1. Training Seminar:
REV. 10/16/02REV. 10/16/02
Sample Conditioning of Natural Gas
for “On-Stream” BTU Analysis“On-Stream” BTU Analysis
Presented By:

2. Analyzer
Natural Gas
Sample Source
•The analyzer can not tolerate the natural gas sample
when delivered under the pipeline conditions.
•The sample gas must be extracted, transported, and
conditioned so that it is compatible with the analyzer
– including:
- Pressure control
- Flow control
- Particulate removal
- Liquid removal 2

3. 3
The sample system also includes other functions such as:
•Stream multiplexing (switching)
•Calibration gas control
A sample (conditioning) system is utilized for
extracting,Conditioning, and transporting the
sample gas to an analyzer

4. The sample needs to be made compatible with the
analyzer,therefore we must first understand the
analyzer before designing a sample system for one.
4
During the sample conditioning process the sample
composition must be preserved.

5. In this case, the analyzer is a Gas Chromatograph (GC)
The objective is to determine the composition of the
natural gas in order to compute:
-The heating value (BTU determination)
-The physical properties used to correct the flow
(volume) of the natural gas stream ( compressibility,
viscosity, specific gravity, etc.)
This is very important since it has a direct
impact on profitability.
5

6. -Sample flows thru the inject valve sample loop. (PURGE MODE)
-Sample injected previously is being analyzed . (SEPARATED AND DETECTED) 6
Protection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysisProtection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysis
INDEXINDEX

7. -Sample flows is shut off by SSO valve.
-Sample loop is referenced to atmospheric pressure. 7
Protection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysisProtection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysis
INDEXINDEX

8. -Sample is injected into the carrier gas stream where it will become separated into its
individual components and detected. (INJECTED MODE)
-Sample gas flows into and out of inject valve but does not flow thru the sample loop. 8
Protection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysisProtection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysis
INDEXINDEX

9. -Sample flows thru the inject valve sample loop. (PURGE MODE)
-Sample injected previously is being analyzed . (SEPARATED AND DETECTED) 9
Protection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysisProtection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysis
INDEXINDEX

10. Protection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysisProtection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysis

11. Protection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysisProtection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysis

12. Protection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysisProtection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysis

13. Protection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysisProtection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysis

14. Protection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysisProtection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysis
Multiple StreamMultiple Stream

15. Protection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysisProtection of “on line” Gas chromatographs (GC) for gas stream analysis
Multiple StreamMultiple Stream
Double Block and BleedDouble Block and Bleed
Why use a Genie on each stream?
*not contaminate common line.
*block all streams because of one bad line.
Why have multiple streams to one analyzer?

16. Double Block and Bleed conceptDouble Block and Bleed concept
Block valves “opened”
Bleed valve “closed”
Block valves “closed”
Bleed valve “opened”
16

17. •A keen understanding of the physical relationship
between liquids, gases, and surfaces which contain
them is a must for anyone involved with sample
conditioning.
•The following slides are designed to help you
understand these physical relationships.
17
Basic Physics and Chemistry
Involved in Sample Conditioning

18. Definition of terms commonly used in sample conditioning for
“on-stream” BTU analysis.
Absorption- the act of taking up or assimilating
Adsorption- attraction of a thin layer of gas or liquid
molecules to a surface
Aerosol- a microscopic droplet of liquid suspended in
a gas
BTU- British thermal unit. A unit for measuring the
heating value of natural gas
Coalescing- bringing together small (aerosol) droplets
of liquid to form large drops or a film 18

19. Condensed liquid- liquid originating from the
condensation of a vapor or gas
Desorption- to release from a condition of being
absorbed or adsorbed
Droplet- small drop of liquid
Entrained liquid- liquid in any form carried along or
suspended in a stream of natural gas
19
Condense- to change from a gas or vapor to a liquid
Equilibrium-a dynamic state of balance where the
Population of molecules per unit volume in the vapor
Space remains constant

20. Gas – any substance that has no shape or size of its
own and can expand without limit
Gas phase- a phase consisting exclusively of gas and/
or vapor. Liquid in any form,even though it may be
suspended in a gas is not a part of the “gas phase”.
Hydrocarbon dew point- the temperature, at any
given pressure, at which hydrocarbon liquid initially
condenses from a natural gas mixture 20
Free liquid- liquid in any form – A microscopic aerosol
droplet exhibits the same characteristics as a large
pool of liquid
Fluid- anything that flows in any way, either a liquid
or a gas

21. Latent heat- the heat required to change a liquid to
a gas or vapor, without a change of temperature. It is
also the heat released in the reverse process.
Lean gas- gas containing a relatively small quantity
of heavy hydrocarbon vapor and having an average
or low BTU value
Liquid- a liquid is composed of molecules that move
freely over each other so that it has the shape of
its container , like a gas, but, unlike a gas it has a
definite volume 21
Joule-Thomson effect – the cooling that occurs
when a highly compressed gas is allowed to expand in
such a way that no external work is done.

22. Natural gas- a naturally occurring mixture of
hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases found in
porous geological formations. Its main constituent is
methane.
Phase- a state of matter such as solid, liquid, gas or
vapor 22
Liquid vapor- see vapor
Membrane- a thin sheet of semi-permeable synthetic
or natural material
Liquid forms- the geometric shape that liquid may
be found in natural gas such as film, droplet or
aerosols and pools

23. 23
Rich gas- natural gas containing a large amount of
heavy hydrocarbon vapor and having an elevated BTU
value
Sample train- see sample system
Sample transport system- all associated pipe, tube,
fittings and hardware such as filters, rotameters,
etc.
which transport a gas sample from its source to an
intended destination such as an analyzer or sample
Phase-separating membrane- a membrane adapted
for separating entrained liquid in any form from gases.
Gas passes readily through membrane leaving behind
any liquid that may have been entrained

24. Vapor-a substance, which is normally liquid at ambient
temperature and atmospheric pressure but becomes a
gas at elevated temperature or lower pressures
Wet gas- a gas which contains a high concentration
of water vapor
Volatility- The ease at which a liquid vaporizes.
24
Sample system- all components associated with
extracting,transporting, and conditioning of a natural
gas sample

25. Joule-Thomson effect
Reduction of pressure cools a gas due to a phenomenon
known as the Joule-Thomson effect. The cooling effect
may lower the gas temperature below its dew point.
When the temperature of a gas drops below its dew point
condensation occurs. This in turn causes changes in the
gas phase composition.
Restriction
High Pressure Lower Pressure
25

26. Demonstration of
“Joule-Thomson effect”
Atmospheric Pressure
PROPANE
VAPOR
125-150 PSI
Temperature of gas,
after pressure drop,
is slightly lowered by
the J.T. effect.
LIQUID
PROPANE
26

27. Demonstration of
“Latent Heat of Vaporization”
Atmospheric
Pressure
27
PROPANE
VAPOR
LIQUID
PROPANE
125 - 150 PSI
Temperature of gas,
after liquid vaporizes,
is substantially lower

28. Nearly 1000 BTUs
required to vaporize 1lb of
H2O
One BTU = heat to change
1lb of H2O 1
o
F
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Latent heat of vaporization is the most frequent of valve/regulator “freeze ups”
in sample systems. “Freeze ups” indicate liquid is present, composition errors
are likely to occur. 28
Conclusion:

29. A pure liquid and its vapor – No other gases presentA pure liquid and its vapor – No other gases present
•Equilibrium is a dynamic state of
balance where the population of
molecules per unit volume in the vapor
space remains constant.
•The rate at which molecules pass from
the liquid to the gas phase is dependent
on the temperature
•Increasing the temperature increases
the rate and conversely, lowering the
temperature decreases the rate.
•The pressure caused by the gas phase
molecules striking the containment
vessel surface is the vapor pressure.
Liquid Phase
Gas/Vapor PhaseGas/Vapor Phase
Gas Molecules Leaving and
Returning to the Liquid
29

30. A pure liquid and its vapor – Other gases presentA pure liquid and its vapor – Other gases present
•Number of vapor molecules in the Gas/Vapor Phase depends on the
liquid’s vapor pressure.
•Vapor pressure depends on temperature.
•Concentration of vapor depends on system pressure.
Liquid Phase
Gas/Vapor Phase
Interface
30

31. Pressure and temperature changes
in a gas containing a mixture of liquids
alter the gas phase composition
31
Gas / Vapor
Phase
Liquid Phase
HC liquid #1
HC liquid #2
HC liquid #3

32. ““PressurePressure
Decreases”Decreases”
Pressure and temperature changes
in a gas containing a mixture of liquids
alter the gas phase composition
32
Gas/Vapor
Increases
Gas / Vapor
Phase
Liquid Phase
HC liquid #1
HC liquid #2
HC liquid #3

33. Pressure and temperature changes
in a gas containing a mixture of liquids
alter the gas phase composition
33
Gas / Vapor
Phase
Liquid Phase
HC liquid #1
HC liquid #2
HC liquid #3

34. ““TemperatureTemperature
Increases”Increases”
Pressure and temperature changes
in a gas containing a mixture of liquids
alter the gas phase composition
34
Gas/Vapor
Increases
Gas / Vapor
Phase
Liquid Phase
HC liquid #1
HC liquid #2
HC liquid #3

35. Pressure and temperature changes
in a gas containing a mixture of liquids
alter the gas phase composition
35
Gas / Vapor
Phase
Liquid Phase
HC liquid #1
HC liquid #2
HC liquid #3

36. Pressure and temperature changes
in a gas containing a mixture of liquids
alter the gas phase composition
36
Gas / Vapor
Phase
Liquid Phase
HC liquid #1
HC liquid #2
HC liquid #3
““PressurePressure
Increases”Increases”
Gas/Vapor
Decreases

37. Pressure and temperature changes
in a gas containing a mixture of liquids
alter the gas phase composition
37
Gas / Vapor
Phase
Liquid Phase
HC liquid #1
HC liquid #2
HC liquid #3

38. Pressure and temperature changes
in a gas containing a mixture of liquids
alter the gas phase composition
38
Gas / Vapor
Phase
Liquid Phase
HC liquid #1
HC liquid #2
HC liquid #3
““TemperatureTemperature
Decreases”Decreases”
Gas/Vapor
Decreases

39. DesaturationDesaturation – Very important technique
A mixture of liquids, their vapor, and other gases presentA mixture of liquids, their vapor, and other gases present
Condensation
Evaporation
Liquid Phase
Saturated and at Dew point Temperature
•Saturated and at Dew point Temperature.
•Lower temperature or increase pressure – condensation occurs.
•Increase temperature or reduce pressure – will Desaturate.
39

40. What happens when liquid is carried over into the
sample system and sample “pressure” is decreased?
External Pressure Regulator
Aerosol
droplets
•Aerosol droplets enter probe
•Pressure drop across regulator (or valve) causes liquids to flash
(vaporize)
•Gas phase composition changes
•BTU value is altered
•Flow rate calculations are impacted 40

41. What happens when liquid is carried over into the sample
system and sample “pressure” is decreased?
Insertion Regulator
•Aerosol droplets enter probe
•Pressure drop across regulator (or valve) causes liquids to flash
(vaporize)
•Gas phase composition changes
•BTU value is altered
•Flow rate calculations are impacted 41

42. Forms of Liquid Existing In A Pipeline
Film
Pool
Aerosol
Droplet
All Forms of Liquid Exhibit the Same Properties
42

43. Liquid in the pipeline is constantly changing forms
Aerosol generated from “wave” in surface film
Aerosols impinge on a surface
and create large drops
High gas velocity
with liquid flowing
across a sharp object,
such as an orifice plate,
generates aerosols
Liquid Pools
43

44. Conclusion:
•Insertion (Probe) Regulators were designed to prevent
condensation during pressure reduction.
•When liquid is entrained (present) in the sample source,
they cause composition errors.
44

45. What happens when liquid is carried over into the sample
system and sample “temperature” is increased?
Heat Tracing
•Aerosol droplets enter probe
•Heat Tracing vaporizes the liquid
•Gas phase composition changes
•BTU value is altered
•Flow rate calculations are impacted
45

46. Conclusion:
•Heat tracing is designed to prevent condensation.
•However, it will cause composition errors
when liquid is entrained in the sample source
46

47. What happens when liquid is carried over into the sample
system and sample “temperature” is decreased?
Ambient temperature is lower
than the flowing gas temperature
•Aerosol droplets enter probe – this means that the gas phase is saturated
•Cooling of the saturated gas phase results in “condensation”
of some gas components
•Condensation causes composition changes in the gas phase
•BTU value is altered
•Flow rate calculations are impacted 47

48. Conclusion
•Hardware designed to prevent condensation
can change the sample gas composition
when liquid is present
•When liquid is present in the source gas
changes in either the temperature or pressure
will change the gas phase composition, BTU value,
and physical properties used in calculating flow rate.
48

49. -Small amount of liquid is equivalent to large
volume gas
•Liquid has major impact on BTU
49

50. 800 PSIG
Temp F 500
F 00
F -250
F -500
F -750
F
Mole%
N2 2.5 2.501 2.501 2.502 2.505
CO2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.199 1.197
C1 93.75 93.769 93.786 93.808 93.847
C2 2 1.999 1.998 1.995 1.985
C3 0.352 0.351 0.35 0.347 0.339
iC4 0.042 0.042 0.041 0.041 0.038
nC4 0.064 0.064 0.063 0.06 0.055
iC5 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.01
nC5 0.026 0.025 0.024 0.021 0.016
C6 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.012 0.007
C7 0.015 0.01 0.005 0.002 0.001
C8 0.011 0.005 0.002 0.001 0
C9 0.005 0.001 0 0 0
Liquid g 0 0.0349 0.0691 0.122 0.247
100%Vapour
1000 BTU Natural Gas 500 cc vessel
50
Removal of 0.247g of liquid resulted in a loss of 3 BTU

51. Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Iso-butane
Normal-butane
Iso-pentane
Normal-pentane
Normal-hexane
Normal-heptane
Normal-octane
Normal-nonane
Normal-decane
Nitrogen
Carbon Dioxide
Total
Mole Percent
64.107
10.33
7.128
2.174
6.386
1.874
2.307
0.538
0.187
0.086
0.023
0.016
3.939
0.906
100.001
1500 BTU Mix Dew point of mixture is 91ºF
Heating value is 1500 BTU
Reducing the temperature to
41ºF (50ºF temperature drop)
•Removes 5.9 grams of liquid
•Heating value is lowered
from 1500 to 1430
(70 BTU loss)

52. No technology available for
extracting a gas sample containing
a representative amount of
entrained liquid.
52
www.geniefilters.com

53. -Liquids entrained in Natural gas has caused many
problems
-No distinction made between “entrained”
and “condensed” liquid
•Impact often overlooked
*Analyzer damage is usually first
concern
53
-Proper treatment depends on the origin
of the liquid
www.geniefilters.com

54. -Entrained liquid not always easy to detect
•Erratic on-line gas analysis
•Spot, composite, on-line analyzer don’t
agree
•Valve or Pressure Regulator freeze ups
54
Some indicators that liquid may be
present are:
www.geniefilters.com

55. Sources of Sampling Problems
•Entrained Liquid
•Condensed Liquid
•Construction Material for Sample Conditioning Components
•Contaminates
•Improper Selection of Sample Conditioning Components
•Ambient Temperature
•Cooling of Sample Gas Resulting From Pressure Drops
55

56. Sample Conditioning System Tasks
•Extraction
•Removal of Unwanted Liquids and Solids
•Pressure Regulation
•Transportation
•Preservation of Sample Composition
•Flow Control
•Stream Multiplexing and Cal Gas Switching 56

57. Sample Conditioning System Tasks
Extraction
Removal of Unwanted Liquids and Solids
Pressure Regulation
Transportation
Preservation of Sample Composition
Flow Control
Stream Multiplexing and Cal Gas Switching
Probe
Purpose – Exclusion of unwanted liquid and particles
Natural Gas Pipeline
57

58. Sample Conditioning System Tasks
Extraction
•Probe
Purpose – Exclusion of unwanted liquid and particles
Issues
Location On Line
•Area with minimum probability of liquid present
•Not directly downstream of a pressure reducing device
Position of Line– Horizontal is Preferred
•Depth of Probe
•Away from pipe wall
•Current center 1/3 depth recommended by GPA
and API is not a bad practice but is not supported
by test.
•No evidence to support a specific depth when the gas
source is liquid free.
•Center 1/3 depth of large diameter pipe could result
in vibration damage to probe. 58

59. Sample Conditioning System Tasks
Extraction
Purpose – Exclusion of unwanted liquid
and particles
•Probe
Issues – Continued
Opening
•Square Cut – Probably best for all applications
•Angle Cut – Not necessary and if installed incorrectly
could increase liquid intake.
Types of Probes
•Straight Probe
•Pitot Tube
•Probe with Integral Regulator
•Probe with Membrane Liquid Separator
and Integral Regulator
59

60. Extraction
Purpose – Exclusion of unwanted liquid
and particles
•Probe
Issues – Continued
Types of Probes
•Straight Probe
Positive – Helps prevent wall film from entering
sample system
Negative – Does not prevent entrained aerosols from
entering sample systems. Aerosols are
almost always present whenever liquid
is present in any form.
60

61. 61
Straight Probe

62. Positive – Helps prevent wall film from entering
sample system
Provides external circulation of sample gas
Negative – Does not prevent entrained aerosols from
entering sample systems. Aerosols are
almost always present whenever liquid
is present in any form. 62
Extraction
Purpose – Exclusion of unwanted liquid
and particles
•Probe
Issues – Continued
Types of Probes
•Pitot Tube

63. 63
FLOW
TO ANALYZER OR
COMPOSITE SAMPLER
½“ NPT, ¾” NPT
or
1” NPT
¼“ NPT Full Opening
S.S. Plug Valve
(Optional)
Product
Return
Product
Out
CL of Pipeline
Low Pressure Return
Pitot Tube

64. Insertion Regulator
•Aerosol droplets enter probe
•Pressure drop across regulator (or valve) causes liquids to flash (vaporize)
•Gas phase composition changes
•BTU value is altered
•Flow rate calculations are impacted
64
•Probe with Integral Regulator
Types of Probes
Negative
Positive
•Helps prevent condensation due to Joule-Thomson Cooling

65. AdvantagesAdvantages
-Liquid is removed before
pressure reduction
-Vapor phase composition
changes are avoided
Types of ProbesTypes of Probes
Probe with Integral
Membrane & Regulator
65

66. Membrane
Foot
Valve
Gas
Flow
Coalesced
Liquid
Genie
Probe
Regulator
66

67. Genie ModelGenie Model
130 HPM130 HPM
67
External means for removing liquid
from Sample Gas at line pressure
Gas & Entrained
Liquid
Gas Only
Entrained Liquid
(shed by the
membrane) is
returned to the
sample source.

68. Handling LiquidsHandling Liquids
-Remove at line pressure & temperature
conditions.
-Prevents changes in gas composition
-Prevent condensation
-Heat and/or insulate
-Lower pressure at source to lower
Dew point
-Protect analyzer
-Provide liquid “safety net” at analyzer 68

69. Sample Conditioning System Tasks Recap
Extraction
Removal of Unwanted Liquids and Solids
Pressure Regulation
Transportation
Preservation of Sample Composition
Flow Control
Stream Multiplexing and Cal Gas Switching
Prevent adsorption and /or condensation
Otherwise loss of “heavies” will occur and
BTU value is diminished and/or erratic
GC
Heated or Insulated
69

70. Transporting Sample LinesTransporting Sample Lines
-Diameter-Diameter
-Length
-Slope
-Heating/Insulation
-Temperature Differences
DiameterDiameter
1/8” diameter for lines under 25’ long
¼”diameter for lines longer than 25’
70

71. -Diameter
-Length-Length
-Slope
-Heating/Insulation
-Temperature Differences
LengthLength
Minimize length
–reduce pressure drop
–reduce lag time
–reduce exposed surface area
Transporting Sample LinesTransporting Sample Lines
71

72. -Diameter
-Length
-Slope-Slope
-Heating/Insulation
-Temperature Differences
SlopeSlope
To Prevent accumulation of liquid pools
Transporting Sample LinesTransporting Sample Lines
72

73. -Diameter
-Length
-Slope
-Heating/Insulation-Heating/Insulation
-Temperature Differences
-Prevent sample gas from approaching
dew point.
Heating/InsulationHeating/Insulation
-Prevent condensation.
Transporting Sample LinesTransporting Sample Lines
73

74. Heat TracingHeat Tracing
•Heat trace when ambient conditions could cause sample
wetted components temperature to fall within 25°F of the
expected hydrocarbon dew point.
•Heat trace all exposed components.
•When electrical heat tracing is used make sure that:
(a) The heat tracing tape meets electrical codes for
the intended service
(b) The heat tracing tape is self-limiting to prevent
over-heating (over-heated electrical components
could cause injury or an explosion)
•A catalytic heater can be used for some applications.
•Insulate all heat traced components to prevent heat loss.
74

75. Heated Box
Heat
Traced
Bundle
Heat TracingHeat Tracing

76. -Diameter
-Length
-Slope
-Heating/Insulation
-Temperature Differences-Temperature Differences
-Do not allow sample to cool below the
the liquid removal temp. (Dew point)
-Temperature Differences-Temperature Differences
-Ambient and analyzer house temp.
conditions reversed between winter/
summer
Transporting Sample LinesTransporting Sample Lines
76

77. ““Lag Time”/Flow rateLag Time”/Flow rate
-Too much emphasis given to “Lag Time”
-Excessive bypass is not cheap
-Balance sample conditioning needs with
“Lag Time” requirements
77

78. Extraction
Removal of Unwanted Liquids and Solids
Pressure Regulation
Transportation
Preservation of Sample Composition
Flow Control
Stream Multiplexing and Cal Gas Switching
Sample Conditioning System Tasks Recap
•Remove unwanted components without changing gas
composition.
•Prevent condensation or adsorption phase of components.
78

79. Diagram for a Typical Single Stream Gas Chromatograph
Installation with GPR and Genie Model 101

80. Purpose of Genie Probe Regulator (GPR) is to
precondition the gas sample by:
-removal of liquid (if present) at pipeline conditions of
pressure and temperature.
-pressure regulation (after liquid removal)
-compensation for Joule-Thomson cooling effect during
pressure regulation
-removal of all solid particles
Benefit:
Prevent sample composition changes.
80

81. Purpose of a Genie Model 101 is to provide a
safety net for the Gas Chromatograph by:
-removal of all liquid or solid particles which may be
present due to unusual conditions or equipment failure.
Benefit:
Protecting the Gas Chromatograph reduces maintenance
expenditures and increases reliability.
81

82. Surface AdsorptionSurface Adsorption
Surfaces attract gas molecules
-high affinity for some molecules
For a given surface/gas composition
-increased temperature/decreased pressure
decreases adsorption
-decreased temperature/increased pressure
increases adsorption
-heating sample wetted surfaces
minimizes surface adsorption
-concentration in gas phase
impacts adsorption
82

83. Surface AdsorptionSurface Adsorption
Surface adsorption is undesirable
-stores molecules in sample system
-temperature/pressure sensitivity
-night/day temperature cycles causes composition
changes in sample gas
83
-maintain sample wetted surfaces at least 25º F
above the sample dew point

84. Calibration gas issueCalibration gas issue
Dew point
-know what the calibration gas Dew point is.
-maintain the temperature at least 25º F above the
dew point at all times when calibration gas is in service.
-removing gas when below Dew point will distort the
calibration gas composition
84

85. Composition
Storage
-stratification does not occur
-heat or insulate to prevent temperature differences in
cylinder. (Recommend heating at least 25°(Recommend heating at least 25°FF
above theabove the
calibration gas Dew point, but not exceeding 140°calibration gas Dew point, but not exceeding 140°F).F).
Calibration gas issueCalibration gas issue
-place cylinder on an insulating medium to prevent a cold
floor contacting cylinder bottom
-look for increases of the heavy molecules as the
cylinder pressure lowers. 85

86. G.C.G.C.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) AnalyzersLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Analyzers
Genie Model
205 HP
LPG &
Immiscible
Liquids
(VPC)
Vaporizing
Pressure
Regulator
LGP Vapor
Genie
Model
101
Bypass
LPG & All
Immiscible
Liquids
Vent

87. Referenced PublicationsReferenced Publications
API Chapter 14.1
“Collecting and Handling of Natural Gas Sample for Custody
Transfer”
Topical Report – Prepared by K.A. Behring II
Of Southwest Research Institute
Technical Memorandum – GPRi report number GPRi - 98/0034
Prepared by K.A. Behring II
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
Published by Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
40th
Edition
Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 6th
Edition
Mark’s Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers 6th
Edition
87