1. LIFE LINES OF NATIONAL
ECONOMY
DONE BY
KRISHNA KUMAR
&
MAHALAKSHMI.M

2. TRANSPORT,
COMMUNICATION
&
TRADE

3. INTRODUCTION
 Transport, communication and trade play an important role in day to day
life as they link production with consumption. Production itself becomes
easy by transport, communication and trade as processing site is linked
with the sites of raw material. Developed transport, communication and
trade help goods and services being distributed in the local, national and
international markets. They not only ensure movement of people, materials
and communication but also movement of ideas, and skill from one region
to another. So, the development of efficient transport and communication
network reflects the development of economy and the country as a whole.
These means are called lifelines of a nation‘s economy.
 In the modern world, no country can prosper without the co-operation and
help of other countries . For this movement of goods and material is
essential among the countries .Movement of goods and materials among
the countries is termed as trade. Trade provides with our necessities and
also add to our amenities and comforts. Transport, communication and
trade are essential for economic integration, social interaction and defence
of the country as well as other countries.

4. TRANSPORT
Roadways:
 India has one of the largest road networks in
the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million km
at present.
The growing importance of
road transport vis-à-vis rail transport is rooted
in the following reasons;
construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines,
roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating
topography,
roads
can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse
mountains such as the Himalayas
road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and
relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances,
it also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and
unloading is much lower,
road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport
such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.

5. TRANSPORT NETWORK
MEANS OF TRANSPORT
LAND WATER AIR
INLAND OVERSEAS DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL
ROADWAYS RAILWAYS PIPELINES
WAYS WAYS AIRWAYS AIRWAYS
PUBLIC PRIVATE
UNDERTAKING AIRLINES

6. NETWORK OF ROADS IN INDIA - 33.2 lakh km.
On the basis of nature & surfacing - 1.Metalled (pucca)- 57%
2. Unmetalled (kuchcha) -43%
On the basis of construction & maintenance –
(a.) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway :
(i) NHDP Phase- I :- 5,846 km., six lane,
CONNECTING-Delhi ,Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata
(ii) NHDP Phase- II :- 7300 km.
* NS Corridors – Srinagar to Kanyakumari
* EW Corridors – Silchar(Assam) to Porbandar(Gujarat)
(iii) Port connectivity and other projects - 1,157 km.
(iv) NHDP Phase – III:- 4,015km., 4 lane ,
-National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is the implementing agency for NHDP
programme.
-NHAI is implement 4 laning of 603km. Special Accelerated Road Development
Programme in the North Eastern Region (SARDP-NE) ,

7. (b.) NATIONAL HIGHWAYS -- As on March 31,2006 - 65,569 km.
2% of the total length of the road network
CPWD constructs and maintains National Highways.
35%-single lane, 53%-2lane & 12%-4 lane or more.
(c.) STATE HIGHWAYS -- 1.28 lakh km. 97%of the length of state highway
is metalled.
The State Highways are constructed and maintained by State Government.
(d.) DISTRICTS ROADS – 4,70,000 km.
Districts authorities constructs and maintain the District Roads
(e.) OTHER ROADS - mostly kuchcha roads, 26,50,000 km.
(f.) BORDER ROADS - Border Road Development Board , World’s highest
Roads from Manali (H.P.) to Leh of Ladakh (J&K)
ROAD DENSITY - The lowest density – 10 km.per 100 sq.km in J.&K.
The highest density – 375 km.per 100 sq.km. in Kerala
The national average of road density – 75 km. per 100 sq. km.
PROBLEMS FACED BY ROAD TRANSPORT – 1.Inadequate
2 .43% of road are unsurfaced.
3. Highly congested in cities & Bridges are narrow.
4.Roadside amenities are not sufficient &Emergencies services are poor.

8. In India, roads are classified in the following
six classes according to their capacity.
Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:

9.  National Highways:

10. Do you know ??
National Highway-7
is the longest and traverses 2, 369 km
between Varanasi and Kanyakumari
via Jabalpur, Nagpur, Hyderabad,
Bangalore and Madurai. Delhi and
Mumbai are connected by National
Highway-8, while National Highway-15
covers most of Rajasthan.

11. State Highways:

12. District Roads:

13. Other Roads:

15. Border Roads:

16. Road Density:

17. RAILWAYS
Introduced by British Govt. in 1853 - 34 km. between Mumbai to Thane
Railway Network in India
(As on March 31,2004)
1. Route Length : 63,221 km
 2.Railway Station :7,031
 3. Railway Engines :7,817
 4. Coaches :36,510
 5. Wagons :2,28,170
 6. Running Track :1,07,969 km.
 7. Electrified Track :17,500 km.
 8. Zones :16

19. PROGRESS MADE BY INDIAN
RAILWAYS SINCE INDEPENDENCE
1. The total length of railway network as on March, 2002 was 63028 km.
(i) Broad Gauge (1.67 metre) - 45622 km. (70%)
(ii) Metre Gauge (1 metre) - 14364 km. (24.6%)
(iii) Narrow Gauge(0.77 metre) - 3136 km. (5.36%)
As on March, 1951 – 53596 km. - 18% increase
2. Additional Lines on the already existing busy routes– total running track
had increased from 59,315 km. to 1,07,969 km. in 2001.
3. Electrification of route – By March,2006 the Indian railways had got
17500 km. of
railway route electrified.(26% of total route)
Purposes of Electrification –(i) relieves railways from steam
engines.
(ii) ensure more speedy movement.
(iii) Clean and pollution free travel.
4. Container Service - Provides door to door service for goods &
commodities by CCI.
5. Computerised reservation & more and more coaches and sleepers.
6. METRO Railway - Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai & Chennai
7. Super fast Trains -
8. Biggest Government Department – 15.5 lakhs regular employees &2
lakhs casual.

20. PRESENT PROBLEMS OF INDIAN
RAILWAYS
Travelling without tickets.
 Thefts of railway properties.
 Damaging railway properties.
 Pulling up of chains and stopping of trains.
 Attacks of terrorists.
 Bomb blasts.
 Throwing of passengers out of trains over traffic
matters

21. PIPELINES
Pipelines have become a major means of
transport and are used in transporting crude
oil, petroleum product and natural gas from
the oil and natural gas fields to refineries,
fertiliser factories and big thermal power
generation plants.
Major categories of pipeline transportation in India :-
1. upper Assam Oil fields to Kanpur via Guwahati, Barauni and
Allahabad
2. Salaya (Gujarat) to Jalandhar (Punjab) via Viramgam,
Mathura, Delhi and Panipat.
3. Hazira (Gujarat) to Jagdishpur (U.P.) via Bijapur (M.P.) –the
longest pipeline in India -1700km.
4. Mumbai HIGH with Mumbai – Pune
PROPOSED PIPELINES –
(I) Between Kandla and Panipat
(II) Between Kandla and Bina
(III) Between Mumbai and Manmad
(IV) Between Vishakhapatanam to Vijaiwada
(V) between Mangalore to Chennai via Bangalore

23. waterways
India has a large number of perennial rivers and a very long
coastline of 6100 km.
Types of waterways:- (a.) Inland water transport
(b) Ocean water transport
National Waterways :-
1.The Ganga river - Allahabad to Haldia - 1620 km.
2. The Brahmaputra river - Sadiya TO Dhubri - 891 km.
3. The West Coast Canal - Kollam to Kottapuram - 14 km.
4. The Champakara Canal – Kerala -13 km.
5. Udagmandalam Canal - Kerala -22 km.
Major Sea Ports :- At the time of Independence - 5 sea ports
Sea ports at West Coast Seaports at East
Coast
1. Kandla 1. Tuticorin
2. Mumbai 2. Chennai
3. Nhova Sheva (Jawahar Lal Nehru) 3. Ennore
4.Mormugao 4. Vishakhapatnam
5. Mangalore 5. Paradip
6. Kochi 6. Haldia

25. Airways
•Air travel is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport.
•Civil Aviation Department of controls and supervises the activities of airlines
and gives guidelines for safe operations of the airlines.
o AIR SERVICES :- 1. Air India - 26 Air Craft
2. Indian Airlines - 54 Air Craft
3. Pawan Hans Helicopters
4. Private Air Lines (Scheduled & Non-scheduled)-70
oInternational Airports :- 14 1.Delhi 8.Kochi
2.Mumbai 9.Hyderabad
3.Chennai 10. Guwahati
4. Kolkata 11. Bangalore
5. Amritsar 12. Thiruvananthapuram
6. Ahmedabad 13. Srinagar
7. Panaji 14. Pune
Airports are managed by Airports Authority of India.

27. The Role of Transport Network in the
development of India
1. Lifelines of the Country-
2. Transportation-
3. Turning of local market into national market
4. Help in the development of economy
5. National integration of the country
6. Cultural integration

28. COMMUNICATION NETWORK
Communication is the process in which
messages are sent from one place to another;
people sitting thousands of km. away talk with
one another and even watch one another.
Various Means of communication-
1. Postal Services –
2. Print Media
3. Telecommunication-
4. Electronic Media - Radio & Television
5. Teleprinters and Cables

29. Trade
The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred
to as trade.
Trade between two countries is called international trade.
Foreign Trade includes exports and imports. Export trade is
the trade in which a country supplies its surplus goods and commodities
to other nations and earn valuable foreign exchange. Import trade is
the trade in which a country obtains these goods and commodities from
other countries in which it is deficient.
Balance of Trade is the difference in the value of exports
and imports.
Major items of India’s Exports - Agriculture and allied product,
ores and minerals, gems and jewellery and chemical products,
engineering goods.
Major items of India’s Imports- Petroleum and petroleum
products, pearls and precious stones, inorganic chemical, coke,
machinery, fertilizers etc.
Except 1972-73 and 1976-77, India’s trade balance has been adverse
since independence.