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FIRST AIDS
Introduction:Introduction:
First aid is the provision of initial care for
an illness or injury which is accomplished in the
very place until trained or expert people arrive.
General guidelines performance ofGeneral guidelines performance of
the “PAS” initial action stepsthe “PAS” initial action steps
PROTECTPROTECT:: The aider must
ensure the place from
danger and The sick or
injured person must not be
moved.
PHONE: The emergency
number 112.
HELP:HELP: The injured or sick
person applying the first
aids procedures.
First evaluationFirst evaluation::
ConsciousnessConsciousness: Gently move the sicked or
injured person by the arms and ask him or her
a question. If there is no answer, he or she is
unconscious. Then, move him or her onto the
LATERAL RECOVERY POSITION.LATERAL RECOVERY POSITION.
Second evaluation:Second evaluation:
Breathing:Breathing:
If the sick or injured person
is breathing, he must be
moved to LRP to avoid
obstructions by flood or
vomit.
If there is no breathing,If there is no breathing,
airway must be openedairway must be opened
andand CardiopulmonaryCardiopulmonary
resuscitationresuscitation has to be
applied.
Pulse:Pulse:
When the injured has pulse,
Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) still must
be applied.
If the victim has no pulse
and is not breathing both
cardiac massage and
cardiopulmonary
resuscitation will have to be
administered.
If the victim is breathing but
unconscious, move him/ her
into LRP.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation:
Airway opening by using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre:Airway opening by using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre:
Put the person on his or her back following the head-body line on
a firm surface. Unfasten belts, untie buttons and loosen any tight
clothing to avoid shortness of breathing.
Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently tilt the head
back. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to
open the airway.
Check breathingCheck breathing:: Feel for the person's breath on your cheek and
ear.
Begin mouth-to-mouth breathing accordingBegin mouth-to-mouth breathing according
Using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre, pinch the nostrils.
Give from 12 to 16 rescue breath per minute, watching if the
chest rises.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation:
Check pulseCheck pulse:: On the carotid artery or at the wrist.
Heart massage technique:Heart massage technique:
Kneel at the right arm of the victim.
Open airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre.
Place the heel of one hand on the breastbone -- right between the
nipples. Later, place the heel of your other hand on top of the first
hand.
Give 30 chest compressions at a rate of 100/minute (almost 2
compressions per second). Each time, press down about 3 or 4
centimetres into the chest. These compressions should be fast and
hard with no pausing.
INJURIESINJURIES
Chocking.Chocking.
Blackouts.Blackouts.
Injuries.Injuries.
Convulsions.Convulsions.
Bleedings.Bleedings.
Burns.Burns.
Bone fractures and fissures.Bone fractures and fissures.
Eye injury.Eye injury.
Bites and stings.Bites and stings.
ChockingChocking::
Heimlich manoeuvre
ChockingChocking::
Choking often happens when food is swallowed too fast without the correct
chewing or if someone speaks or laughs when eating.
Chocking can be:Chocking can be:
Partial: Encourage the person to cough to help him or her to remove the
object that causes obstruction. Do not use back blows.
Total:Total: If the victim does not breathe, Take the bottom part (heel) of
your hand and deliver five separate forceful strikes between the person’s
shoulder blades. Keep the black blows separate. If the blows fail,
perform five abdominal thrusts (also known as the Heimlich
manoeuvre). Get behind the victim and wrap your arms around his
waist. Take the underside of one fist and place it near the middle
person’s abdomen, with the thumb-side against the abdomen, just
above the navel and below the breastbone. Grasp that fist in your other
hand. Give up to five separate, inward and upward thrusts. Continue
until the obstruction is dislodged.
Blackouts:Blackouts:
A partial or complete loss of consciousness with interruption of
awareness of oneself.
SSymptomsymptoms:: fainting, weakness, cold sweating, dizziness,
trembling, nausea or ringing in the ears.
These are the common first procedures:These are the common first procedures:
Lay the casualty flat with his legs raised or put the victim in
the recovery position with his head between his legs.
Loosen clothing. If the victim does not recover consciousness,
he must be positioned in Lateral Recovery Position and
phone for medical help.
Convulsions :Convulsions :
Convulsions take place when a person’s body shakes rapidly
and uncontrollably. There is often a loss of consciousness and
loss of bladder or bowel control. Another symptom is amnesia.
First aids procedures:First aids procedures:
Lay the person on the ground and do not move him.
Make the place safe clearing the area of furniture or other
sharp objects.
Do not try to make the person stop convulsing.
Avoid the victim bites his tongue by placing a soft object
between teeth.
Turn the victim in Lateral Recovery Position.
Injuries
Injuries:Injuries:
Cuts slice the skin open. This causes bleeding and pain.
First aids procedures:First aids procedures:
Sterilize scissors and tweezers with a clean bandage.
Wash your hands with soap and water.
Uncover the wound if necessary and cut the surrounding hair.
Clean the wound with soap and water from inside to outside.
If the wound has dirt or small stones, remove them rinsing it with
water.
Dry the wound with sterile bandage.
Apply an antibiotic cream.
What we MUST NOT DOWhat we MUST NOT DO::
Clean the injury with clothing or tissues as they can leave small
pieces that can produce infection.
Use hydrogen peroxide or alcohol.
Remove objects from punctures.
Bleedings:Bleedings:
Bleeding is a loss of blood from the blood vessels
Bleeding may be:Bleeding may be:
External:External: bleeding that comes out the body.
Internas:Internas: bleeding occurs when damage to an artery or vein
allows blood to escape the circulatory system and collect inside
the body
Bleeding from body cavitiesBleeding from body cavities
First aids procedures:First aids procedures:
External:External:
Place a clean dressing over the wound.
Press for 10 minutes on the wound and elevate
wound higher than level of heart.
If direct pressure and elevation do not sufficiently
slow the blood flow from the artery, apply pressure
on the nearest bone and over the wound, that is, the
closest pressure point.
Apply a tourniquet which must not be removed and
write on a paper the time of its application.
Internal:Internal:
They are difficult to detect and need
urgent medical treatment.
SymptomsSymptoms: cold sweating, deep
breathing, weak pulse or even
intense thirstiness.
We must apply the first aids
procedures and call for medical
emergency services.
Burns:Burns:
Dry heat, acid substances and friction cause
burns. They can also be caused by extreme
cold and heat.
Classification of severity:Classification of severity: burns are
classified according to their depth.
First degree burnFirst degree burn he epidermal layer
is reddened.
Second degree burnSecond degree burn: burn is
characterized by epidermal blisters,
mottled appearance, and a red base.
Damage extends into¾but not
through¾the dermis.
Third degre burn:Third degre burn: is a full-thickness
injury penetrating into muscle and fatty
connective tissues, or even down to
the bone. Tissues and nerves are
destroyed.
First aids procedures:First aids procedures:
Soak the burn with abundant cold
water for 10 minutes.
Cover the injury with a sterile burns
sheet. It should be soaked in water
or serum.
Hold the bandage. It must not be
pressed on the burn.
Place the victim in the lateral
recovery position and seek medical
attention immediately.
Do not give the victim water nor
food.
Bone fractures and fissures:Bone fractures and fissures:
A fracture is a broken bone. When the
bone is not completely broken, it is
called fissures.
Types of fractures:Types of fractures:
Closed fracture:Closed fracture: the skin remains
intact and there is little damage to
surrounding tissue.
Opened fracture:Opened fracture: the broken bone
protrudes through the skin or there is a
wound that leads to the fracture site.
The risk of infection is high.
• Symptoms:Symptoms: Intense pain in the injured
area, deformity, loss of movement of
the affected bone, swelling and
bruising.
First aids procedures:First aids procedures:
Do not move the victim.
Do not realign any
complicated break.
Fractures of the body such
as skull should be managed
by paramedics. Therefore
the victim must not be
moved.
Eye injury:Eye injury:
The main causes of eye injury
are flying objects. This might
include balls used in sports
games, small pieces of debris
such as fragments of metal, glass
or wood, or sharp penetrating
objects. Other common causes
of damage to the eyes include
exposure to chemicals.
Procedures:Procedures:
Blow to the eye:Blow to the eye:
Do not manipulate the injured
eye nor apply anything.
Cover the injured eye with
sterile gauze and tape it with a
bandage.
Take the casualty to hospital.
Particle in the eye:Particle in the eye:
Do not rub the eye.
Tell the casualty to open the
affected eye to locate the foreign
body.
Rinse the eye with great amount
of a saline solution or tap water or
distilled water.
If washing out your eye is not
successful, the object can
usually be removed with the tip of
a tissue or a cotton swab.
If the foreign body has penetrated
the eyeball, it must not be
removed. Cover the affected eye
with sterile gauze and bandage it
slightly.
Bites and stings:Bites and stings:
Procedures:Procedures:
The casualty must keep still.
Wash area gently with soap and
water.
Apply ice pack wrapped in clean
cloth.
The first aiderThe first aider must not:must not:
Apply mud or saliva.
Rub or scratch the affected area.
Make any cut.
Suck the venom.
If an insect has stung the victim in
him or her mouth, the first aider can
give the casualty some ice as swelling
could cause stop breathing.

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First aids 3

  • 2. Introduction:Introduction: First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury which is accomplished in the very place until trained or expert people arrive.
  • 3. General guidelines performance ofGeneral guidelines performance of the “PAS” initial action stepsthe “PAS” initial action steps PROTECTPROTECT:: The aider must ensure the place from danger and The sick or injured person must not be moved. PHONE: The emergency number 112. HELP:HELP: The injured or sick person applying the first aids procedures.
  • 4. First evaluationFirst evaluation:: ConsciousnessConsciousness: Gently move the sicked or injured person by the arms and ask him or her a question. If there is no answer, he or she is unconscious. Then, move him or her onto the LATERAL RECOVERY POSITION.LATERAL RECOVERY POSITION.
  • 5. Second evaluation:Second evaluation: Breathing:Breathing: If the sick or injured person is breathing, he must be moved to LRP to avoid obstructions by flood or vomit. If there is no breathing,If there is no breathing, airway must be openedairway must be opened andand CardiopulmonaryCardiopulmonary resuscitationresuscitation has to be applied. Pulse:Pulse: When the injured has pulse, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) still must be applied. If the victim has no pulse and is not breathing both cardiac massage and cardiopulmonary resuscitation will have to be administered. If the victim is breathing but unconscious, move him/ her into LRP.
  • 7. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Airway opening by using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre:Airway opening by using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre: Put the person on his or her back following the head-body line on a firm surface. Unfasten belts, untie buttons and loosen any tight clothing to avoid shortness of breathing. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway. Check breathingCheck breathing:: Feel for the person's breath on your cheek and ear. Begin mouth-to-mouth breathing accordingBegin mouth-to-mouth breathing according Using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre, pinch the nostrils. Give from 12 to 16 rescue breath per minute, watching if the chest rises.
  • 8. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Check pulseCheck pulse:: On the carotid artery or at the wrist. Heart massage technique:Heart massage technique: Kneel at the right arm of the victim. Open airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre. Place the heel of one hand on the breastbone -- right between the nipples. Later, place the heel of your other hand on top of the first hand. Give 30 chest compressions at a rate of 100/minute (almost 2 compressions per second). Each time, press down about 3 or 4 centimetres into the chest. These compressions should be fast and hard with no pausing.
  • 10. Chocking.Chocking. Blackouts.Blackouts. Injuries.Injuries. Convulsions.Convulsions. Bleedings.Bleedings. Burns.Burns. Bone fractures and fissures.Bone fractures and fissures. Eye injury.Eye injury. Bites and stings.Bites and stings.
  • 12. ChockingChocking:: Choking often happens when food is swallowed too fast without the correct chewing or if someone speaks or laughs when eating. Chocking can be:Chocking can be: Partial: Encourage the person to cough to help him or her to remove the object that causes obstruction. Do not use back blows. Total:Total: If the victim does not breathe, Take the bottom part (heel) of your hand and deliver five separate forceful strikes between the person’s shoulder blades. Keep the black blows separate. If the blows fail, perform five abdominal thrusts (also known as the Heimlich manoeuvre). Get behind the victim and wrap your arms around his waist. Take the underside of one fist and place it near the middle person’s abdomen, with the thumb-side against the abdomen, just above the navel and below the breastbone. Grasp that fist in your other hand. Give up to five separate, inward and upward thrusts. Continue until the obstruction is dislodged.
  • 13. Blackouts:Blackouts: A partial or complete loss of consciousness with interruption of awareness of oneself. SSymptomsymptoms:: fainting, weakness, cold sweating, dizziness, trembling, nausea or ringing in the ears. These are the common first procedures:These are the common first procedures: Lay the casualty flat with his legs raised or put the victim in the recovery position with his head between his legs. Loosen clothing. If the victim does not recover consciousness, he must be positioned in Lateral Recovery Position and phone for medical help.
  • 14. Convulsions :Convulsions : Convulsions take place when a person’s body shakes rapidly and uncontrollably. There is often a loss of consciousness and loss of bladder or bowel control. Another symptom is amnesia. First aids procedures:First aids procedures: Lay the person on the ground and do not move him. Make the place safe clearing the area of furniture or other sharp objects. Do not try to make the person stop convulsing. Avoid the victim bites his tongue by placing a soft object between teeth. Turn the victim in Lateral Recovery Position.
  • 16. Injuries:Injuries: Cuts slice the skin open. This causes bleeding and pain. First aids procedures:First aids procedures: Sterilize scissors and tweezers with a clean bandage. Wash your hands with soap and water. Uncover the wound if necessary and cut the surrounding hair. Clean the wound with soap and water from inside to outside. If the wound has dirt or small stones, remove them rinsing it with water. Dry the wound with sterile bandage. Apply an antibiotic cream. What we MUST NOT DOWhat we MUST NOT DO:: Clean the injury with clothing or tissues as they can leave small pieces that can produce infection. Use hydrogen peroxide or alcohol. Remove objects from punctures.
  • 17. Bleedings:Bleedings: Bleeding is a loss of blood from the blood vessels Bleeding may be:Bleeding may be: External:External: bleeding that comes out the body. Internas:Internas: bleeding occurs when damage to an artery or vein allows blood to escape the circulatory system and collect inside the body Bleeding from body cavitiesBleeding from body cavities
  • 18. First aids procedures:First aids procedures: External:External: Place a clean dressing over the wound. Press for 10 minutes on the wound and elevate wound higher than level of heart. If direct pressure and elevation do not sufficiently slow the blood flow from the artery, apply pressure on the nearest bone and over the wound, that is, the closest pressure point. Apply a tourniquet which must not be removed and write on a paper the time of its application.
  • 19. Internal:Internal: They are difficult to detect and need urgent medical treatment. SymptomsSymptoms: cold sweating, deep breathing, weak pulse or even intense thirstiness. We must apply the first aids procedures and call for medical emergency services.
  • 20. Burns:Burns: Dry heat, acid substances and friction cause burns. They can also be caused by extreme cold and heat. Classification of severity:Classification of severity: burns are classified according to their depth. First degree burnFirst degree burn he epidermal layer is reddened. Second degree burnSecond degree burn: burn is characterized by epidermal blisters, mottled appearance, and a red base. Damage extends into¾but not through¾the dermis. Third degre burn:Third degre burn: is a full-thickness injury penetrating into muscle and fatty connective tissues, or even down to the bone. Tissues and nerves are destroyed. First aids procedures:First aids procedures: Soak the burn with abundant cold water for 10 minutes. Cover the injury with a sterile burns sheet. It should be soaked in water or serum. Hold the bandage. It must not be pressed on the burn. Place the victim in the lateral recovery position and seek medical attention immediately. Do not give the victim water nor food.
  • 21. Bone fractures and fissures:Bone fractures and fissures: A fracture is a broken bone. When the bone is not completely broken, it is called fissures. Types of fractures:Types of fractures: Closed fracture:Closed fracture: the skin remains intact and there is little damage to surrounding tissue. Opened fracture:Opened fracture: the broken bone protrudes through the skin or there is a wound that leads to the fracture site. The risk of infection is high. • Symptoms:Symptoms: Intense pain in the injured area, deformity, loss of movement of the affected bone, swelling and bruising. First aids procedures:First aids procedures: Do not move the victim. Do not realign any complicated break. Fractures of the body such as skull should be managed by paramedics. Therefore the victim must not be moved.
  • 22. Eye injury:Eye injury: The main causes of eye injury are flying objects. This might include balls used in sports games, small pieces of debris such as fragments of metal, glass or wood, or sharp penetrating objects. Other common causes of damage to the eyes include exposure to chemicals. Procedures:Procedures: Blow to the eye:Blow to the eye: Do not manipulate the injured eye nor apply anything. Cover the injured eye with sterile gauze and tape it with a bandage. Take the casualty to hospital. Particle in the eye:Particle in the eye: Do not rub the eye. Tell the casualty to open the affected eye to locate the foreign body. Rinse the eye with great amount of a saline solution or tap water or distilled water. If washing out your eye is not successful, the object can usually be removed with the tip of a tissue or a cotton swab. If the foreign body has penetrated the eyeball, it must not be removed. Cover the affected eye with sterile gauze and bandage it slightly.
  • 23. Bites and stings:Bites and stings: Procedures:Procedures: The casualty must keep still. Wash area gently with soap and water. Apply ice pack wrapped in clean cloth. The first aiderThe first aider must not:must not: Apply mud or saliva. Rub or scratch the affected area. Make any cut. Suck the venom. If an insect has stung the victim in him or her mouth, the first aider can give the casualty some ice as swelling could cause stop breathing.

Hinweis der Redaktion

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