networkin 4g is disscussed

1. CCN ASSIGNMENT
EMERGING TECHONOLOGY
4G CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
GROUP MEMBERS:
DILKUSHA ANSARI EL-024
SIDRA NAJAM EL-026
SUNDUS SAMI EL-038
ANUM HAIDER RIZVI EL-305
SYEDA MARIAM WADOOD EL-306

2. INTRODUCTION:
Consumers demand more from their technology. Whether it is a television, cellular
phone, or refrigerator, the latest technology purchase must have new features. With
the advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is better, faster access to
information. Cellular subscribers pay extra on top of their basic bills for such features
as instant messaging, stock quotes, and even Internet access right on their phones. But
that is far from the limit of features; manufacturers entice customers to buy new
phones with photo and even video capability. It is no longer a quantum leap to
envision a time when access to all necessary information, the power of a personal
computer, sits in the palm of one’s hand. To support such a powerful system, we need
pervasive, high-speed wireless connectivity. A number of technologies currently exist
to provide users with high-speed digital wireless connectivity; Bluetooth and 802.11
are examples. These two standards provide very high speed network connections over
short distances, typically in the tens of meters. Meanwhile, cellular providers seek to
increase speed on their long-range wireless networks. The goal is the same: long-
range, high-speed wireless, which for the purposes of this report will be called 4G, for
fourth-generation wireless system. Such a system does not yet exist, nor will it exist in
today’s market without standardization. Fourth-generation wireless needs to be
standardized throughout the United States due to its enticing advantages to both users
and providers.2G undoubtedly was the most widespread and the popular. 3G was
proposed with an idea of seamless technology but with its evolution the only benefit
was higher data rates. 4G on the other hand is an ultra-high-speed broadband wireless
network. There are two visions for the next generation technology:-
1 .Linear 4G vision
2. The Concurrent 4G vision.
The former vision focuses on the cellular system with very high data rates exceeding
100 Mbps, whereas the latter focuses on the seamless technology provisioning across
all the wireless systems and delivering the optimum services. The 4G technology
which is at its infancy is suppose to allow data transfer up to 100Mbps outdoor and
1Gbps indoor. This technology can provide very speedy wireless internet access to
not only stationary users but also to the mobile users. One of the terms used to
describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, Anytime anywhere, Global mobility
support, Integrated wireless solution, and Customized personal service.
To achieve this approach to develop 4G the user’s functional needs and expectations
need to be kept in view. This way the features of 4G could be specified from the user-
centric approach. A top –down methodology has to be followed where it starts from:
- Users’ needs and expectations, new services mapping with the functional needs,
development of a relevant and pragmatic definition of 4G and developing system
design, services and devices. There is an insight to what users really need and
demand from their day to day life: - information with mobility, handy access to
internet with high speeds. 4G needs to user friendly, a technology that is sensitive to
user personalization. This leads to minimizing the interactions between the various
applications. There is a natural interaction among applications in a well designed

3. system. Terminal heterogeneity and Network heterogeneity will make 4G a success.
4G needs to encompass different terminals providing them common service
independent of their capabilities. This seems to be a challenge for the device makers
as there is a constraint to the number of access technologies supported by the user’s
personal device. This could be overcome by the development of devices with
evolutionary designs and by means of personalization transfer. This means that the
customers need to buy a single device on which they have the potential to get the right
service without any restrictions. The technical step up of 4G in regard to 3G is
seamless integration of existing and new networks, services and terminals in order to
meet ever increasing user demands. System design rules for 4G includes: -
Coverage: - Widespread coverage due to exploitation of various existing networks,
with the concept of vertical handover.
Bandwidth: - Resource sharing among the various networks will smoothen the
spectrum limitation.
Power consumption: - The power consumption capability of the 4G devices needs to
be reduced so as to prolong their battery life.
TECHNOLOGY USED IN 4G COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
4G is a multipurpose and versatile technology hence it can utilize almost the entire
packet switched technologies. It can use both orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).
OFDM mechanism splits a digital signal into different narrowband and frequencies.
The reason why 4G makes use of this technology lies in its ability to minimize the
intervention among symbols and channels associated to data streaming.4G is also
capable of using multiple input / multiple output technology (MIMO).this antenna
technology is used to optimize the data speed and reduce the errors in the networks.
Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS) which is basically a
broadband 3G technology is also a part of 4G. This broadband technology transfers
data in the form of frames or packets. Hence it is capable of carrying voice, video,
text and other types of multimedia datagram with the speed of 2Mb. UMTS is part of
4G because it can enables 4G to make use of international mobile phone roaming via
using GSM (Global system for Mobile Communications).another wireless
telecommunication technology known as time division synchronous code division
multiple access (TD-SCDMA) provides support to 4G to transfer both circuit
switched data like video and voice and packet switched data.
4G Hardware
Ultra Wide Band Networks:
Ultra Wideband technology, or UWB, is an advanced transmission technology that
can be used in the implementation of a 4G network. The secret to UWB is that it is
typically detected as noise. This highly specific kind of noise does not cause
interference with current radio frequency devices, but can be decoded by another
device that recognizes UWB and can reassemble it back into a signal. Since the signal
is disguised as noise, it can use any part of the frequency spectrum, which means that
it can use frequencies that are currently in use by other radio frequency devices.An
Ultra Wideband device works by emitting a series of short, low powered electrical

4. pulses that are not directed at one particular frequency but rather are spread across the
entire spectrum. The pulse can be called ―shaped noise‖ because it is not flat, but
curves across the spectrum. On the other hand, actual noise would look the same
across a range of frequencies it has no shape. For this reason, regular noise that may
have the pulse itself does not cancel out the pulse. Interference would have to spread
across the spectrum uniformly to obscure the pulse. UWB provides greater bandwidth
as much as 60 megabits per second, which is 6 times faster than today’s wireless
networks. It also uses significantly less power, since it transmits pulses instead of a
continuous signal. UWB uses all frequencies from high to low, thereby passing
through objects like the sea or layers of rock. Nevertheless, because of the weakness
of the UWB signal, special smart antennas are needed to tune and aim the signal.
Although UWB and smart antenna technology may play a large role in a 4G system,
advanced software will be needed to process data on both the sending and receiving
side. This software should be flexible, as the future wireless world will likely be a
heterogeneous mix of technologies.
4G Software:
4G will likely become a unification of different wireless networks, including wireless
LAN technologies (e.g. IEEE 802.11), public cellular networks (2.5G, 3G), and even
personal area networks. Under this umbrella, 4G needs to support a wide range of
mobile devices that can roam across different types of networks (Cefriel ). These
devices would have to support different networks, meaning that one device would
have to have the capability of working on different networks. One solution to this
―multi-network functional device‖ is a software defined radio.
Software Defined Radio
A software defined radio is one that can be configured to any radio or frequency
standard through the use of software. For example, if one was a subscriber of Sprint
and moved into an area where Sprint did not have service, but Cingular did, the phone
would automatically switch from operating on a CDMA frequency to a TDMA
frequency. In addition, if a new standard were to be created, the phone would be able
to support that new standard with a simple software update. With current phones, this
is impossible. A software defined radio in the context of 4G would be able to work on
different broadband networks and would be able to transfer to another network
seamlessly while traveling outside of the user’s home network. A software defined
radio’s best advantage is its great flexibility to be programmed for emerging wireless
standards. It can be dynamically updated with new software without any changes in
hardware and infrastructure. In order to be able to download software at any location,
the data must be formatted to some standard. This is the job of the packet layer, which
will split the data into small ―packets.‖
THE STANDARDS OF 4G:
ITU-R defines that 4G refers to the International Mobile Telecommunications
Advanced (IMT-Advanced) and must abide by requirements given below.
For high mobility the peak data rate at a 4G network must be 100 Mbps and
the rate of 1 Gbps for low mobility (nomadic wireless access).
The technology must be dealt with all-IP packet switched network.

5. The capability to utilize and share resources to address concurrent users per
cell.
The ascendable channel bandwidth between 5 to 20 MHz and 40 MHz in a
optional case.
The peak link spectral efficiency of 6.75 bit/s/Hz for uplink and 15 bit/s/Hz for
downlink. The system spectral efficiency should be 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for the
indoor usage, and 3/bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink.
Across heterogeneous networks smooth handovers must be ensured.
Capacity to highly serve the next generation multimedia support.
The realm of telecommunications has already embraced the term 4G as a short
form of advanced cellular technology that is based on MIMO transmission,
OFDMA and SC-FDE technologies and all-IP architecture. The 4th
Generation is developing but none could deny its promising prospects.
ADVANTAGES OF 4G:
In a fourth-generation wireless system, cellular providers have the opportunity to offer
data access to a wide variety of devices. The cellular network would become a data
network on which cellular phones could operate — as well as any other data device.
Sending data over the cell phone network is a lucrative business. In the information
age, access to data is the ―killer app‖ that drives the market. The most telling example
is growth of the Internet over the last 10 years. Wireless networks provide a unique
twist to this product: mobility. This concept is already beginning a revolution in
wireless networking, with instant access to the Internet from anywhere.
The 4G technology will be able to support Interactive services like Video
Conferencing (with more than 2 sites simultaneously), Wireless Internet, etc. The
bandwidth would be much wider (100 MHz) and data would be transferred at much
higher rates. The cost of the data transfer would be comparatively very less and global
mobility would be possible. The networks will be all IP networks based on IPv6. The
antennas will be much smarter and improved access technologies like OFDM and
MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA) will be used. Also the security features will be
much better.
The entire network would be packet switched (IP based). All switches would be
digital. Higher bandwidths would be available which would make cheap data transfer
possible. The network security would be much tighter. Also QoS will improve. More
efficient algorithms at the Physical layer will reduce the Inter-channel Interference
and Co-channel Interference.
CONCLUSION:
There are many standards and technologies, which are still in developing process.
Therefore, no one can really sure what the future 4G will look like and what services
it will offer to people. However, we can get the general idea about 4G from academic
research; 4G is the evolution based on 3G’s limitation and it will fulfill the idea of
WWWW (World Wide Wireless Web) offering more services and smooth global
roaming with inexpensive cost.The 4G systems not only will support the next
generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. The
fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of PCC (personal computing and
communication)—a vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a
wireless network.