2. Introduction
In this manual, my assumption is that reader knows basic concepts of database topic.
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3. Introduction
Postgresql
Powerfull OOP relational DBMS
Large community
Open Source
All major Operating Systems such as Linux/ Windows/ Solaris/ Mac and so on…
Started in 1995
Latest version at this moment (June 2013) is 9.2
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4. Features
Supports Procedure languages [pl, pgsql, pljava, plphp, plperl]
Supports multi-version concurrency control (MCC or MVCC)
◦ More details on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiversion_concurrency_control
Supports variety of DATA TYPES including INTEGER, CHARARCTER, BOOLEAN, DATE, INTERVAL, TIMESTAMP
Allows users to define their own objects such as:
◦ DATA TYPES
◦ FUNCTIONS
Supports data integrity such as PK, FK, Restrictions, Cascading and Constraint
Supports binary objects such as pictures, sounds, videos
Open source and free
Main users:
◦ Yahoo, Skype, imtv.com and so on…
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5. Installation
Postgresql is available to download on http://postgresql.org . So you can download it from the
mentioned internet address. (the latest one at writing this document is 9.2)
On my assumption you have an Ubuntu distribution installed on your computer, so to install
Postgresql we can use the following statement:
◦ Sudo apt-get install postgres-9.2
After all processes you can enter to postrgresql shell using the following command:
◦ Sudo –u postgres psql postgres
◦ Note that postgres user is the super user of our installed postgresql
◦ After above command you are logged in to postgresql command line.
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6. Start Up Commands
Basic settings and commands would be like the following lines:
CREATE DATABASE
◦ To create Database in postgresql we use the following command
◦ CREATE DATABASE [database name];
◦ Example: CREATE DATABASE testName;
◦ Or you may be not in postgresql command line, so creating database will be accomplished with the following
statement:
◦ Sudo –u postgres created [table name]
◦ For example: sudo –u postgres created testName
CREATE USER
◦ To create user in postgres, we use the following command:
◦ CREATE USER [username] WITH PASSWORD [password];
◦ For instance: CREATE USER masud WITH PASSWORD ‘masudpassword’;
◦ Other way is outside of postgres command line:
◦ Sudo –u postgres createuser ‘masud’
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7. Start Up Commands
DROP USER
◦ TO drop user the first way would be like below in postgresql command line:
◦ DROP USER [username];
◦ For example: DROP USER masud;
◦ The second way is outside of postgres command line:
◦ Sudo –u postgres dropuser ‘username’
◦ For example: sudo –u postgres dropuser ‘masud’
DROP DATABASE
◦ To drop a database first way would be like bellow in postgresql command line:
◦ DROP DATABASE [database name]
◦ for example: DROP DATABASE ‘testName’;
◦ The second way is outside of postgres command line:
◦ Sudo –u postgres dropdb [db name]
◦ For example: sudo –u postgres dropdb ‘testName’
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8. Start Up Commands
CHANGE PASSWORD OF USER
◦ We can do it by:
◦ Way1: In psql shell type : password username
◦ Example: password masud
◦ Way2: in psql shell type: ALTER USER [username] WITH PASSWORD [new password]
◦ Example: ALTER USER masud WITH PASSWORD ‘masudsnewPassword’
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9. Manage POSTGRESQL Service
In order to handle postgresql services we can use the following commands to [start/ stop/
restart] postgresql service:
◦ Sudo service postgresql start
◦ Sudo service postgresql stop
◦ Sudo service postgresql restart
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10. Important Commands in
POSTGRESQL
There are some short commands in postgresql that each one performs an specific task. In continue I
will introduce you some of them:
◦ i
◦ Imports a dump into database
◦ l
◦ List of databases
◦ d
◦ List of tables
◦ dt
◦ List of tables and relations
◦ h
◦ help
◦ ?
◦ help
◦ df
◦ List of functions
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11. Important Commands in
POSTGRESQL
◦ df+
◦ Same df but with source
◦ timing
◦ Turn on/off timing
◦ Timing shows execution time of a query
◦ password
◦ Change password
◦ q
◦ Quite
◦ c
◦ Change database connection [switch between databases]
◦ dp
◦ Access privileges
◦ conninfo
◦ Current Connection Info
◦ e
◦ Execute command
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12. Important Commands in
POSTGRESQL
◦ pset format [html/ aligned/ unaligned/ wrapped/ html/ latex]
◦ Changes the output format
◦ For instance if we change output format to HTML, any result after that time will be shown in HTML format
◦ pset border [0/1/2]
◦ Set border of result [ for instance border around result table]
◦ 0: none border
◦ 1: normal border
◦ 2: whole table has a border
◦ pset null null
◦ It will write null instead of nothing when found a null value in a query
◦ In order to find out which version of postgres we are using we can use the following command:
◦ SELECT VERSION();
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13. Keywords and Identifiers
◦ Keywords are words that are available in SQL, for instance:
◦ CREATE
◦ DATABASE
◦ ORDER
◦ Identifiers are used to identify objects such as:
◦ TABLE
◦ COLUMN
◦ Note that keywords can not be used as identifiers
◦ Identifiers can be up to 63 characters
◦ Identifiers and Keywords are case insensitive
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14. Comments
◦ In order to comment one line in postgresql we can use -- (two-dash signs)
◦ --this is a comment in psql
◦ For multiline commands we use /* */
◦ /* This is a multiline command in postgresql
postgresql or postgres or psql are same
*/
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15. Data Types
Data types in postgresql
◦ INTEGER
◦ Including 3 size variations:
◦ 2bytes (smallint)
◦ 4bytes (integer)
◦ 8bytes(bigint)
◦ SERIAL
◦ it is used to create unique identifier columns
◦ It will generate a sequence automatically
◦ NUMERIC
◦ Stores large numbers that need exact calculations
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16. Data Types
◦ FLOATING POINT
◦ REAL
◦ DOUBLE
This data types accepts some special non-numeric values such as:
Infinity
-Infinity
NaN(Not a Number)
◦ CHAR
◦ VARCHAR
◦ Varying character
◦ TEXT
◦ Stores strings of any length
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17. Data Types
◦ DATE
◦ Dates must be between single quotes
◦ TIME
◦ TIMESTAMP
◦ Without time zone
◦ With time zone
◦ INTERVAL
◦ POSTGRES SUPPORTS THE FOLLOWING SPECIAL VALUES:
◦ Today
◦ Tomorrow
◦ Yesterday
◦ Infinity
◦ -infinity
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18. Date Style in Postgresql
Postgresql supports 3 different DATESTYLE containing:
◦ ISO
◦ SQL
◦ POSTGRES
We can change DATESTYLE with the following statements:
◦ SET DATESTYLE TO ISO,MDY
◦ Which means ISO and MONTH - DAY – YEAR
◦ SET DATESTYLE TO SQL, MDY
◦ SET DATESTYLE TO POSTGRES,MDY
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19. INTERVALS
Intervals represent a duration of a time
Unites in interval include:
◦ DAY
◦ HOUR
◦ MINUTE
◦ SECOND
◦ YEAR TO MONTH
◦ DAY TO HOUR
◦ DAY TO MINUTE
◦ DAY TO SECOND
◦ HOUR TO MINUTE
◦ HOUR TO SECOND
◦ MINUTE TO SECOND
◦ …
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20. INTERVALS
◦ Example:
◦ SET INTERVALSTYLE TO sql_standard
◦ Now try to type: SELECT INTERVAL ‘1 14:13:15’;
◦ RESULT: 1 14:13:15
◦ SET INTERVALSTYLE TO postgres;
◦ Now try to type: SELECT INTERVAL ‘1 14:13:15’;
◦ RESULT: 1 day 14:13:15
◦ SET INTERVALSTYLE TO iso_8601
◦ Now try to type: SELECT INTERVAL ‘1 14:13:15’;
◦ RESULT: P1 DT 14H13M15S
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21. Boolean Data Type
It holds three values
◦ True
◦ False
◦ Unknown
◦ TRUE [can be one of the following values]
◦ T
◦ True
◦ Yes
◦ Y
◦ On
◦ 1
◦ False [can be one of the following values]
◦ False
◦ F
◦ NO
◦ Off
◦ 0
All Values except true and false should be between single quotes.
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22. Enumerated Data Types
Enums are not predefined in postgresql, this means that Postgresql does not officially supports
mysql’s ENUM data type. In order to achieve an Enumeration data type we must create our own.
CREATE ENUM
◦ CREATE TYPE [type name] AS ENUM([data array])
◦ For example: CREATE TYPE colors AS ENUM(‘red’,’blue’,’green’);
HOW TO USE
◦ Just like another data types
◦ If an integer is: INTEGER variable name -> it would be: colors color
◦ [ENUM NAME] [variable name]
Notes:
◦ Enums are case sensitive
◦ Sort is important in enums, for instance we must start with smallest values to the largest. For instance it is
better to use ENUM(‘red’,’blue’,’green’) instead of ENUM(‘green’,’red’,’blue’)
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23. GEOMETRIC Data Types
These data types are used to represent two dimensional objects
◦ Objects can be point, box, line, polygon, circle, path
◦ POINT
◦ To define a point (x,y)
◦ Example: (‘2,3’) or (‘(2,3)’)
◦ LINE
◦ To define a line using 2 points
◦ Example: ((x1,y1),(x2,y2))
◦ PATH
◦ Represented by lists of connected points
◦ Example: (‘(2,3,4,5)’) or (‘*2,3,4,5+’)
◦ CIRCLE
◦ For a circle
◦ Example: (‘2,3,4’) -> in this example 4 is radius
◦ BOX
◦ To define a rectangle for instance : ((x1,y1),(x2,y2))
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24. Arrays
To define an array we add brackets after data type or we can use from array keyword.
◦ Test INTEGER[]
◦ Test INTEGER[][]
◦ Test INTEGER ARRAY
◦ In insert mode:
◦ In one-dimension: (‘,1,2,3,4,5,6,7-’)
◦ In two-dimension: (‘,1,2,3,4-,,5,6,7,8-’)
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25. End of part 1
This is the end of part 1
◦ In the next part following topics will be covered
◦ Creating tables
◦ PRIMARY and FORIGN Keys
◦ Check Constraint
◦ NOT NULL Constraint
◦ UNIQUE Constraint
◦ DEFAULT values
◦ CASCADE
◦ CRUD
◦ INSERT
◦ UPDATE
◦ DELETE
◦ DELETE CASCADE
◦ ON DELETE CASCADE
◦ ON UPDATE CASCADE
◦ TRUNCATE
◦ QUERIES
◦ …
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