+)&D+=(0)(%$+/*"$%#+%M"=(H%gA(%('+%&=&0(0)(3%;+$%+
/+DA0+%(?&$)(0)(%(0)'(%"$%'&D"$%(%"$%E"J'($%D'($D&+%)+=Jm=H
)+0)"% 0+$% *&/+$% D"="% 0+$% D&#+#($% gA(% '(D(J&+=% A=% M/A?"
D"0$)+0)(%#(%=&<'+0)($%(=%JA$D+%#(%A=+%*&#+%=(/e"'3%2"="
'($A/)+#"H% "% E(0$+=(0)"% #($(0*"/*&=(0)&$)+% D"=(B"A% +
(0M+)&1+'% +$% 0(D($$&#+#($% #"$% E"J'($% (% $A+% E+'D(/+% (
E+')&D&E+BC"%0"%D'($D&=(0)"%(D"0h=&D"3%O%D"=E'((0$C"%#(
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*"/)+#+$%($E(D&M&D+=(0)(%E+'+%DA&#+'%#"$%z=+&$%E"J'($%#"$
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#(%E'"r()"$%'(+/&1+#"$%0C"%$"=(0)(%E(/"$%<"*('0"$%(%+<T0D&+$
&0)('0+D&"0+&$H%=+$%)+=Jm=%E"'%A=+%(0"'=(%gA+0)&#+#(%#(
"'<+0&1+B^($%0C"9<"*('0+=(0)+&$H%)"'0+'+=%E"$$F*(/%M+1('9
$(% A=+% +0/&$(% J(=% =+&$% $"M&$)&D+#+% #"% E'"<'($$"% $"D&+/% (
(D"0h=&D"3% @0)(0$"$% #&/"<"$% (% ($)A#"$% )'"A?('+=% /A1% [$
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&0D/A&0#",%)(D0"/"<&+%+E'"E'&+#+H%"%E+E(/%#+$%=A/e('($%0"
XVI


INTRODUÇÃO

E/+0(r+=(0)"H% E/+0(r+=(0)"% (% &=E/(=(0)+BC"% #(% E'"r()"$
D"="%A=%=(&"%#(%($)&=A/+'%"%D'($D&=(0)"%D"=A0&)'&"%(%+
D+E+D&#+#(% &0$)&)AD&"0+/H% E'($('*+BC"% +=J&(0)+/H
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D"=A0&)'&+% (% +*+/&+BC"% E'"r()"$3% N=% E'"D($$"% #(
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P"%(0)+0)"H%0C"%$(%E('D(J&+H%#(%A=%="#"%<('+/H%0(0eA=+
=A#+0B+%MA0#+=(0)+/%0+%M"'=+%D"="%"$%E"J'($%('+=%*&$)"$3
O% &=+<(=% E'(#"=&0+0)(H% gA(% E('$&$)&+% #($#(% "% &0FD&"% #"$
+0"$% $()(0)+H% '(#A1% ($$(0D&+/=(0)(% +% '(+/&#+#(% *&<(0)(% 0+
mE"D+%+%A=+%&0)('=&0*(/%$"=+%#(%E'"J/(=+$%(%0(D($$&#+#($
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+/&=(0)+BC"H% ="'+#&+H% $+p#(% (% &0M'+9($)'A)A'+% $+0&)'&+v% "
+D($$"%[%(#AD+BC"%('+%/&=&)+#"v%M+/)+*+%D+E&)+/%(%"$%'(DA'$"$
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"A% E+'D(/+#+$H% *"/)+#+$% +% E'"J/(=+$% J(=% ($E(DFM&D"$
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s"r(H%=($="%D"=%A=+%T0M+$(%D'($D(0)(%0+%E+')&D&E+BC"%(
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&0&D&+#"$%#(%M"'+H%(=%*(1%#(%0+$D('%#+$%'+F1($%#+%$"D&(#+#(3
U$%*('#+#(&'"$%(0M"gA($%E+')&D&E+)&*"$%+"%E'"<'($$"%$"D&+/%(
(D"0h=&D"% gA(% $C"% #(% 0+)A'(1+% e"/F$)&D+% +&0#+% E"'% $('
&=E/(=(0)+#"$%+%A=%0F*(/%gA(%$(r+%$&<0&M&D+)&*"3%;+$H%=+&$
&=E"')+0)(H%"%#($(0*"/*&=(0)"%D(0)'+#"%0+%E($$"+%eA=+0+H
E"'% =+&$% D'&+)&*+$% gA(% $(r+=% $A+$% +)A+&$% =+0&M($)+B^($H% m
E"AD"%E'"**(/%gA(%/(*(%+%A=+%=(/e"'&+%$&$)(=)&D+%#+%*&#+
XVII


INTRODUÇÃO

#+$%E($$"+$%$(%0C"%e"A*('%A=+%*&$C"%A0&M&D+#+%#+%*&#+%(%#+
$"D&(#+#(3% !+/% *&$C"% E'(D&$+% 0(D($$+'&+=(0)(% J+$(+'9$(% (=
+=E/&+'% "% E'"MA0#"% (0)(0#&=(0)"% ($E&'&)A+/% #+% D"0#&BC"
eA=+0+H%r%+D(&)+%E"'%A=+%E+')(%E'(E"0#('+0)(%#+%E"EA/+BC"
#"%E/+0()+3%wH%E"')+0)"H%#&MFD&/%*('%D"="%+%)("'&+%(%+%E')&D+
#"% #($(0*"/*&=(0)"% E"$$+=% E+$$+'% E"'% A=+% =A#+0B+
MA0#+=(0)+/%+%0C"%$('%gA(%"%#&$DA'$"%D"''($E"0#(0)(%+#=&)+
"%'((?+=(%#+%0+)A'(1+%#"%$('%eA=+0"3%!+/%(=E'(&)+#+%0C"
E"#(% $('% M(&)+% $&=E/($=(0)(% +)'+*m$% #(% A=+% )(0)+)&*+
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#($&0M"'=+#+$3%.+'+%A=+%D"0$&#('+BC"%$m'&+%#($)(%+$$A0)"
*&)+/H% m% &=E'($D&0#F*(/% gA(% e+r+% A=% 0"*"% 0F*(/% #(% #&/"<"
(0)'(%+%D&T0D&+%(%+%'(/&<&C"3

2@cP2@O%-%V-]@W@bU
U%'(D"0e(D&=(0)"%#"%(/"%*&)+/%(0)'(%"$%+$E(D)"$%E')&D"$%(
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N=% E'&=(&'"% E+$$"% #(% A=+% E($gA&$+% #($)+% 0+)A'(1+% m
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$"D&(#+#(% eA=+0+3% O)'+*m$% #+% s&$)Y'&+H% +$% D&*&/&1+B^($
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@0)('0+D&"0+/%L+eÄFH%455Q3

XVIII


INTRODUÇÃO

eA=+0&#+#(%De(<+'%+%A=%(0)(0#&=(0)"%D"('(0)(%#+$%/(&$%(
#"$%E'"D($$"$%gA(%<"*('0+=%+%'(+/&#+#(%MF$&D+H%(H%(=%A=%D(')"
<'+AH% +% "E('+BC"% #+% E'YE'&+% $"D&(#+#(3% O$% E('D(EB^($
#(D"''(0)($% #+% '(/&<&C"% /(*+'+=% +% A=% (0)(0#&=(0)"
'(/+D&"0+#"%[$%gA($)^($%=+&$%E'"MA0#+$%#"$%E'"EY$&)"$%(%#+$
&0&D&+)&*+$% eA=+0+$3% ZA'+0)(% "$% ="=(0)"$% #+% s&$)Y'&+
gA+0#"% ($$($% #"&$% +$E(D)"$% #"% D"0e(D&=(0)"% eA=+0"
+)A+'+=%(=%e+'="0&+H%"$%E"*"$%(%+$%DA/)A'+$%$(%/&J(')+'+=
#+$%E')&D+$%(%#"$%eJ&)"$%#($)'A)&*"$H%(%+/D+0B+'+=%0"*"$
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(% 0"% =+)('&+/&$="% D"''"$&*"% gA(% E('=(&+=% +% *&#+
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*('#+#(%(*&#(0)(%gA(%(0D"0)'+%(?E'($$C"%(=%)"#+$%+$%($M('+$
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XIX


INTRODUÇÃO

+)(0#&#"$%+)'+*m$%#"$%$mDA/"$%E(/+$%'(/&<&^($%#"%=A0#"3%U$
&=EA/$"$%($E&'&)A+&$%#($E(')+#"$%E"'%($$($%$&$)(=+$%'(/&<&"$"$
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D+')('%eA=+0"3%O)'+*m$%#"$%(0$&0+=(0)"$%(%#+$%"'&(0)+B^($
="'+&$% #+% '(/&<&C"H% <'+0#($% $(<=(0)"$% #+% eA=+0&#+#(
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gA+/&#+#($% gA(% D"0#A1(=% [% "'#(=% $"D&+/% (% +"% E'"<'($$"
DA/)A'+/3% !+&$% gA+/&#+#($H% D"="% j% D"=E+&?C"H% )"/('i0D&+H
D"0M&+J&/&#+#(H% <(0('"$&#+#(H% eA=&/#+#(H% D"'+<(=% (
#&$E"$&BC"%#(%$+D'&M&D+'9$(%E(/"%J(=%D"=A=%j%M"'="A%+$%J+$($
($$(0D&+&$H%(=J"'+%+&0#+%&0*&$F*(&$H%#(%A=+%*&#+%D"=A0&)'&+
(=% (*"/ABC"3% U% '(D"0e(D&=(0)"% (% "% +E'&="'+=(0)"% #+
0+)A'(1+%($E&'&)A+/%#+%eA=+0&#+#(%E'"#A1&'+=%+%D"($C"%(%+
A0&#+#(%#(%E'"EY$&)"%#(%A=+%$"D&(#+#(%(%$('*(=%D"="%M"0)(
#(%(0('<&+%E+'+%+$%(?E'($$^($%*&)+&$%#"%E'"D($$"%D&*&/&1+)Y'&"3
-=%$A+%M"'=+%=+&$%+A)T0)&D+H%$(=%+#&B^($%#"<=)&D+$H%+
'(/&<&C"%)'+0$=&)(%*('#+#($%="'+&$%(%($E&'&)A+&$%gA(%#(%M"'=+
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PC"% (?&$)(% J+$(% $AJ$)+0D&+/% E+'+% +M&'=+'% gA(% e+r+% A=+
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0C"%E"#(%$('%D"0$&#('+#+%$&=E/($=(0)(%D"="%A=%D"0rA0)"
#(%E'"D(#&=(0)"$%J(=%#(M&0&#"$3%O%#&D")"=&+%e&$)Y'&D+%(0)'(
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eA=+0+%gA(%$(%D"=E/(=(0)+=%0"%E'"D($$"%#+%#($D"J(')+%(
0"%(0)(0#&=(0)"%#+%'(+/&#+#(v%+=J+$%$C"%M(''+=(0)+$%gA(
E('=&)(=%[%$"D&(#+#(%+/D+0B+'%+%D"=E'((0$C"%#+%*('#+#(3
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D+=E"%D&(0)FM&D"H%gA(%#C"%=+'<(=%+%A=+%M"')(%D"0*('<T0D&+
(E&$)(="/Y<&D+% #(% *'&"$% E"0)"$% #(% *&$)+% A0&*('$+&$% #+$
'(/&<&^($3% O% MF$&D+% (% +% E$&D"/"<&+% ="#('0+$H% E"'% (?(=E/"H
D"/"D+=%D"0$&#('*(/%#p*&#+%$"J'(%+%0"BC"%#(%gA(%+%=+)m'&+
m% "% (/(=(0)"% E'&='&"% #+% '(+/&#+#(H% "A% gA(% +% D"0$D&T0D&+
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XX


INTRODUÇÃO

U%'(#AD&"0&$="%(%"%#()('=&0&$="%+$$"D&+#"$%D"=%+%=(Di0&D+
0(~)"0&+0+%($)C"%+<"'+%#+0#"%/A<+'%+"%(0)(0#&=(0)"%#"$
M(0h=(0"$%MF$&D"$%E(/"$%gA+&$%"%A0&*('$"%m%D"0$&#('+#"%D"="
A=%)"#"%A0&M&D+#"H%$(=E'(%(=%(*"/ABC"%(%&0)('D"0(D)+#"3%U
M+)"% #(% gA(% +$% /(&$% MF$&D+$% E"$$&J&/&)+=% "% $A'<&=(0)"% #(
D"0M&<A'+B^($%J&"/Y<&D+$%D"=E/(?+$%gA(%$A'<(=%(%(*"/A(=
+"%E"0)"%#+%D"0$D&T0D&+H%#(="0$)'+%(*&#T0D&+%#(%/(&$H%(%+)m
=($=+% D"0$)&)A&BC"H% "'<+0&1+D&"0+&$% #(% A=% 0F*(/% =+&$
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#(% gA(% A=+% M"'B+% 2'&+)&*+% "A% Z&*&0+% ($)% (=% "E('+BC"% 0"
=A0#"3
-$$($% E"0)"$% $"=(0)(% )T=% &=E"')i0D&+H% +)m% +<"'+H% E"'
($)&=A/+'(=%A=%&0)('Di=J&"%=+&$%'&<"'"$"%(%A0&M&D+#"%(0)'(
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(%'(/&<&C"%E'"*T=%"$%E'&0DFE&"$%"'<+0&1+D&"0+&$%MA0#+=(0)+&$
E(/"$% gA+&$% &0#&*F#A"$H% D"=A0&#+#($% (% &0$)&)A&B^($
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(0)(0#&=(0)"%#"$%E'"D($$"$%$"D&+&$H%(0gA+0)"%gA(%+%D"0M&+0B+
0+$% &0D/&0+B^($% ($E&'&)A+&$% #"$% &0#&*F#A"$% E'"*(% "% F=E()"
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0C"% (0*"/*(% $&=E/($=(0)(% +% +gA&$&BC"% #(% e+J&/&#+#($
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D""E('+)&*"$%#(%&0)('+BC"%eA=+0+3%O%D"=E'((0$C"%#+$%M"'B+$
gA(% E"#(=% E'"#A1&'% )'+0$M"'=+B^($% 0+$% +)&)A#($% (% 0+
D"0#A)+%m%A=+%'(+%#(%($)A#"%gA(%$(%(0D"0)'+%0+%&0)('M+D(
(0)'(%D&T0D&+%(%'(/&<&C"3
N=% #&$DA'$"% gA(% D"0$&#('(% "% #"=F0&"% =+)('&+/% (% "
($E&'&)A+/%#+%(?&$)T0D&+%D"="%&0)('/&<+#"$%(=%A=%E'"D($$"
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=()"#"/"<&+%#(%#($(0*"/*&=(0)"3%nA(%+%D&T0D&+%(%+%'(/&<&C"
)T=%E+E(&$%+%(?('D('%0"%D+=E"%#"%#($(0*"/*&=(0)"H%E+Em&$
XXI


INTRODUÇÃO

gA(% $(% '(M"'B+=% =A)A+=(0)(H% 0C"% m% =+&$% A=% +$$A0)"% #(
#(J+)( 7 3% O$% gA($)^($% $"D&"/Y<&D+$% (% "'<+0&1+D&"0+&$
'(/+D&"0+#+$% +"% E'"<'($$"% $"D&+/% (% (D"0h=&D"% #(*(=H
0(D($$+'&+=(0)(H% '(M('&'9$(% [$% E('$E(D)&*+$% (% +"$% *+/"'($
($E&'&)A+&$3% ."'m=H% +% =+0(&'+% E(/+% gA+/% +$% E('$E(D)&*+$
($E&'&)A+&$%$C"%&0)(<'+#+$%0+$%+)&*&#+#($%#(%#($(0*"/*&=(0)"
E'(D&$+=%(0*"/*('%"$%=($="$%=m)"#"$%/Y<&D"$%(%'&<"'"$"$
(=E'(<+#"$%E(/+%D&T0D&+3%@$$"%&'%+$$(<A'+'%gA(%"$%($M"'B"$
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$(%*T%M'(gq(0)(=(0)(%$"J'(D+''(<+#+%D"=%#"A)'&0+$%(%E')&D+$
gA(%=&/&)+=%D"0)'+%$(A$%($M"'B"$%0+%JA$D+%#+%=(/e"'&+%#+$
D"0#&B^($%=+)('&+&$%#+%*&#+%eA=+0+3%O$%#&$)"'B^($%$(D)'&+$
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0C"%E"#(=%$('%"Jr()"%#(%D"=E'"*+BC"%D&(0)FM&D+3%O$$&=%($$($%+$$A0)"$
0C"%$(%(0D+&?+=%0+%($)'A)A'+%#+$%E'("DAE+B^($%#(%#($(0*"/*&=(0)"%#+
D"=A0&#+#(%&0)('0+D&"0+/3%V(D"0e(D('%0(/+$%A=%E+E(/%$&<0&M&D+)&*"%$('&+
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+/&=(0)+#"% "% D"0M/&)"% $"D&+/% (% J/"gA(+#"% "% E'"<'($$"% eA=+0"3% -?&$)(H
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#+%=")&*+BC"%eA=+0+3

XXII


INTRODUÇÃO

2@cP2@OH%V-]@W@bU%-%2O.O2@!OabU
2"="H% (0)C"H% &0MA0#&'% (=% 0"$$"% (0)(0#&=(0)"H
D"0$&#('+BC"%(%E')&D+%#"%#($(0*"/*&=(0)"o%U%#($+M&"%0C"%m
0"*"3% O)'+*m$% #(% #mD+#+$H% "$% E(0$+#"'($% #+% '(+% #(
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'(/+D&"0+#"$%D"=%*+/"'($%(%D'(0B+$3%;A&)"%M'(gq(0)(=(0)(H
E"'m=H% (/($% '(DA+'+=H% 0C"% $(% #(#&D+0#"% +% A=% (?+=(
E'"MA0#"% #"% +$$A0)"3% >(% "$% &0#&*F#A"$% (% +$% D"=A0&#+#($
#($(r+=%)"'0+'9$(%"$%E'"=")"'($%E'&0D&E+&$%#(%$(A%J(=%($)+'
MF$&D"% (% $"D&+/H% (/($% E'(D&$+=% '(D"''('% +"$% E"$)A/+#"$
($E&'&)A+&$%(%+"$%$&$)(=+$%#(%D'(0B+%gA(%#T(=%*&$C"%(%(0M"gA(
+"$% $(A$% ($M"'B"$3% ;+$% &$$"% #(*(% $('% M(&)"% #(% =+0(&'+% +
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=C"% #(% "J'+% D"0$)'A)&*+H% D'&+'% =A#+0B+$% D"=A0&)'&+$% (
&0$)&)AD&"0+&$H% m% +/<"% D+#+% *(1% =+&$% '(D"0e(D&#"% D"="% "
E'"EY$&)"% MA0#+=(0)+/% #"% #($(0*"/*&=(0)"3% `&$)"% D"="
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E'&0D&E+/=(0)(% E+'+% +% <('+BC"H% +E/&D+BC"% (% #&MA$C"% #"
D"0e(D&=(0)"3% >(% M"'% '(D"0e(D&#"% "% M+)"% #(% gA(% "
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+$%=()"#"/"<&+$%#+%D&T0D&+%(%+$%E('D(EB^($%#+%'(/&<&C"%E"#(=H
)'+J+/e+0#"% rA0)+$% #(% A=+% M"'=+% $&0('<m)&D+H% E'"*('% +$
M(''+=(0)+$% ($$(0D&+&$% E+'+% +% D'&+BC"% #(% $&$)(=+$% $"D&+&$
e+'="0&"$"$%(%rA$)"$G3%2"/"D+0#"9$(%+%<('+BC"%(%+%+E/&D+BC"
#"%D"0e(D&=(0)"%0"%D(0)'"%#"%E/+0(r+=(0)"%(%#+%+)&*&#+#(
G3%O%D"/+J"'+BC"%(0)'(%'(/&<&C"%(%D&T0D&+%0"%D+=E"%#"%#($(0*"/*&=(0)"
E"#(%+$$A=&'%=A&)+$%M"'=+$3%N=%(?(=E/"%YJ*&"%(0D"0)'+9$(%0+%'(+%#+
(#AD+BC"% ="'+/3% 2"0$&#('+0#"% gA(% +% D"0#A)+% ="'+/% m% A=+% (?E'($$C"
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(% =m)"#"$% (#AD+D&"0+&$% (% =m)"#"$% gA(% $&$)(=+)&D+=(0)(% E'"="*+=% "

XXIII


INTRODUÇÃO

#($(0*"/*&=(0)&$)+H%)"'0+="$%E"$$F*(/%($)A#+'%+$%&=E/&D+B^($
E')&D+$%#"$%*+/"'($%'(/&<&"$"$H%E+')&DA/+'=(0)(%"%E+E(/%gA(
)+&$% *+/"'($% (?('D(=% 0+% <('+BC"% #(% A=% (0M"gA(% A0&M&D+#"
*"/)+#"%[%)'+0$M"'=+BC"%$"D&+/%0+$%'+F1($%#+%$"D&(#+#(3
w% M+)"% <('+/=(0)(% +D(&)"% gA(% "$% =+)('&+/=(0)(% E"J'($
E'(D&$+=%E+')&D&E+'%#&'()+=(0)(%0"$%($M"'B"$%E+'+%+%=(/e"'&+
#(%$(A%E'YE'&"%J(=9($)+'3%;+$%+%0+)A'(1+%#($$+%E+')&D&E+BC"
0C"%M"&%+&0#+%#(*&#+=(0)(%(?E/"'+#+3%X&D+%=+&$%MD&/%(0)(0#('
($$+%+M&'=+)&*+%$(%+%(?+=&0+'="$%0"%D"0)(?)"%#"%E+E(/%#"
D"0e(D&=(0)"% D"0M"'=(% +E'($(0)+#"% +gA&3% O% E+')&D&E+BC"
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E($$"+$% )(0e+=% +D($$"% +"% D"0e(D&=(0)"% (% gA(% $(r+=
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e+J&)+0)($% #"% </"J"% (0<+r+'9$(% (=% E'"r()"$% D"="% =('"$
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-/($%E'(D&$+=%E+')&D&E+'%0+%+E/&D+BC"%#"%D"0e(D&=(0)"%E+'+
D'&+'%"%J(=9($)+'H%#($)+%M"'=+%<('+0#"%0"*"$%D"0e(D&=(0)"$
(%D"0)'&JA&0#"%#(%A=+%M"'=+%$AJ$)+0D&+/%(%$&<0&M&D+)&*+%E+'+
"% E'"<'($$"% eA=+0"3% >(H% 0+% *('#+#(H% A=+% D"=A0&#+#(
D"0)'"/+%"$%=(&"$%#(%A)&/&1+BC"%#"%D"0e(D&=(0)"H%(%M"'%<A&+#+
E"'%E'&0DFE&"$%($E&'&)A+&$H%$('%(0)C"%D+E+1%#(%#($(0*"/*('
"$%'(DA'$"$%=+)('&+&$%(%+$%)(D0"/"<&+$%gA(%$('*&'C"%#(%M"'=+
+#(gA+#+%[$%$A+$%'(+&$%0(D($$&#+#($3
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D"=E/()+% (=% $(A% E'YE'&"% E'"D($$"% #(% #($(0*"/*&=(0)"
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'(/+D&"0+#+$H%+"$%0F*(&$%#"%&0#&*F#A"%(%#"%<'AE"3%Z(0)'(%+$
=+&$%&=E"')+0)($%($)C"%+$%D+E+D&#+#($%#(%)"=+'%&0&D&+)&*+$
#(% A=+% M"'=+% D'&+)&*+% (% #&$D&E/&0+#+v% E(0$+'
#($(0*"/*&=(0)"% ="'+/H% m% +/<"% #(% E+')&DA/+'% &=E"')i0D&+3% OE'(0#('% +
+E/&D+'%"$%D"0D(&)"$%="'+&$%(%($E&'&)A+&$%[%'(+/&1+BC"%#"%E'"<'($$"%=+)('&+/H
E"#('&+H%#(%M+)"H%$('%D"0$&#('+#"%D"="%A=%E'm9'(gA&$&)"%($$(0D&+/%#(%)"#+$
+$%&0&D&+)&*+$%$"D&+&$%(%(D"0h=&D+$3

XXIV


INTRODUÇÃO

$&$)(=+)&D+=(0)(%E+'+%+%D"=E'((0$C"%#"$%E'"J/(=+$%(%E+'+
(0D"0)'+'%$"/AB^($%E+'+%"$%=($="$v%A$+'%=m)"#"$%#(%)"=+#+
#(%#(D&$C"%gA(%<('(=%+0)+<"0&$="%(%gA(%$(r+=%&0D/A$&*"$v
)'+)+'%#(%M"'=+%(M&D+1%(%+DA'+#+%D"=%+$%&0M"'=+B^($H%=+&$%#"
gA(% '($E"0#('% &0D"0$D&(0)(=(0)(% [% E'"E+<+0#+% D"=('D&+/
"A% E"/F)&D+v% M+1('% ($D"/e+$% #(% )(D0"/"<&+$% #(% =+0(&'+% J(=
&0M"'=+#+%(%+E'"E'&+#+H%(%#($(0*"/*('%+$%e+J&/&#+#($%(%"$
D"=E'"=()&=(0)"$% 0(D($$'&"$% E+'+% <('+'% (% +E/&D+'% "
D"0e(D&=(0)"%)mD0&D"v%"'<+0&1+'%(%(0<+r+'9$(%(=%E'"D($$"$
#(%E'"#ABC"%(D"/"<&D+=(0)(%D"0$&$)(0)($v%D"0)'&JA&'%[%D'&+BC"
(% +#=&0&$)'+BC"% (M&D+1($% #(% E'"r()"$% D"=A0&)'&"$v% D"/"D+'
(=%+BC"%(%E+')&D&E+'%#(%E'"D($$"$%(#AD+)&*"$%gA(%/(*(=%+"
D'($D&=(0)"% E($$"+/% (% +% A=% +E'(0#&1+#"% #(% /"0<"% E'+1"v
E'"="*('%$"/&#+'&(#+#(%(%A0&#+#(%#(%E'"EY$&)"H%E(0$+=(0)"
(%+BC"%(0)'(%"$%=(=J'"$%#(%A=+%D"=A0&#+#(v%$AJ$)&)A&'%"$
'(/+D&"0+=(0)"$%J+$(+#"$%0+%#"=&0+BC"%(%0+%D"=E()&BC"%E"'
'(/+D&"0+=(0)"$% J+$(+#"$% 0+% '(D&E'"D&#+#(H% D"/+J"'+BC"% (
$('*&B"% +"% E'Y?&="v% &0)('+<&'% D"=% "A)'+$% DA/)A'+$% #(% A=+
M"'=+%gA(%/(*(%+"%E'"<'($$"%#(%$A+%E'YE'&+%DA/)A'+%(%0C"%[
$A+% #(<'+#+BC"v% ($)&=A/+'% "% '(D"0e(D&=(0)"% #+% 0"J'(1+
($$(0D&+/%#"$%$('($%eA=+0"$v%=+0)('%+/)"$%E+#'^($%#(%$+p#(
MF$&D+H% (="D&"0+/% (% =(0)+/v% &=JA&'% 0+% &0)('+BC"% $"D&+/% A=
(/(*+#"%$(0$"%#(%rA$)&B+%(%=+0&M($)+'%'()&#C"%0+%+#=&0&$)'+BC"
E($$"+/%(%EpJ/&D+3
2(')+=(0)(% &0D"=E/()+H% ($)+% /&$)+% $A<('(% +E(0+$% +
D"0$)(/+BC"% #(% D+E+D&#+#($% 0(D($$'&+$% [% D"0$)'ABC"% #+
)(D&)A'+%="'+/H%(D"0h=&D+%(%$"D&+/%#+%*&#+%D"/()&*+3%O%/&$)+
(0M+)&1+% "% E+E(/% *&)+/% )+0)"% #"$% '(DA'$"$% D&(0)FM&D"$% D"="
'(/&<&"$"$%0+%E'"="BC"%#"%#($(0*"/*&=(0)"3%O/(')+90"$%$"J'(
+%<+=+%#(%*+/"'($%(%+)&)A#($%gA(%($)&=A/+=%+$%D+E+D&#+#($
J$&D+$H%D"="%)+=Jm=%"$%D"0D(&)"$H%&0M"'=+B^($H%e+J&/&#+#($
(% =m)"#"$% +% $('(=% (=E'(<+#"$% (=% $(A% #($(0*"/*&=(0)"
$&$)(=)&D"3%!+=Jm=%#($)+D+%+%&=E"')i0D&+%#"%+E'(0#&1+#"
($)'A)A'+#"% 0+% <('+BC"% (% =+0A)(0BC"% #(% A=% D"0rA0)"
&0)(<'+#"%#(%+)&*&#+#($%$"D&+&$%(%(D"0h=&D+$3
XXV


INTRODUÇÃO

."')+0)"H%+%D+E+D&)+BC"%D"0M"'=(%+gA&%E'"E"$)+%&=E/&D+
E"$$&J&/&)+'% +"% 8-.8GH.:2$ =+0&M($)+'% E"#('($% &0+)"$% #(% A=+
M"'=+% D'&+)&*+% (% =()Y#&D+H% "'<+0&1+'% +$% 8-9)8):8>I#9% E+'+% "
(?('DFD&"%#+%+A)"'&#+#(%#(%M"'=+%+%gA(%($$($%E"#('($%$(r+=
D+0+/&1+#"$% 0"% $(0)&#"% #+% (/(*+BC"% #"$% =(=J'"$% #+
$"D&(#+#(H% (% "% #($(0*"/*&=(0)"% #+% A2*:-8.&.#% E+'+% +)A+'
D"="% A=% +=J&(0)(% gA(% /(*(% [% /&J('+BC"% #"% E")(0D&+/
&0#&*&#A+/%(%+"%(0'&gA(D&=(0)"%#+%DA/)A'+3%U%#($+M&"%#(%)"#"$
"$%)'T$%m%+E'(0#('%+%A)&/&1+'%"$%'(DA'$"$%=+)('&+&$%(%"$%#"0$
&0)(/(D)A+&$%(%($E&'&)A+&$%E+'+%"%E'"<'($$"%#+%D&*&/&1+BC"3

UPZ-%2U;-aOVo
2"="% D"=(B+'% A=% #&$DA'$"% $"J'(% "$% E+Em&$
D"=E/(=(0)+'($% #+% D&T0D&+% (% #+% '(/&<&C"% 0+% E'"="BC"% #+
)'+0$M"'=+BC"% $"D&+/o% nA+&$% $C"% +$% '(+$% D"0D'()+$% #+
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+%(#AD+BC"3%@0&D&+/=(0)(H%"%M"D"%#+#"%[%&0M'+9($)'A)A'+%MF$&D+
(*"/A&A% E+'+% &0D/A&'% +$$A0)"$% '(/+D&"0+#"$% +"% DA''FDA/"H
+#=&0&$)'+BC"H% D+E+D&)+BC"% E(#+<Y<&D+H% )(D0"/"<&+
(#AD+D&"0+/H%(%"%'(/+D&"0+=(0)"%(0)'(%+%($D"/+%(%+%D"=A0&#+#(
[%$A+%*"/)+3%P"%(0)+0)"H%+%#($E(&)"%#(%0")*(&$%'(+/&1+B^($H
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A0&*('$+/H% +$% =()"#"/"<&+$% (#AD+D&"0+&$% ($)C"H% (=% $A+
XXVI


INTRODUÇÃO

=+&"'&+H%M+/e+0#"%(=%/&J('+'%(%DA/)&*+'%"%E")(0D&+/%eA=+0"3
N=%(0M"gA(%M'+<=(0)+#"%*"/)+#"%[%JA$D+%#"%D"0e(D&=(0)"
($)%'($A/)+0#"%0A=+%(?E('&T0D&+%(#AD+D&"0+/%DA=A/+)&*+H%+
gA+/% 0C"% E('=&)(% +"$% ($)A#+0)($% *('% +$% '(/+B^($% ($$(0D&+&$
(0)'(%+$%#&M('(0)($%'(+$%#+%&0*($)&<+BC"%eA=+0+%(%+%'(+/&#+#(
$"D&+/3%-$)+%M'+<=(0)+BC"%m%(?+D('J+#+%E(/+%T0M+$(%D"/"D+#+
+E(0+$%0+%+J$"'BC"%#(%M+)"$H%=+&$%#"%gA(%0"%(0)(0#&=(0)"
#(% &=E"')+0)($% D"0D(&)"$% (% E'"D($$"$3% O&0#+% =+&$H% =A&)"$
+$$A0)"$% '(/+D&"0+#"$% +"$% +0$(&"$% (% ="'+/&#+#(% #+% E($$"+
eA=+0+%$C"%'+'+=(0)(%D"0$&#('+#"$3
O%$&)A+BC"%+)A+/%(?&<(%A=+%0"*+%M"'=+%#(%*('%"%&0)(&'"
D"0rA0)"% #"% D"0e(D&=(0)"% eA=+0"H% (% D"="% (/(% E"#(% $('
($)A#+#"%(%(?E+0#&#"%#(%A=+%M"'=+%e"/F$)&D+3%O%(#AD+BC"
#(*(%($M"'B+'9$(%E+'+%#($(0*"/*('%A=%D"0rA0)"%&0)(<'+#"%#(
D+E+D&#+#($%j%)mD0&D+$H%+')F$)&D+$H%$"D&+&$H%="'+&$%(%($E&'&)A+&$
j%#(%M"'=+%+%gA(%+$%E($$"+$%E"$$+=%D"0#A1&'%*&#+$%D"=%A=
E'"EY$&)"% J(=% #(M&0&#"% (% )"'0+'9$(% +<(0)($% #(% A=+
)'+0$M"'=+BC"% $"D&+/% E"$&)&*+3% w% +% D'&+BC"% #(% DA''FDA/"$% (
=()"#"/"<&+$% +#(gA+#"$% gA(% ($)&=A/+=% )+&$% D+E+D&#+#($
&0)('9'(/+D&"0+#+$H%gA(%(?&<&'%A=+%E+'D('&+%(M()&*+%(0)'(%+
D&T0D&+%(%+%'(/&<&C"3

@)8G8.&.#$#$J07&-8E&>?2$6A2-D*8A&
2"="%M+)"'%D(0)'+/%[%)+'(M+%#(%'(D"0D(&)A+'%+%"'<+0&1+BC"%#"$
+$$A0)"$%eA=+0"$H%($)%"%(0)(0#&=(0)"%+E'"E'&+#"%#"%E+E(/%#+
+)&*&#+#(%(D"0h=&D+3%U%#($(gA&/FJ'&"%(D"0h=&D"%(%+%#($&<A+/#+#(
gA(%$(%*T(=%)C"%#&$$(=&0+#"$%0"%=A0#"H%'($A/)+=%#&'()+=(0)(
#"%M'+D+$$"%(=%D"/"D+'%gA($)^($%(D"0h=&D+$%(=%A=%D"0)(?)"%=+&$
+=E/"%#+%(?&$)T0D&+%$"D&+/%(%($E&'&)A+/%#+%eA=+0&#+#(3%O$%&0&D&+)&*+$
(D"0h=&D+$%#(*(=%($)+'%*"/)+#+$%E+'+%$('*&'%[$%0(D($$&#+#($%#+$
E($$"+$v%0C"%m%#(%$(%($E('+'%gA(%+$%$"D&(#+#($%#(*+=%="#(/+'9$(%(
+#(gA+'9$(%+%="#(/"$%(D"0h=&D"$%($E(DFM&D"$%j%E+')&DA/+'=(0)(
+gA(/($%gA(%+#")+=%eJ&)"$%#($(0M'(+#"$%#(%+gA&$&BC"%(%D"0$A="3
XXVII


INTRODUÇÃO

2'&+'%="#(/"$%(D"/"<&D+=(0)(%$A$)(0)*(&$%#(%+)&*&#+#(
(D"0h=&D+H% gA(% $(% ($)(0#+=% #"% 0F*(/% /"D+/% [% +J'+0<T0D&+
</"J+/H%(?&<(%A=+%'("'&(0)+BC"%MA0#+=(0)+/%#+$%($)'A)A'+$
)+0)"%#"$%E'&0DFE&"$%D"="%#+$%&0$)&)A&B^($%gA(%<"*('0+=%+
E'"#ABC"%(%"%D"0$A="3%-0M"gA($%gA(%($)&=A/(=%+%<('+BC"%(
+%#&$)'&JA&BC"%#+%'&gA(1+%(=%=&D'"9'(<&^($%'A'+&$H%(%E"/F)&D+$
gA(%&=E(B+=%gA(%"$%E'"D($$"$%#(%</"J+/&1+BC"%=+'<&0+/&1(=
+$%&0&D&+)&*+$%(D"0h=&D+$%E'"D(#(0)($%#+$%'+F1($%#+%$"D&(#+#(H
=('(D(=%A=+%+)(0BC"%E+')&DA/+'%#"$%($)A#&"$"$3%."'%M&=H%+
$"D&(#+#(% E'(D&$+% #($(0*"/*('% 0"*"$% ="#(/"$% (D"0h=&D"$
J+$(+#"$%(=%E('D(EB^($%gA(%$A'<(=%#(%A=%(0)(0#&=(0)"
D"=E+$$&*"%#+%(?E('&T0D&+%D"=E+')&/e+#+H%#+%*&$C"%#"$%$('($
eA=+0"$%(=%$A+$%'(/+B^($%=p)A+$H%(%#"%'(D"0e(D&=(0)"%#"
E+E(/%D(0)'+/%gA(%+%M+=F/&+%(%+%D"=A0&#+#(%#($(=E(0e+=
0"% J(=% ($)+'% $"D&+/% (% ($E&'&)A+/3% U$% '(DA'$"$% #(*(=% $('
#($*&+#"$%#+$%+)&*&#+#($%(%#"$%E'"<'+=+$%gA(%$C"%0"D&*"$
+"%&0#&*F#A"H%[$%D"=A0&#+#($%(%+"%+=J&(0)(%(%#&'(D&"0+#"$
E+'+% +gA(/($% gA(% =+&$% +#(gA+#+=(0)(% *&$(=% [% D'&+BC"% #(
A=+%"'#(=%$"D&+/%gA(%DA/)&*(%+$%&/&=&)+#+$%E")(0D&+/&#+#($
(?&$)(0)($%0"$%$('($%eA=+0"$3%!+0)"%+%D&T0D&+%D"="%+%'(/&<&C"
)(=H% E"')+0)"H% A=% E+E(/% De+*(% (=% #($(0*"/*('% $&$)(=+$
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O$% )'+r()Y'&+$% #+% )(D0"/"<&+% $C"% M"'=+#+$% E"'% A=+
*+'&(#+#(%#(%M+)"'($%E"/F)&D"$H%$"D&+&$%(%(D"0h=&D"$3%U%+)A+/
#&'(D&"0+=(0)"%#"%#($(0*"/*&=(0)"%)(D0"/Y<&D"H%E"'m=H%($)
$(0#"%"'&(0)+#"%E'&=+'&+=(0)(%E(/+$%M"'B+$%#(%=('D+#"%gA(
0C"%'(M/()(=%+$%0(D($$&#+#($%J$&D+$%#"$%E"*"$%#"%=A0#"3
O&0#+%=+&$H%+$%E"/F)&D+$%)(D0"/Y<&D+$%#"$%<"*('0"$%'+'+=(0)(
#C"% +)(0BC"% (?E/FD&)+% [$% (?&<T0D&+$% $"D&+&$% (% +=J&(0)+&$H
(0gA+0)"% gA(% +$% E"/F)&D+$% *"/)+#+$% +% ($)+$% #A+$% '(+$
XXVIII


INTRODUÇÃO

'+'+=(0)(% /(*+=% (=% D"0)+% +$% "E"')A0&#+#($% )(D0"/Y<&D+$3
X+19$(%0(D($$'&+%=+&"'%D"('T0D&+3
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A=% +$E(D)"% De+*(% #(% gA+/gA('% E'"D($$"% E+')&D&E+)&*"% #+$
J+$($%#+%D"=A0&#+#(3%O%D+E+D&#+#(%#(%+*+/&+BC"H%&0"*+BC"
(% +#+E)+BC"% )(D0"/Y<&D+% E'(D&$+% $('% E'"="*&#+% (0)'(% +$
E'YE'&+$% E($$"+$3% N=% E'&=(&'"% E+$$"% &=E"')+0)(% 0($$+
#&'(BC"% m% ($)&=A/+'% +% D"=E'((0$C"% (% "% '($E(&)"% [% J+$(% #(
D"0e(D&=(0)"%(?&$)(0)(%(=%A=+%D"=A0&#+#(%"A%DA/)A'+3%@$$"
&'% +rA#+'% +% D"=A0&#+#(% +% #($(0*"/*('% D"0M&+0B+% (=% $A+
e+J&/&#+#(%#(%D"0D(J('%(%&=E/(=(0)+'%$"/AB^($%&0"*+#"'+$
+%E'"J/(=+$%#&MFD(&$3%nA+0#"%(?&$)(%)+/%D"0M&+0B+H%+%D&T0D&+%(
+%)(D0"/"<&+%E"#(=%=(/e"'%(%=+&$%'+E&#+=(0)(%$('%A)&/&1+#+$
D"="% M(''+=(0)+$% E+'+% E'($('*+'% (% +=E/&+'% +% &#(0)&#+#(
DA/)A'+/3%P($)(%'($E(&)"H%"%($)+J(/(D&=(0)"%#(%D(0)'"$%/"D+&$
(% '(<&"0+&$% #(% +E'(0#&1+#"% (?('D('% A=% E+E(/% D'AD&+/% 0C"
$"=(0)(%0+%(#AD+BC"%(%D+E+D&)+BC"%)mD0&D+$H%=+$%)+=Jm=%0+
$&$)(=+)&1+BC"%(%(?E+0$C"%#"%D"0e(D&=(0)"%0+)&*"3
>(% "% D"=E'"=()&=(0)"% ($E&'&)A+/% (% "% E'&0DFE&"% ="'+/
D"0$)&)AF'(=% "% D+')('% $AJr+D(0)(% #"$% E'&0DFE&"$% #+% *&#+
D"=A0&)'&+H%+$%#($D"J(')+$%D&(0)FM&D+$%(%+$%&0"*+B^($%)mD0&D+$
$('C"% A)&/&1+#+$% #(% M"'=+% +% $('*&'% E+'+% (0'&gA(D('% +
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)(D0"/Y<&D+H%gA(%m%#&'()+=(0)(%<A&+#+%E"'%$&$)(=+$%/"D+&$%#(
*+/"'($H% +$$(<A'+'% gA(% "$% A$"$% $AEm'M/A"$% #+% )(D0"/"<&+
$(r+=% (*&)+#"$3% !+/% "'&(0)+BC"% ="'+/% )+=Jm=% De+=+'% +
+)(0BC"% E+'+% "$% E'"J/(=+$% =+&$% &=E"')+0)($% (0M'(0)+#"$
E(/+$%D"=A0&#+#($3%N=%(?(=E/"%#(%E+')&DA/+'%&=E"')i0D&+
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XXIX


INTRODUÇÃO

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INTRODUÇÃO

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XXXI


INTRODUÇÃO

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XXXII


INTRODUÇÃO

$(=%"$%'(DA'$"$%#+gA(/($%E"$)A/+#"$%($E&'&)A+&$%A0&*('$+&$
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XXXIII


CIÊNCIA,
RELIGIÃO E
DESENVOL
VIMENTO


PARTE I

ALGUNS PENSAMENTOS SOBRE
A SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA
UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA
FUNDAÇÃO PARA A APLICAÇÃO E ENSINO
DAS CIÊNCIAS NA COLÔMBIA
OUTUBRO DE 2003

PREFÁCIO

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Ciência, religião e desenvolvimento perspectivas para o brasil

Ciência, religião e desenvolvimento perspectivas para o brasil

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