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Animal Reproduction and Development,[object Object],By: Xander Posner,[object Object]
Methods of asexual reproduction.,[object Object],Pheromones in mating attraction.,[object Object],Different sexual reproductive methods.,[object Object],Components of reproductive system.,[object Object],Methods of fertilization.,[object Object],Process of Cleavage,[object Object],Cell stages, gastrulation, etc.,[object Object],Extraembryonic membranes,[object Object],Overview,[object Object]
Asexual (meaning without sex) reproduction - Creation of new individuals from which all of the gametes come from one parent, without meeting of gametes. Does NOT increase genetic diversity.,[object Object],Sexual Reproduction – Creation of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote (fertilized egg) which is diploid. Increases genetic diversity,[object Object],Sperm – Small, motile, male sex cell.,[object Object],Ovum (Egg) – Larger, not motile, female sex cell,[object Object],Key Terms,[object Object]
There are four types.,[object Object],Fission,[object Object],Budding,[object Object],Fragmentation & Regeneration,[object Object],Parthenogenesis,[object Object],Types of Asexual Reproduction,[object Object],Fission in Amoeba ,[object Object]
Parthenogenesis is a process in which an egg develops without fertilization.,[object Object],Occurs in crustaceans, bees, wasps, ants, reptiles and others.,[object Object],The switching from asexual to sexual reproduction is usually induced by season or other environmental stress.,[object Object],Plays large role in ant and bee colonies where fertile females become queens and the sterile individuals in which meiosis never occurred become worker ants or bees. ,[object Object],http://www.hippocampus.org/homework-help/Biology/The%20Reproduction%20of%20Cells_Sexual%20Life%20Cycle%20&%20Meiosis-%20Summary.html,[object Object],Parthenogenesis,[object Object]
Chemical signals released by animals that play large role in mate attraction,[object Object],Released into air, can be sensed by animals such as bees over a Km away.,[object Object],Occur in minute amounts, like hormones.,[object Object],Pheromones,[object Object]
Reproductive Systems,[object Object],Oviduct,[object Object],Ovaries,[object Object],(Urinary,[object Object],bladder),[object Object],Seminal vesicle,[object Object],Follicles,[object Object],Endometrium,[object Object],(Rectum),[object Object],(Pubic bone),[object Object],Uterine wall,[object Object],Uterus,[object Object],Cervix,[object Object],Erectile,[object Object],tissue of,[object Object],penis,[object Object],Corpus luteum,[object Object],Vas deferens,[object Object],Ejaculatory duct,[object Object],Prostate gland,[object Object],Urethra,[object Object],Bulbourethral gland,[object Object],Glans penis,[object Object],Vas deferens,[object Object],Epididymis,[object Object],Vagina,[object Object],Testis,[object Object],Prepuce,[object Object],Scrotum,[object Object]
Menstrual cycle occurs due to changes in the uterus. Also called uterine cycle.,[object Object],Caused by cyclic events in the ovaries, or by the ovarian cycle.,[object Object],Female Cycles,[object Object],Figure 46.13,[object Object]
Sexual reproduction involves meiosis (to create gametes) ,[object Object],But how do these gametes come about you may ask?,[object Object],Oogenesis – Creation of female ova. Figure 46.11,[object Object],Spermatogenesis – Creation of male sperm cells. Figure 46.12,[object Object],Creation of Gametes,[object Object]
Begins with fertilization – meeting of gametes.,[object Object],Once egg is fertilized, activation of the egg occurs and rapid changes result. ,[object Object],Some changes are:,[object Object],Increase in cytoplasmic Calcium (Ca2+), which hardens the egg lining, preventing additional sperm from entering.,[object Object],This increase in Ca2+ also increases rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis by the egg cell.,[object Object],The sperm nucleus within the egg cell begins to swell. After about 20 minutes, the nucleus of the sperm and egg fuse, forming the diploid zygote and BAM, the beginning of new life.,[object Object],Development,[object Object]
Fertilization,[object Object],Sea Urchins,[object Object],Gametes meet externally when they are released into surrounding water.,[object Object],Acrosomal reaction, when urchin sperm release hydrolytic enzymes to break down the jelly coat of an egg cell and enter it.,[object Object],Once a sperm penetrates, the gametes plasma membranes fuse, rapidly preventing polyspermy.,[object Object],Cortial Reaction – Sperm binding induces signal transduction pathway that induces a long-term prevention of polyspermy.,[object Object],Mammals,[object Object],Gametes meet internally after sperm swim up the fallopian tubes.,[object Object],Sperm binds to membrane of egg.,[object Object],Virtually same acrosomal reaction occurs. Once sperm breaks down the outer coating of the egg cell, membrane proteins of the sperm bind to receptors in the egg and the plasma membranes fuse.,[object Object],Sperm nucleus and other components enter egg cell.,[object Object],Enzymes are released during the cortical reaction that block polyspermy.,[object Object]
After fertilization, rapid cell divisions occur.,[object Object],This process is called cleavage.,[object Object],Cells undergo the S (DNA synthesis) and M (Mitosis) stages but skip the G phases so virtually no protein synthesis occurs.,[object Object], Each new cell has its own nucleus.,[object Object], Cell divides into about 128 cells until the blastula is created.,[object Object],Blastula is a hollow ball of cells.,[object Object],Cleavage… The Cell Type,[object Object]
Gastrulation is the infolding of the blastula forming 3 cell “germ” layers and the cell’s primitive gut. Process of infolding is called invagination,[object Object],Allows new interactions of cells,[object Object],3 Layers created are:,[object Object],Ectoderm (Outer layer),[object Object],Endoderm (lines the embryonic digestive tract),[object Object],Mesoderm (Which partly fills space between the ectoderm and endoderm),[object Object],Gastrulation,[object Object],VIDEO TIME,[object Object]
Membranes associated with animals that aid in their embryonic development.,[object Object],Adaptations that allow live or shelled egg birth on land.,[object Object],Found in reptiles (and birds), and mammals.,[object Object],4 extraembryonic membranes of birds and reptiles are:,[object Object],The amnion (Prevents dehydration and cushions),[object Object],The allantois (Disposal sac for metabolic waste, and as respiratory organ),[object Object],The Chorion (exchange gases between embryo and surrounding air),[object Object],The Yolk sac (Stockpile of nutrients for embryo),[object Object],All arise from 3 germ layers.,[object Object],Extraembryonic Membranes,[object Object]
Blastocyst is hollow ball of cells; mammalian version of blastula.,[object Object],Cluster of cells within blastocyst called inner mass cells will contribute most of the extraembryonic membranes.,[object Object],Trophoblast is part of the blastocyst that secretes hydrolytic enzymes that allow the blastocyst to enter the lining of the uterus.,[object Object],Gastrulation occurs once the blastocyst is implanted in the uterine lining. The 3 germ layers formed by the end of gastrulation form the extraembryonic membranes. The membranes created are:,[object Object],The chorion (gas exchange),[object Object],The amnion (encloses embryo in protective fluid, this fluid exits the vagina when a woman’s “water breaks,” before childbirth),[object Object],The yolk sac (encloses fluid filled cavity, site of early formation of blood cells.),[object Object],The allantois (incorporated into the umbilical cord, forms blood vessels that transport oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the embryo and also function in removal of waste.,[object Object],By the end of the first trimester of pregnancy, rudiments of all the major organs have developed from the 3 germ layers.,[object Object],Mammalian Development,[object Object],THE END,[object Object]

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Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction & Chapter 47 Animal Development

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