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The Watt Governor and its
relevance to software systems
Matthew Skelton
contact@matthewskelton.net
2




Watt Governor
•   What is the Watt Governor?
•   How it works
•   Control systems
•   Why it is important
•   Applications
•   Relevance to computer systems
•   Q&A
3




What is the Watt Governor?
• Mechanical device used
  in steam engines to
  regulate speed
• 1st-order negative
  feedback device
• Invented around 1788 by
  James Watt (Scotland)
• Etymology:
 ▫ “Governor/Government” and
   “Cybernetics” both share a common
   Greek root: κσβερνός (steersman)
4




How it works
• Connected to machine
  drive mechanism
• As speed increases,
  weights are thrown
  further outwards
• Opens/closes a throttle
  valve to control input
• Goal: steady speed,
  independent of load
5




Control Systems
• Speed limiter – trucks
 ▫ As speed nears limit,
   additional speed causes
   additional throttle-down
• Steam engines
• Internal combustion
  engines
• Power generation
6




Why this is important
• Recall: steady speed,
  independent of load
• Result: predictable output
• Allows planning of:
 ▫ Capacity
 ▫ Cost
 ▫ Delivery
• Better service from the
  system
7




Applications
• Not just mechanical devices
• Concept can be applied to
  other self-regulating
  systems
  ▫ Human societies, including
    organisations
  ▫ Planetary weather
  ▫ Evolution of species
• Absence of governance
  leads to “run-away” speeds
  (and melt-down)
8




Relevance to Computer Systems
• Physical application:
 ▫ Hardware power and cooling
• Computer software:
 ▫ Resource Governor – SQL Server 2008
• Service Management
• Cloud Computing
 ▫ Potential for much greater and more dynamic
   scalability than before
• Problems have been solved before... since 1788!
9




Any Questions?

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The Watt Governor and its relevance to software systems

  • 1. The Watt Governor and its relevance to software systems Matthew Skelton contact@matthewskelton.net
  • 2. 2 Watt Governor • What is the Watt Governor? • How it works • Control systems • Why it is important • Applications • Relevance to computer systems • Q&A
  • 3. 3 What is the Watt Governor? • Mechanical device used in steam engines to regulate speed • 1st-order negative feedback device • Invented around 1788 by James Watt (Scotland) • Etymology: ▫ “Governor/Government” and “Cybernetics” both share a common Greek root: κσβερνός (steersman)
  • 4. 4 How it works • Connected to machine drive mechanism • As speed increases, weights are thrown further outwards • Opens/closes a throttle valve to control input • Goal: steady speed, independent of load
  • 5. 5 Control Systems • Speed limiter – trucks ▫ As speed nears limit, additional speed causes additional throttle-down • Steam engines • Internal combustion engines • Power generation
  • 6. 6 Why this is important • Recall: steady speed, independent of load • Result: predictable output • Allows planning of: ▫ Capacity ▫ Cost ▫ Delivery • Better service from the system
  • 7. 7 Applications • Not just mechanical devices • Concept can be applied to other self-regulating systems ▫ Human societies, including organisations ▫ Planetary weather ▫ Evolution of species • Absence of governance leads to “run-away” speeds (and melt-down)
  • 8. 8 Relevance to Computer Systems • Physical application: ▫ Hardware power and cooling • Computer software: ▫ Resource Governor – SQL Server 2008 • Service Management • Cloud Computing ▫ Potential for much greater and more dynamic scalability than before • Problems have been solved before... since 1788!