3. What is ANATOMY ????
๏ Anatomy (from the Greek word anatomia, from ana:
separate, and temnein, to cut open.)
๏ Is a branch of biology and medicine that is the
consideration of the structure of living things
๏ถ Anatomy โThe study of structure
๏ Macroscopic (Gross)
๏ Regional, Systemic
๏ Microscopic
๏ Cytology (Cells), Histology (Tissues)
๏ Developmental
๏ Embryology
๏ถ Physiology โThe study of function
4. Directional Terms
๏ Directional terms describe the positions of
structures relative to other structures or locations
in the body.
๏ Superior
๏ Inferior
๏ Anterior
๏ Posterior
๏ Medial
๏ Lateral
๏ Proximal
๏ Distal
๏ Superficial
๏ Deep
6. BONES
๏ Bones are rigid organs that form part of
the endoskeleton of vertebrates.
๏ They function to move, support, and protect the
various organs of the body, produce red and white
blood cells and store minerals.
๏ Because bones come in a variety of shapes and
have a complex internal and external structure they
are lightweight, yet strong and hard, in addition to
fulfilling their many other functions.
๏ Osseous tissue, also called bone tissue, that gives it
rigidity and a honeycomb-like three-dimensional
internal structure.
๏ Other types of tissue found in bones
include marrow, endosteum and periosteum,nerves, b
lood vessels and cartilage.
๏ There are 206 bones in the adult human body and
270 in an infant
7. Functions
Bones have eleven main functions:
Mechanical
๏ Protection โ Bones can serve to protect internal
organs, such as the skull protecting the brain or
the ribs protecting the heart and lungs.
๏ Shape โ Bones provide a frame to keep the
body supported.
๏ Movement โ Bones, skeletal,
muscles, tendons, ligaments
๏ Sound transduction โ Bones are important in the
mechanical aspect of overshadowed hearing
8. Synthetic
๏ Blood production โ The marrow, located within
the medullary cavity of long bones, produces
blood cells in a process called haematopoiesis.
Metabolic
๏ Mineral storage โ Bones act as reserves of
minerals important for the body, most
notably calcium and phosphorus.
๏ Growth factor storage โ Mineralized bone matrix
stores important growth factors such as insulin-
like growth factors.
9. ๏ Fat Storage โ The yellow bone marrow acts as a
storage reserve of fatty acids.
๏ Acid-base balance โ Bone buffers the blood against
excessive pH changes by absorbing or
releasing alkaline salts.
๏ Detoxification โ Bone tissues can also store heavy
metals and other foreign elements, removing them
from the blood and reducing their effects on other
tissues.
๏ Endocrine organ โ Bone
controls phosphate metabolism by releasing fibroblast
growth factor - 23 (FGF-23), which acts on kidneys to
reduce phosphate reabsorption. Bone cells also
release a hormone called osteocalcin, which
contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose)
19. ๏ Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1โC7)
๏C1 is known as "atlas" and supports
the head, C2 is known as "axis", C7 is
known as "vertabra prominens"
๏ Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1โT12)
๏ Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1โL5)
๏ Sacral: 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1โS5)
๏ Coccygeal: 4 (3โ5) (fused) vertebrae
(Tailbone)