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VITAMINS
1) FAT Soluble (ADEK) 2) WATER Soluble (BC)
a) Vit. A a) Vit. B  COMPLEX
b) Vit. D b) Vit. C  L-ASCORBIC
c) Vit. E
d) Vit. K
CHARACTERISTICS of Vitamins;
1- Needed in VERY SMALL AMOUNT
2- Body CAN NOT FORM IT ( NO SYNTHESIS)
3- Present in FRESH FOOD
4- DO NOT Give Energy
Important for ACTIVITY of Enzymes  CO-ENZYMES
5- Deficiency “Decrease”  cause Disease

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VIT.A
1) RETINOL “OH” ANTI-NIGHT- BLINDNESS FACTOR
NAME
2) RETINAL  ALDEHYADE
3) RET-IONIC ACID  COOH
a) OILY Food  like vegetable oils ,buter ,nuts ,eggs
b) PRECURSOR Substance  β-CaroTene “Yellow”  in Intestine  BACTERIAL ENZ.  VIT.A
c) Liver
SOURCES
d) Butter
e) Egg Yolk
f) Milk
g) Carrots ,Apricots ,Mango ,Tomatos ,….
1- Important for 2- RETINAL; 3- RETINOL; 4- RETINOIC 5- β-CAROTENE
GROWTH & ACID;
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS
MAINTENANCE of
”Importance”
EPITHELIAL CELLS
a. XERODEMIA Enter in RHOD-OPSIN Visual Pigment 1. STEROID Hormone 1) Glyco-Protein 1) ANTI-OXIDANT
b. DRY SKIN for  DIM Light 2. Maintain Epithelial Tissue Synthesis 2) ANTI-CANCER Effect
c. XERO-OPHTHAMIA & Mucous Secretion 2) Support Tissue
3. Maintain REPRODUCTION GROWTH
RHOD-OPSIN Dim Light
OPSIN “Protein” + Retinal Opsin +Retinal
DISEASE/ DEFFICIENCY
Bright light
1) NectaLopia 2) XeroPhthalmia 3) KeratoMalacia 4) XeroDermia 5) Dryness &
Death
NIGHT BLINDNESS EYE DRYNESS CORNEAL KERATINIZATION  Of RESPIRATORY
LOSS OF VISION EPITHELIA

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NEEDED 5000 International Unit/day
Requirement
OVER INCREASE of VIT.A  HEPATO-MEGALY & HEADACHE (HYPER VITAMINOSIS)
Vit.D
TWO FORMS; 1- D2  PLANTS
2- D3 ANIMALS  increase in vit.D3 cause diseases
sNAME 1) Chole-Calci-Ferol “OH group”
2) ANTI-RICKETS Factor
SOURCES 1) Body CHOLESTEROL  7-DEHYDRO-CHOLESTEROL  Sun Light / UV light  Vit.D3
2) ERGO-STEROL “Provit in PLANT”  Vit.D2
3) Fish Liver Oil ,Egg, Liver, Milk
IMPORTANCE 1)  Ca in Blood  Normal level 9-10mgdl 2) Increase Ca ABSORPTION from INTESTINE
Come from ;
a) Food  Milk Produced
b) Stored in / Bone
3) Ca RE-ABSORPTION by KIDNEY   Ca Loss in URINE 4) DEPOSITION OF Ca in BONE & TEETH  OSTEO-MALACIA
5) Ca RESORPTION from BONE to BLOOD  To Keep Blood Level
Normal
DEFICIENCY 1) RICKETS  in CHILDREN 2) OSTEO-MALACIA  in ADULTS
/DISEASE Characteristics causes; Characteristics Causes
1- Boxy Skull 1-  Vit.D3 in Food 1. Brittle Bone 1.  Ca
2- Pigeon Chest 2-  Exposure to Sun Light 2. Easy Fracture 2.  Vit.D3
3- Contracted Pelvis
4- Bowed Legs
5- DELAYED
a. TEETHING
b. STANDING
c. WALKING

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REQUIREMENT 1) Get Sun Everyday  30 Minute/day
2) Children Kept Indoors  Give Vit.D3 pills to avoid Rickets Disease
3) 200-400IUday
Vit.E
NAMES 1- TOCOPHEROL
2- ANTI-STERILITY Factor  in Rat
SOURCES 1. D-α-Toco-Pherol is the most“Active Form”
2. Oil in Plants  Nuts
3. Butter
4. Egg
5. Fish
6. liver
IMPORTANCE 1) ANTI- STERILITY in Rats & Humans
2) Very Strong ANTI-OXIDANT
3) Keep Structure of Cell membrane  especially
a. RBCs
b. LIVER Cell
4) Prevent ATROPHY of Muscle &necrosis of liver cells
5) Vit.E+ Vit.C + Vit.A + GSH  REMOVE FREE RADICALS from Cell

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DEFICIENCY
1- RATS 2- TISSUE
STERILITY a) NECROSIS OF LIVER CELLS
b) HEMOLYSIS OF RBCs
c) ATROPHY of Muscles
Vit.K ((Anti-Hemorrhagic Vit))
NAMES 1) ANTI-HEMORRHAGIC
2) NaphThoQuinone
TYPES a) K1
b) K2
c) K3
SOURCES a) K1 FAT SOLUBLE b) K2  FAT SOLUBLE c) K3 WATER SOLUBLE
ALL GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES Formed by BACTERIAL ENZ. Inside 1. Its SYNTHETIC
INTESTINE Bacterial Flora 2. Called  MenaDione
3. DOES NOT EXIST in Food
4. NO NATURAL SOURCE
5. NOT FAT SOLUBLE
FUNCTION 1) Synthesis of CLOTTING FACTORS in LIVER
a. Pro-Thrombin
b. Factors
i. VII
ii. IX
iii. X

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2) Formation of γ-Carboxy-Glutamate in Protein factors for clotting
3) CO-ENZYME Q
a. Similar to Vit.K
b. Enter in the strructur of the Respiratory Chain in Mitochondria
DEFICIENCY 1- BLEEDING / HEMORRHAGE on Injury
2- PROLONGED BLEEDING TIME (5 minutes)
3- Hemorrhage  due to defect in Clotting Factor
4- Causes of Deficiency include:
1. STERILE INTESTINE in New Born Infants
2. prolonged treatment by Intestinal ANTI-SEPTICS
3. LIVER disease
4. MAL-ABSORPTION OF FAT& FAT SOLUBLE VIT.

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RICKETS IN CHILDREN  Defect In Bone Of Skull
HEAD PROLONGED
Lead to BOXY-SKULL
CHEST CAGE PIGEON CHEST
During Inspiration Chest Comes OUT
PELVIS CONTRACTED PELVIC
LEGS LEGS
1- BOWING Of Legs
2- DELAYED WALKING
TEETH DELAYED TEETHING
OXIDANTS
COME FROM; Not good for Human
1- POLLUTION Lead to OXIDATION of IMPORTANT Constituent of
2- BACTERIA  BRAIN
 CELL MEMBRANE
Discuss How Vit.E is Anti-Oxidant Oxidants  cause Oxidation of Important Compounds of Cell
Or As FATTY ACID in Cell Membrane  Cause
How Vit.E Protect Cell Component 1- AGING OF CELL
2- MALIGNANT changes in cells
ANTI-OXIDANTS (Vit.E)
Vit.E EASILY OXIDIZEd than CELL COMPONENT TYPE OF ANTI OXIDANT What Anti-Oxidant will do
Lead to;
1- Prevent Oxidation of Membrane component 1- Vit.E  MOST
2- PROTECT Cell components from Being Oxidized  CELL IMPORTANT Oxidant will DESTROY Cell Component  FATTY ACID
DEATH “NECROSIS” 2- Vit.C Anti-Oxidant can READILY be OXIDIZED
3- PROTECT cell from AGING 3- Vit.A Therefore they will PROTECT cell component from
4- Β-CAROTENE being oxidized
4- PROTECT cell from MALIGNANT changes( cancer)
5- SELENIUM Thus 
That’s why Vit.E is the MOST IMPORTANT  ANTI-OXIDANT
1- PREVENT CELL AGING
AGENT 2- PREVENT NECROSIS

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WATER SOLUBLE
VITAMIN

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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN C
NAME 1- L-ASCORBIC ACID
2- ANTI- SCURVY VIT.
SOURCES 1. All ANIMALs & PLANT can form Vit.C from Glucose EXCEPT MAN &GUINEA PIGS
Human CAN NOT form Vit.C from Glucose  Because we don’t have the Specific Enzyme
2. CITREOUS FRUIT  Has to be taken FRESH  because it gets destroyed by LIGHT  therefore,fresh Juices are
recommended
3 -GUAVA
4-GREEN PEPPER
5-mango
FUNCTIONS/IMPORTANCE 1) ANTI-OXIDANT / REDUCING AGENT  Important for ACTIVITY for Many Enzymes
2) Synthesis of COLLAGEN
a. Protein in MATRIX of Connective tissue
b. Give SUPPORT & PROTECTION to CT
c. If there is NO normal collagen  HEMORRHAGE occur in connective tissue as in GUMS&under
the SKIN
3) Synthesis of PROTEIN Vit.C Activate the Enzymes of CT Protein Synthesis promoting wound healing
4) ABSORPTION OF IRON from INTESTINE
+++ ++
Fe (FERRIC)  Iron in Food  Convert in Intestine in Presence of Vit.C  Fe (FERROUS)
5)  IMMUNITY Vit.C important for Synthesis of COMPLEMENT PROTEIN

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DEFICIENCY/ DISEASE  SCURVY & Anemia due  IRON
Manifestaions of Scurvy:
1- PITICHAE BLEEDING ON MINOR TRAUMA  Hemorrhage of Capillary  Due to ABSENCE OF COLLAGEN
2- GUM BLEEDING on Minor Trauma TEETH BRUSHING
B-COMPLEX Group Vitamins
a) B1 f) FOLIC ACID
b) B2 g) Pantothenic Acid (PA)
TYPE
c) B3 h) BIOTIN
d) B6
e) B12
1) Vit.B1 2) Vit.B2 3) Vit.B3
a) Thiamine a) Ribo-Flavine a) Nicotinic Acid  “Niacin”
b) Anti-Beri-Beri Vit. b) Anti-CHEILOSIS b) Anti- PELLAGRA Vit.
NAMES
i. Angular Stomatitis a. Dermatitis
ii. Fissured lips b. Diarrhea
c. De-Mentia
PELLAGRA  established by deficiency of Niacin &
Tryptophan
 For all of Them Vit.B2 Sources Vit.B3 Sources
a) WHOLE GRAIN  most important   Milk Fluid WHEY  MAIZE “ CORN”
b) Yeast o Very Deficient in Niacin
c) Vegetable o Very Deficient in TryptoPhan
SOURCES
d) Liver  TryptoPhan  can be changed in LIVER to  Niacin
e) Meat
f) Fish

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Vit.B1 Vit.B2 Vit.B3
It’s a Co-Enzyme is called  Its Co-Enzymes is Called  Component of Co-Enzymes 
IMPORTANCE
FUNCTION/
Thiamine Pyro Phosphate (TPP) 1) FAD = Flarine Adnine DiNucleotide 1) NAD (CO-I)  Nicotineamide Adenine
 Important for CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 2) FMN= Flarine MONO DiNucleotide Dinuclutide
 they are HYDROGEN Carriers 2) NADP (CO-II) NAD-Phosphate
3) COEZYME-III= NMP
THEY ARE ALL HYDROGEN CARRIER
a) Anti- Beri-Beri Vitamin : TWO TYPES OF BERI -BERI . WET type EDEMA
DRY Type  Nerve Manifestation NEURITIS
Vit.B6, FOLIC ACID, Vit.B12
Vit.B6 FOLIC ACID (FA) Vit.B12
 PyriDoxine ◘ FolaCin COBAL AMINE
NAME
  PryiDoxine deficiencys ◘ MegaLoBlastic Anemia MegaLoBlastic Anemia
DISEASE
Anemia NormoCytic Anemia  MacroCytic Anemia
o Cell Number Number of Cells decrease
o Regular Shape & Size LARGE Cell SIZE
 Pyridoxal- Phosphate(P.L.P) ◘ Tetra-Hydro-Folsate (FH4) CobaMide
CO-ENZYME
 PROTEIN METABOLISM 1- DNA SYNTHESIS 1) MATURATION of NERVOUS STRUCTURE  Especially
IMPORTANCE
2- CELL DIVISION MYELIN SHEATH
 Folic Acid & Vit.B12 WORK TOGETHER 2) DNA SYNTHESIS
for SYNTHESIS of DNA & CELL DIVISION 3) CELL DIVISION

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 ALL FOOD Plant & Animal ◘ All GREEN VEGETABLE 1) ANIMAL product ONLY  meat, liver, Kidney, Milk, Egg, Fish
SOURCES
◘ Meat & Fish 2) NOT available in PLANT
 Occur during administration of ◘ Deficiency of BOTH Folic Acid & Vit.B12  INTRINSIC FACTOR  STOMACH Disease
IsoNiaZide Drug = cause MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA 1) PERNICIOUS Anemia
(Anti-Tuberculosis ) ◘ But with Vit.12  NERVE DEGENERATION 2) NERVE DE-GENERATION
◘ CHEMO-THERAPY  will BLOCK the
DEFICIENCY
which INHIBITs PyriDoxine Action
 VIT.B12  caused bys;
Function of Folic Acid 
1- Disease in STOMACH  that will cause  INTRINSIC
ANTAGONIZE the Effect of Folic Acid
FACTOR  which is Necessary for ABSORPTION OF VIT.B12
2- STRICT VEGETARIAN people
3- Old age with malabsorption
4- Deficient intake for long period-Vit.B-12 is stored in liverss
PantoThenic Acid (PA) & BIOTIN
PANTO-THENIC ACID (PA) BIOTIN
NAME o Part of Co-Enzyme A.SH  CO-CARBOXY-LASE
IMPORTANCE o LIPID METABOLISM  Co-Enzyme for  Carboxylases that ADD CO2 to COMPOUNDS=carboxylation
SOURCE o ALL KINDs of Food especially Yeast ,Milk  Available in ALL FOOD &Intestinal Bacterial Synthesis
MEAT Liver

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DEFICIENCY o DOES NOT have a specific kind of deficiency  ALOPECIA  when  Biotin occur & DEPRESSION ,DERMATITS & muscle
diseases .Its deficiency for long period causes pain.
Anaemia( normocytic anaemia) & Burning  Usually its RARE for Disease to Occur
Crampsm, Insomnia, Headache and G I T  But  Consumption of RAW EGG  Cause   BIOTIN ABSORPTION
disturbances because a protein caled AVIDIN in raw eggs binds tightly to Biotin in
o
the intestine preventing its absorption