Introduction Litrature

MARIO G. BARLOLONG
FACULTY MEMBER
PANPACIFIC UNIVERSITY NORTH PHILIPPINES
LECTURE in
LITERATURE

“an education in
the arts is an
education in
feelings”

WHAT IS LITERATURE?
Derived from the Latin
term LITERA, which
means letter. It has
been defined
differently by various
writers.

It is a faithful
reproduction of
man’s manifold
experiences
blended into one
harmonious
expression.

It is an art of
expressing beauty
through a medium
called language.

It expresses the feelings
of people to society, to
the government, to his
surroundings, to his
fellowmen and to his
Divine Creator

It is a recreation of
human situation
and experience
through language.

True literature is a
piece of written
work which is
undying.

PURPOSES OF STUDY LITERATURE
We can better appreciate our
literary heritage.
We can trace the rich
heritage of ideas handed
down to us by our
forefathers.

THREE MAIN INGREDIENTS:
1. subject
2. form or structure
3. point of view

THREE TYPES OF POINT OF
VIEW
1. first person point of view
2. omniscient point view
3. limited/modified omniscient
point of view

Narrator--The person telling the story.
First-person--Narrator participates in action but sometimes
has limited knowledge/vision.
Objective--Narrator is unnamed/unidentified (a detached
observer). Does not assume character's perspective and is
not a character in the story. The narrator reports on events
and lets the reader supply the meaning.
Omniscient--All-knowing narrator (multiple perspectives).
The narrator takes us into the character and can evaluate a
character for the reader (editorial omniscience). When a
narrator allows the reader to make his or her own
judgments from the action of the characters themselves, it
is called neutral omniscience.
Limited omniscient--All-knowing narrator about one or two
characters, but not all.

VALUES OF LITERATURE
1. aesthetic value-
main aim is to give
pleasure to the
readers.

2. cognitive value- gives
its readers knowledge.
3. social value- capacity
to inspire the readers to
change themselves

FORMALISTIC OR
LITERARY APPROACH-
- selection is viewed
intrinsically or for itself,
independent of author,
age or any extrinsic
factor.

MORAL OR HUMANISTIC
APPROACH-
-the nature of man is
essential to literature.
The reader presents man
as essentially rational
with intellect and freewill.

HISTORICAL
APPROACH-
-it sees literature as both a
reflection and a product of
the times and circumstances
in which it was written.

SOCIOLOGICAL
APPROACH
-an extension of the
historical approach. It
considers literature as
principally the expression
of a man within the given
social situation.

CULTURAL
APPROACH
-considers literature as
one of the principal
manifestations and
vehicles of a nation’s or
a race’s culture and
tradition

PSYCHOLOGICAL
APPROACH
-considers literature as an expression
of “personality”, of “inner drives”,
of “neuroses”. It includes the
psychology of the author, of the
characters, and even the psychology
of creation.

IMPRESSIONISTIC
APPROACH
-it is very personal, very relative,
sometimes very fruitful,
sometimes simply the lazy
man’s way out. Unconditioned
by explanations and often
taking the impact as a whole.

1. UNIVERSALITY
-literature appeals to
everyone, regardless
of culture, race, sex
and time which are
considered
significant.

2. ARTISTRY
literature has an
aesthetical appeal
and thus possesses
a sense of beauty.

3. INTELLECTUAL VALUE
-literature stimulates
critical thinking that
enriches mental processes
of abstract and reasoning,
making man analyze the
fundamental truths of life
and its nature.

4. SUGGESTIVENESS
-literature unravels and
conjures man’s emotional
power to define symbolisms,
nuances, implied meanings,
images and messages, giving
and evoking visions above
and beyond the plane of
ordinary life and experience.

5. SPIRITUAL VALUE
-literature elevates the
spirit and the soul and thus
has the power to motivate
and inspire, drawn from
the suggested morals and
lessons of the different
literary genres.

6. PERMANENCE
-literature endures
across the time and draws
out the time factor
timeliness occurring at a
particular time, and
timelessness, meaning
invariable throughout the
time.

7. STYLE
-literature present peculiar
ways on how man sees life
as experienced by the
formation of his ideas,
forms, structures, and
expressions which are
marked by their
memorable substance.

1. setting- refers to the
locale and period in
which a story occurs. A
story must take place
in space and time.

2. CHARACTER
Refers to any make-believe
persons we encounter in fiction.
Characters are classified as
HERO or protagonist and
VILLAIN or antagonist. As
regards to characterization, they
may be flat or static, round or
developing

WAYS OF REVEALING LITERARY CHARACTERS
1. Actions of the characters
2. Thoughts of the characters
3. Descriptions of the
characters
4. Descriptions of the other
characters
5. Descriptions of the author

Protagonist--Major
character at the center of
the story.
Antagonist--A character
or force that opposes the
protagonist.

Minor character--0ften provides
support and illuminates the
protagonist.
Static character--A character
who remains the same.
Dynamic character--A character
who changes in some important
way.

Characterization--The means
by which writers reveal
character.
Explicit Judgment--Narrator
gives facts and interpretive
comment.
Implied Judgment--Narrator
gives description; reader make
the judgment

3. PLOT
This is the
sequence of the
actions in the
story.

•Causality--One event occurs
because of another event.
•Foreshadowing--A suggestion
of what is going to happen.
•Suspense--A sense of worry
established by the author.

•Conflict--Struggle
between opposing
forces.
•Exposition--Background
information regarding
the setting, characters,
plot.

•Complication or Rising Action-
-Intensification of conflict.
•Crisis--Turning point; moment
of great tension that fixes the
action.
•Resolution/Denouement--The
way the story turns out.

DEVICES USED IN THE PLOT:
A. Chronological
sequence
B. Flashback
C. Foreshadowing
D. Suspense
E. Deus ex machina

4. CONFLICT
Refers to the opposing
forces among the
characters with the
events and the
situations in the piece
presented.

Conflict is the essence
of fiction. It creates
plot. The conflicts we
encounter can usually
be identified as one of
five kinds.

A. MAN VERSUS MAN
This is the type of
conflict where one
character in the story
has a problem with one
or more of the other
characters.

B. MAN VERSUS SOCIETY
The type of conflict
where a character has a
conflict or problem with
the element of society-
the school, the law, the
accepted way of doing
things, and so on.

C. MAN VERSUS SELF
The type of conflict
where a character has
trouble deciding what
to do in a particular
situation.

D. MAN VERSUS NATURE
The type of conflict where a
character has a problem with
some natural happening, a
storm, an avalanche, the
bitter cold, natural disasters
like earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, tsunami, and so
on.

E. MAN VERSUS FATE
The character has to battler
what seems to be an
uncontrollable problem.
Whenever the problem seems
to be strange or unbelievable
coincidence, fate can be
considered the cause and
effect.

5. MOOD
This is the feeling or
atmosphere that a writer
creates for a reader.
Connotative words, sensory
images and figurative
language contribute to the
mood of a selection.

6. THEME
General or the central
truth or idea embedded in
the literary piece. The
writer’s perception about
life or human character
that a story implicitly or
explicitly embodies.

7. TONE
The attitude a writer takes
toward his/her subject. All
the elements in a work of
literature creates its tone,
which migh be humurous,
serious, angry, bitter or
detached.

8. SYMBOL
It is the image of
one thing but
presents another
thing.

9. IMAGERY
These are the words and
phrases that create
vivid sensory
experiences for the
reader, these may be
similar to figures of
speech.

THE MAIN
DIVISIONS OF
LITERATURE

PROSE
A literary medium which is
distinguished from poetry
especially by its greater
irregularity and variety of
rhythm and its close
resemblance to the patterns
of everyday speech.

TWO DIVISIONS OF
PROSE
FICTION include
stories that do not
happen in real life, or
they lack facts for
their basis

NON-FICTION
Composed of
true-to-life
events and
stories

SHORT STORY- a story
read in one sitting. Its aim
is unity of
characterization, theme
and effect

NOVEL- a prose of
considerable length. It
has many plots,
characters and settings.
LEGENDS- stories of the
origin or the existence of
a place, person, object
etc.

ADVENTURES are stories
filled with suspense from
beginning to end.
ALLEGORIES are stories
that give moral/lessons

Drama is a narrative
with characters, plot
and theme and is
presented on stage

Biography is a story
of a person’s life
written by another
person

AUTOBIOGRAPHY is a
story of a person’s life
written by himself.
DIARY is a record of
day to day activities of
the writer.

LETTERS are notes sent
to persons by the
writer.
JOURNALS are written
reports on certain
fields of education.

ESSAYS
Analytic, interpretive or critical
literary composition usually
much shorter and less
systematic and formal than a
dissertation or thesis and
usually dealing with its subject
from a limited and personal
point of view

A. STRICT AND IMPERSONAL ESSAYS
Deal with the serious topics
that are authoritative and
scholarly in treatment. It
reveals the writer’s mastery
of the subject where its tone
is dictated, characterized as
something detached,
objective, clear and
straightforward.

B. CASUAL OR FAMILIAR ESSAYS
Deal with light, ordinary,
casual, conversational,
friendly, often humorous,
and appeals more to the
emotion than the intellect,
touching on the sensitivity
first then the mind.

A. IDEA
Explores the general
proposition or thesis that the
essay argues about its topic
whether it is spelled out fully
at the start or revealed
gradually. I should be true
but arguable and limited
enough in scope to be argued
in short composition.

B. MOTIVE
identifies the reason for
writing, which is suggested at
the start of the essay and
echoed throughout. It
establishes the reason why
one has thought of the topic
that needed taking up and
why the reader should care.

C. STRUCTURE
Forms the shape of the ideas,
the sequence of sub-topics and
sections through whichthe ideas
are unfolded and developed.
This takes place through the
complimentary activities of
convincing the reader and
exploring the topic.

D. EVIDENCES
Identify the facts or details,
summarized or quoted, that
one uses to support,
demonstrate and prove the
main idea and sub-ideas.
They are ample, concrete,
and explicitly connected to
the idea.

E. EXPLANATIONS
Are bits of background
information, summary, context to
orient the reader/s who are not
familiar with the text being
discussed. It includes essential plot
information, precise location of
scene or comment, setting up a
quotation, telling who is speaking,
in what context, and what the reader
should be listening for in it.

F. COHERENCE
Shapes the smooth flow of
argument created by transition
sentences that show how the
next paragraph or section
follows from the preceding ones,
thus sustaining momentum and
echoing key words or resonant
phrases quoted or stated earlier.

G. IMPLICATION
Places speculation on the
general significance of the
particular analysis of a
particular text. One suggests
issues of argumentation raised
about the author’s work or
generally about the work of its
kind, or about the way fiction or
criticism works.

H. PRESENCE
Points out the sensations of
life in writing, of a mind
invested in and focused on a
subject, freely directing, and
developing the essay, not
surrendering control to easy
ideas, sentiments and stock
phrases.

Poetry is the spontaneous
overflow of powerful
feelings recollected in the
tranquility. Greek poetry
is found in free verse and
we have rhymes in the
Persian poem.

Writing that formulates a
concentrated imaginative
awareness of experience
in language chosen and
arranged to create a
specific response through
its meaning, sound and
rhythm.

Poetry can be
defined as
‘literature in a
metrical form’ or ‘a
composition
forming rhythmic
lines

Take a look at these words:
so much depends upon
the red wheel barrow
glistened with rain
water beside the white
chickens

so much depends
upon
a red wheel
barrow
glazed with rain
water
beside the white
chickens

ELEMENTS OF POETRY
1. SENSE OF A POEM
2. SOUND OF A POEM
3. STRUCTURE OF A
POEM

I. SENSE OF A POEM
1. Denotation vs. Connotation
denotation is the dictionary
meaning of the word while
connotation is the suggested
meaning/s associated with
the word beyond its
dictionary definition.

2. IMAGERY
It is the use of sensory
details or descriptions that
appeal to one or more of
the five senses: sight,
hearing, taste, touch and
smell. These are otherwise
known as the “senses of the
mind”.

3. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
It is a language used for
descriptive effects in order to
convey ideas or emotions which
are not literally true but express
some truths beyond the literal
level. Figures of speech are
specific devices that uses words,
phrases and sentences in a non-
literal definition but rather give

TYPES OF FIGURES OF SPEECH
A.Allusion is a reference in a
work of literature to a
character, a place, or a
situation from history,
literature, the Bible,
mythology, character or
place.

EXAMPLE OF ALLUSION
I imagine myself thus,
My fearless navigator, as you
scribe
Antonio Pigafetta annotating
The progress of our journey
inside
The Trinidad, the sturdy galleon
Of our newfangled love.

B.ANTITHESIS
-is a disparity of words or ideas.
Example:
It is virtually a sea but dry like
a heart
That has forgotten
compassion.

C. APOSTROPHE
-the address to an
inanimate object, an
idea, or a person who is
absent or dead.
Not yet Rizal, not yet
Sleep not in peace.

D. HYPERBOLE
-is an exaggeration used to
express strong emotion, to
make point or to evoke
humor.
“This heat”, I mutter,
“melts the very bones”.

E. IRONY
-is a contrast or discrepancy
between appearance and reality.
Neither is man aware of the unkind
Fight for time; for, though it gives
him life
It is dragging him nearer to his
grave.

F. METAPHOR
-implies comparison instead of a
direct statement and that
equates two seemingly unlike
things or ideas.
She is the apple of my eye
But the sweetest thorn on my
neck.

G. ONOMATOPOEIA
-is the use of a word/phrase
that actually imitates or
suggests the sound of what it
describes.
“croaking of the frog”
“hissing of the snake”
“tweeting of the birds”

H. PERSONIFICATION
-is giving human
attributes/characteristics to
inanimate objects, an animal,
force of nature, or an idea.
Sunflowers pushed out of the
shadows
Betrayed into tracking the sun.

I. SIMILE
-uses the word or phrase such as
“as” or “like” to compare
seemingly unlike things or
ideas.
His lips are as soft as rose
petals.
Her hair is as black as the night.

Elegy: This type of poem is
the lamenting of the death
of a person or his near one.
Elegy Written in Country
Churchyard by Thomas
Gray is one of the famous
poems marked as sad poems
of the ages.

Ode: Ode is the formal and long poem
serious in nature.
Allegory: Allegory is the famous form
of poetry and is loved by the readers
because of its two symbolical
meanings. One is the literal meaning
and another is the deep meaning.

Epic and Mock epic: Epics
are the narrative poems that
convey moral and culture of
that period. The Odyssey
and Iliad are one of the
largest philosophical epics
written by Samuel Butler.

Style: refers to the way
the poem is written.
Poems are written in
various styles, such as
free verse, ballad,
sonnet, etc., which have
different meters and
number of stanzas.

Symbol: represents the
idea and thought of the
poem. It can be an
object, person, situation
or action. For example, a
national flag is the
symbol of that nation.

Imagery: Imagery is another
important element that a poet
often uses in poems that
appeal to our senses. In the
age of modernism, T.S. Eliot
used images of urban life in
his poems. Wordsworth used
nature as poetic images in his
poems.

Rhyme and rhythm: Rhyme
is an element that is often
used in poetry. It’s a
recurrence of an accented
sound or sounds in a piece
of literature. Poets and
lyricists use this device in
various ways to rhyme
within a verse.

Meter: This is an important
rhythmic structure of
poetry. It is described as
sequence of feet, each foot
being a specific series of
syllable types - such as
stressed/unstressed and
makes the poetry more
melodious
.

Alliteration: Alliteration is
another element used in
poetry for the sound effect.
It indicates two or more
words with same repetition
of initial letter, for
example, "dressy
daffodils". Here the sound
of the letter ‘d’ is repeated

Metaphor: Metaphor is
used in poetry to make
an implicit comparison.
Unlike simile, here the
comparison is implied,
for example, ‘Her
laughter, a babbling
brook’.

Onomatopoeia: This is
one important element
of poetry, which refers
to words that sound like
their meaning, for
example, buzz, moo and
paw

Theme: This is what the poem
is all about. The theme of the
poem is the central idea that
the poet wants to convey. It
can be a story, or a thought,
or a description of something
or someone – anything which
is what the poem is all about.

In Conclusion:
These are the basic elements of
poetry. They are an essential
part of what any good poem is all
about, structurally. Of course, it
does not mean, that all poems
must have all these elements. It
depends entirely upon the poet,
who is has all these tools at his
disposal, to use in order to
convey his ideas most effectively.

Introduction Litrature

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