1. Tobacco
Márcio Padilha
College of Southern Idaho
ADDS 201 – Goffin
Fall / 2009
2. Before the Common Era
Circa • Experts believe the tobacco plant, as we know it today,
6000 begins growing in the Americas.
• (Whiteman, Day, & Nash, 2007)
BCE:
Circa • Historians believe American inhabitants begin finding ways to use
tobacco, including smoking, chewing and hallucinogenic enemas.
1 • (Borio, 2001)
BCE:
Circa • Tobacco was "nearly everywhere" in the Americas.
• (Borio, 1997)
1 CE:
3. Early Middle Ages
Between 470-630 CE:
• The Mayas began to disperse,
spreading their custom to the
neighboring peoples.
• Believing their gods reveal themselves
in the rising smoke, tobacco smoking
becomes an entheogen.
• A complex system of religious and
political rites is created around tobacco.
• (Hoffman, Radin, & Schoolcraft, 2007)
4. Early Modern Age
Natives wrap leaves
“in the manner of a
Columbus lands on musket formed of
the Bahamas and Europeans observe paper” and, after
receives “certain that such leaves are lighting one end,
dried leaves" from in high value among "drink" the smoke
the natives, which the natives. through the other.
are thrown away.
• (Borio, 1993)
5. Early Modern Age
Rodrigo de Jerez is thought to be the first confirmed
European smoker.
He took the habit back to Spain. However, smoke coming
from his mouth and nose frightens his neighbors.
Imprisoned by the Holy Inquisitors for 7 years.
By the time he was released, smoking was a Spanish craze.
• (Weaver, 2004)
6. Late Modern Age
Post XVI Century:
• “All along the sea routes ... wherever they
had trading posts, the Portuguese began
the limited planting of tobacco. Before the
end of the sixteenth century they had
developed these small farms to a point
where they could be assured of enough
tobacco to meet their personal needs, for
gifts, and for barter. By the beginning of
the seventeenth century these farms had,
in many places, become plantations, often
under native control.”
• (Brecher, 2007)
11. Pharmacology
Inhaled nicotine is distributed quickly in the body through the bloodstream.
Can cross the blood-brain barrier.
On average it takes about seven seconds for the substance to reach the brain
when inhaled.
Both a stimulant and a relaxant.
Activates reward pathways with intense addictive qualities.
Many studies it has been shown to be more addictive than cocaine and heroin.
(Xiu X, 2009)
12. Types of Tobacco
• Sun-cured,
Aromatic • Cured by gentle Turkish
fire-cured aromatic, small-
open fire smoke Tobacco leafed variety
• Most commonly • Pressure-
Brightleaf
Tobacco known brad leaf Perique fermented. Too
tobacco strong to smoke
Shade • Cultivated in
Burley
Tobacco
• Air-cured tobacco CT/MA. Puritan’s
Tobacco “Evil Weed”
• Curing process and White • OH-planted, air-
Cavendish
cutting method Burley cured, milder
Wild • Native to the SW
Criollo • One of the original USA, Mex, parts of S
Tobacco Caribbean tobaccos Tobacco Ame
• Iranian, mixed with
• Cross-bred, unusually
Dokham leaves, bark and Y1 high nicotine content.
herb
(World Health Organization, 2002)
13. Modes of Consumption
Passive Smoking
• Involuntary consumption of smoked tobacco
• Second-hand smoke: burning end is present
• Third-hand smoke: remaining smoke after the burning
extinguished
Chewing/Smokeless Tobacco
• Consumed by placing a portion of the tobacco between the
cheek and gum or teeth and chewing
Cigars
• Tightly rolled, dried and fermented tobacco, not inhaled due
to high alkalinity
• The United States is the top consuming country
(World Health Organization, 2002)
14. Modes of Consumption
Electronic Cigarettes
• No tobacco is consumed, battery-powered device, provides
doses of vaporized nicotine
Hookah
• Single or multi-stemmed, often glass-based, Operates by
water filtration and indirect heat
• Originally from India, Popular in the Middle East
Kretek
• Complex blend of tobacco, cloves and a flavoring “sauce”
• Introduced in the 1880’s in Java to deliver medicinal
eugenol of cloves to the lungs.
(World Health Organization, 2002)
15. Modes of Consumption
Pipe
• Small chamber (the bowl), thin stem (shank), mouthpiece
(the bit).
• Tobaccos for pipe-smoking are carefully treated and
blended to achieve flavor nuances not available in other
tobacco products.
Midwakh
• Small pipe of Arabian origin
• Primarily found in the United Arab Emirates
Vaporizer
• No burning of the herb, materials are heated in a partial
vacuum, plant active compounds boil off into a vapor
• Tobacco vaporizes between 284 °F – 392 °F
(140°C/200°C)
(World Health Organization, 2002)
16. Modes of Consumption
Bidi
• Thin, often flavored, made of tobacco, wrapped in a tendu
leaf
• Low cost, Popular in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Cambodia and India
Hand-rolled Cigarette
• Hand-rolled cigarettes, very popular in European countries
• Prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers and filters all
bought separately, usually much cheaper to make
Industrialized Cigarette
• Consumed through smoking/inhaling, manufactured out of
finely-cut cured tobacco leaves, reconstituted tobacco and
additive.
(World Health Organization, 2002)
17. What’s in a cigarette?
(Cornell University, 2008)
18. Making of a Cigarette
What’s in a
cigarette?
http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=vNCIVetOmEY
(History Channel, 2007)
19. Acute Effects of Tobacco
Usage
(Center for Desease Control, 2009)
20. Tobacco Tolerance
Nicotine
Strength
Quantity
Speed
Frequency
(Center for Desease Control, 2009)
25. Nicotine Poisoning
Five cigarettes for an
adult.
One half cigar for an
adult.
One cigarette for a
toddler.
(Center for Desease Control, 2009)
26. Children and Nicotine
Poisoning
Many children get nicotine
poisoning after eating
cigarettes or cigarette butts.
Children have also become
poisoned by topical medicinal
creams containing nicotine.
(Center for Desease Control, 2009)
27. Synergism
• Masculinity
• Power
Social: • Social Status
• Promiscuity
Demographic • Developing countries and transitional
economies are more likely to consume
s: tobacco than developed countries.
• Leads to a vast array of diseases
Health: primarily affecting the heart and lungs
as well as different types of cancer.
• Much of the disease burden and
Economic: premature mortality attributable to
tobacco use disproportionately affect
the poor.
• Tobacco lobby gives money to
Political: politicians to vote in favor of
deregulating tobacco.
(WHO, 2003)
32. Have you seen this picture
before?
(Wikipedia, 2006)
33. The only country where tobacco sales is
illegal
BHUTAN
(Wikipedia, 2009)
34. Tobacco Treatment Issues
Age of Onset
Tobacco Tobacco
and Length of
Legality Availability
Addiction
Non-
Tobacco hallucinogenic Physical
Low Cost Dependence
Properties
(Center for Desease Control, 2009)
35. Treatment
Self
Motivation
Rally
support
Therapeutic
Assistance
Courage and willingness to
bounce back from relapse
(Center for Desease Control, 2009)
36. Societal Effects
Average Shortening of Lifespan in
MORTALIT
Years
14.5
Y
13.2
Males Females
(WHO, 2008)
37. Societal Effects
Males Females
CANCER BEFORE
RISK OF DYING
22.1
FROM LUNG
AGE 85
11.9
1.1 0.8
Smoker Non-Smoker
(WHO, 2008)
43. Adversities to Prevention
Trade Liberalization
International
Direct Foreign
Contraband and
Investment
Counterfeit
Transnational
Advertising, Promotion Global Marketing
and Sponsorship
(WHO, 2003)
44. World Health Organization
Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control
Asserts the Paradigm
Reaffirms importance shift in
the right of of demand developing
Evidence- all people to reduction a regulatory
based. the highest strategies strategy to
standard of as well as address
health. supply addictive
issues. substances.
(WHO, 2003)
45. World Health Organization
Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control
Adopted by the One of the most As of
Entered into 05/10/2004:
World Health widely 166 11/18/2009, not
force on USA became a
Assembly on embraced Signatories. ratified by the
02/27/2005. signatory.
May 21, 2003. treaties. USA.
(WHO, 2003)
47. World Health Organization
Article 5.3: Articles 6 & 7:
• Call for a limitation in the • Tax and other measures to
Framework Convention interactions between lawmakers reduce tobacco demand.
and the tobacco industry.
on Tobacco Control
Article 9 & 11: Article 10: Article 8:
• Large health warning (at least • The contents and emissions of • Obligation to protect all people
30% of the packet cover, 50% or tobacco products are to be from exposure to tobacco smoke
more recommended); deceptive regulated and ingredients are to in indoor workplaces, public
labels ("mild", "light", etc.) are be disclosed. transport and indoor public
prohibited. places.
(WHO, 2003)
48. World Health Organization
Article 12: Article 13: Article 14:
• Public awareness for the • Comprehensive • Addiction and cessation
consequences of smoking. ban, unless the national programs.
constitution forbids it.
Articles 20, 21, & 22: Article 16: Article 15:
• Tobacco-related research • Restricted sales to minors. • Action is required to
and information sharing eliminate illicit trade of
among the parties. tobacco products.
(WHO, 2003)
49. Prevention
Public Health Cigarette
Smoking Act of 1970
"Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined
that Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health.”
Banned cigarette advertisements on American radio
and television.
(Center for Desease Control, 2000)
50. Prevention
Comprehensive Smoking
Education Act of 1984 (PL 98–474)
SURGEON GENERAL’S SURGEON GENERAL’S SURGEON GENERAL’S SURGEON GENERAL’S
WARNING: WARNING: WARNING: WARNING:
Smoking Causes Lung Quitting Smoking Now Smoking by Pregnant Cigarette Smoke Contains
Cancer, Heart Greatly Reduces Serious Women May Result in Fetal Carbon Monoxide.
Disease, Emphysema, and Risks to Your Health. Injury, Premature Birth, and
May Complicate Pregnancy. Low Birth Weight.
(Center for Desease Control, 2000)
51. Prevention
Framewor
k • Large Health
Conventio Warning
n on
Tobacco • No Deceptive Labels
Control
(WHO, 2003)
52. Prevention
(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)
53. Prevention
(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)
54. Prevention
Victim of this Product: Gangrene:
This product intoxicates mother and child Using this product clogs up arteries making blood
causing premature birth and death circulation difficult.
(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)
55. Prevention
Death: Heart Attack:
Using this product causes death due to Using this product causes death due to
lung cancer and emphysema. cardiac diseases.
(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)
56. Prevention
Toxic Smoke: Horror:
Breathing this product’s smoke causes This product causes premature skin aging.
pneumonia and bronchitis.
(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)
57. Prevention
Impotence: Stroke:
Using this product diminishes, causes difficulties Using this product will increase the risk of stroke.
or impedes erections.
(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)
58. Prevention
Toxic Product: Suffering:
This product contains toxic substances Nicotine dependence leads to sadness, pain and death.
which cause sickness and death.
(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)
60. Prevention
Chile: Panama:
In Chile, tobacco kills 16,000 persons every year. Smoking causes cardiovascular diseases.
The next can be you.
(WHO, 2009)
72. Prevention
Framework • Interaction
Convention limitation between
on lawmakers and
Tobacco the tobacco
Control
industry
(WHO, 2003)
73. The 1992 Lobby Industry in US$ Thousands
$2,004,866
$1,853,741
$1,675,219
$1,484,731 $1,444,412
$1,354,547 $1,338,659
$957,261
$865,230
$803,197
$514,447
(Ferraro, 1992)
74. Factoid
At US$2,004,866,000; the
1992 Tobacco Industry Lobby
Budget in the United States
is greater than the 2008
Gross Internal Product of 14
Sovereign Nations in world.
91. Prevention
So…
…which type of
prevention approach
do you feel to be the
most efficient?
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Hinweis der Redaktion
entheogen is a term used to refer to any psychoactive substances when used for their religious or spiritual effects, whether or not in a formal religious or traditional structure
MidwakhSmall pipe of Arabian originPrimarily found in the United Arab Emirates
No less than 30% of the packet cover 50% or more recommendedNo Deceptive labels ("mild", "light", etc.) are prohibited.
