Return of the Codes -- SAS', Windows' and Your's

R t
Return of the Codes:
f th C d
SAS ®, Windows’®
SAS’® Windows ®, and Your’s
Your s
Mark Tabladillo Ph.D.
MarkTab Consulting
Associate Faculty, University of Phoenix
Copyright © 2007, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved. SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. ® indicates USA registration.
Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.

Communicate
C i t
Better!


Introduction

Applications have an ongoing conversation
• Users, Databases, Other Applications
Return code represents many of these often
numeric messages
Event messages d
E t describe th general
ib the l
communication category
Error messages are a special case


Purpose

Describe how three innovative messaging
sources support robust SAS applications
development
1. SAS (the programming language)
2. Windows (the operating system)
3. Yours (customized)


SAS Windows
Who’s
Talking?

WE! (you and me)
( d )

SAS 101: Print a Dataset

options pagesize=60 linesize=80 pageno=1 nodate;
libname mylib 'permanent-data-library';
permanent data library ;
data mylib.internationaltours;
infile 'input-file';
input Country $ Nights AirCost LandCost Vendor $;
p y g
proc print data = mylib.internationaltours;
title 'Data Set MYLIB.INTERNATIONALTOURS';
run;


SAS 201: How do you know it works?

p y g
run;


SAS 201: How do you know it works?
SAS 301: What could go wrong?
p y g
run;


SAS
Category One: SAS®
C O S S®

SAS provides efficient event messaging using
seven features:
1.
1 System Options
S t O ti
2. Automatic Macro Variables
3. ARM Macros
4. Functions
5. Call MODULE Routine
6.
6 PUT Statement
7. SCL Event Classes


SAS
SAS: S
S S System Options
O

System options are instructions that affect the
SAS session
Querying system options can be done through
dictionary tables
Use SCL commands OPTGETC OPTGETN
OPTGETC, OPTGETN,
OPTSETC, and OPTSETN


SAS
SAS: S
S S System Option Examples
O

DSNFERR – Controls how SAS responds when
a SAS dataset is not found
ERRORCHECK – controls error handling
MPRINT – Displays SAS statements that are
generated by macro execution


SAS
SAS:
S S Automatic Macro Variables

The SAS macro processor creates automatic
macro variables
Automatic macro variables complement system
options by allowing SAS to report current state


SAS
SAS:
S S Automatic Macro Variables

SYSRC (read and write) – various system-
related return codes
SYSPROCESSID – the process ID of the current
SAS process
SYSPROCESSNAME – the process name of the
current SAS process


SAS
SAS:
S S ARM Macros

ARM (Automatic Response Measurement)
Macros provide a way to measure the
performance of applications as they execute
The macros are lightweight and are designed to
run outside the DATA step and PROC
p
statements
The ARM API provides an interface to retrieve
performance information


SAS
SAS:
S S Functions

A function performs a computation or system
manipulation on arguments and returns a value
In addition to base SAS functions, SCL provides
other functions which have return codes


SAS
SAS:
S S Function Examples

SYSRC – returns a system error number
SYSGET – returns the value of the specified
p
operating environment variable
SYSTEM – issues an operating system
environment command during a SAS session
and returns the system return code


SAS
SAS: C
S S CALL Module Routine

CALL Module “calls the external routine without
any return code”
CALL Module “calls the external routine without
an explicit SAS return code”
Allows extended reach in Windows and Unix


SAS
SAS:
S S PUT Statement
S

The PUT statement allows for general reporting
to the LOG or any ODS destination
Allows for documenting and reporting return
codes to users


SAS
SAS: SCL
S S SC Event Classes
C

Events allow for communication among visual
and non-visual classes
The SCL Exception class provides a framework
for throwing exceptions (distinct from regular
events) )


Windows
Category Two: Windows®
C ®

Windows provides SAS efficient event
messaging using four features:
1 SAS S t
1.SAS System O ti
Options f Windows
for Wi d
2.SAS Automatic Macro Variables for Windows
3.SAS Functions and CALL Routines for Windows
4.Windows System Error Codes


Windows
Windows: S S Features
SAS

SAS has separate documentation for each
operating system
SAS running on Windows has extended
capabilities for
• System options
• Automatic macro variables
• Functions and CALL routines


Windows
Windows: Windows 32 API S
System Error C
Codes

The CALL module routine can access the
Windows 32 API DLLs
The full list of Windows error codes can be
returned to SAS
The gateway can also provide interactive
communication with Windows
Supported in 64-bit Vista and Server 2008
64 bit


Yours
Category Three: Yours
C

We can create event messaging systems that
emulate what SAS and Windows provide
Three distinct outputs
1. Receive no response
2.
2 Receive a response sometimes (incomplete)
3. Always receive a response


Yours
Category Description
Application Options
Similar to SAS system options, application
options are variables declared either globally
or locally for an application, and allow for
return code processing to be controlled from
a higher level. The variables could be
stored in application datasets, similar to the
read-only
read only dictionary tables
tables.


Yours
Application Macro
Variables
Similar to SAS automatic macro variables,
the
th application macro variables ( l b l or
li ti i bl (global
local) provide the ability to keep the state at
a specific p
p point. Information stored could be
character or text (though macro variables
always store information as text).


Yours
Application Macros
Similar to SAS ARM Macros, the application
can hhave it own macros t monitor and
its to it d
measure performance. These customized
macros could extend the capabilities of
ARM macros, providing the application with
robust reporting on performance.
Developing these macros separately from
other macros allows them to be used in
future applications.


Yours
Functions
Similar to SAS functions, applications can
define
d fi methods i SCL Th
th d in SCL. These methodsth d
can provide a return code, and could extend
or incorporate what SAS natively p
p y provides
for return code processing. Encapsulating
these methods individually, or as a group
(creating a class or classes using SAS/AF)
would allow these methods or classes to be
copied into future applications.


Yours
CALL Module Similar to calling Windows DLLs, SAS
Routine
applications running in Windows could call
li ti i i Wi d ld ll
programmed .NET DLLs. These modules
could have return codes and messages
helping the application to become more
robust. Generically developed DLLs have
the advantage of being used across many
custom applications.


Yours
Reporting Datasets
and Forms
Instead of simply using the PUT statement
to
t send variable values t th l
d i bl l to the log, an
application could store the information in a
dataset. Also, the application could have
, pp
customized forms for reporting errors,
including the option to send those reports as
an attachment or the body of an e-mail
e-mail.


Yours
Event Classes
Create event classes which capture specific
return codes as events. Create customized
t d t C t t i d
SCL classes based on the SCL exception
class; alternatively, use a language which
; y, g g
can produce a COM interface to work with
SAS to provide advanced error capabilities.
Use event classes to communicate across
components and applications.


Advice f Reusable C
for Code
Use binary codes for success or failure
y
Consider global enumeration storage to allow for named references to return
code conditions
Use simple, reusable names for macros, functions, and classes
Code for the complete set of possible conditions, not only the ones proven
through experience
Optionally implement reporting to the SAS log, or to an external event log
log
(database or file)


Conclusion

Described how three innovative messaging
sources support robust SAS applications
development
1. SAS (the programming language)
2. Windows (the operating system)
3. Your’s (customized)
Comprehensive return messaging defines
robust applications


Return of the Codes -- SAS', Windows' and Your's

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