APA manual

1. SOME IMPORTANT
TERMS USED IN
RESEARCH WORK
Citation
A reference or listing of the key pieces of information
about a work that make it possible to identify and locate it
again. The elements of a citation normally include author,
title, place of publication, publisher, and date of
publication for a book; and journal title, volume, number,
issue, year, and page numbers for an article or for a
journal reference

2. SOME IMPORTANT
TERMS USED IN
RESEARCH WORK
Reference
What we quoted in the text consists of author name (Not
inverted), title and pages of sources it could be as
footnote, at the end of chapter or at the end of thesis.


3. SOME IMPORTANT
TERMS USED IN
RESEARCH WORK
Bibliography
In the context of academic research, a list of books or
references to sources cited, for further reading, usually
printed at the end of an article or in the back matter of a
book includes author name inverted, title, year, place of
publication, publisher.


4. SOME IMPORTANT
TERMS USED IN
RESEARCH WORK
Foot Note
Any note used to further explain a detail outside of the
main text. The term usually refers to notes at the bottom
of a page
OP Cited (for reference already given in list)
op. cited ref No 11, H.M Deitel
Ibid (for the same reference use )

5. Various Style Manuals
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APA – American Psychological Association
MLA – Modern Language Association
Chicago Style – Chicago Manual of Style
Turabian Style – based on Chicago Style
Harvard Referencing System
ASA – American Sociological Association
CBE - Council of Biology Editors

6. What is the APA Style?
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Publication Manual of the
American Psychological
Association
In 1929, the APA published
a manual with instructions
for authors on how to
prepare manuscripts for
publication in psychology
journals
Later used for theses, term
papers, etc.
Latest edition 5th in 2001
Widely used in the social
sciences

7. General Guidelines-1
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Type or print on one side only of heavy,
white, unruled paper
Paper size: 8½ X 11 inches
Double-space the entire paper(1.5 in 6 th
edition).
Left justify text only
Leave a minimum one-inch margin on the
sides, top, and bottom of each page.
Number pages consecutively in the top right
corner, beginning with the title page
Just before the page number, use a
shortened form of the title as a header

8. General Guidelines-2
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Font size 12-point
Times Roman or Courier are acceptable
typefaces.
Only black toner
Indent paragraphs 5-7 spaces
No more than 27 lines of text per page

9. Headings
Five levels
CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING
Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading,
ending with a period, with following text starting on the
same line.

10. headings in 6th edition
1.
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and lowercase
Heading‘
2. Flush left, Boldface, Uppercase and lowercase
Heading
3. Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period.
4. Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period.
5. Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading
ending with a period.

11. Numbers in numerals
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In general write as words all numbers from one to
nine and use numerals for all numbers 10 and over.
Never begin a sentence with a numeral.
numbers in the abstract of a paper or in a graphical
display within a paper.(6 th )
numbers that Immediately precede a unit of
measurement.( 6 th )
numbers that represent statistical or mathematical
functions, fractional or decimal quantities,
percentages, ratios, and percentiles and quartiles.
For example :multiplied by 5 ( 6 th )

12. Numbers in numerals
numbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores and
points on a scale, exact sums of money, and
numerals as numerals.
For example: 1 hr 34 min, at 12:30 a.m. 2-yearolds, scored 4 on a 7-point scale (6 th )
Exception: Use words for approximations of numbers of
days, months, and years(e.g., about three months
ago).
 numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered
series, parts of books and tables, and each number
in a list of four or more numbers. For example Grade
8, row 5 (6 th )


13. Seriation

Within paragraph or sentence: use lowercase letter in
parentheses
Participants considered (a) some alternative courses of action,
(b) the factors influencing the decision, and (c) the probability of
success.

Separate paragraphs: number each paragraph with an arabic
numeral, followed by a period
1. Begin with paragraph indent. Type second and
succeeding lines flush left.
2. The second item begins a new paragraph.

14. Types of figures
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Graphs typically display the relationship between two
quantitative indices or between a continuous
quantitative variable (usually displayed as the y axis)
and groups of subjects displayed along the x axis.
Charts generally display no quantitative information
such as the flow of subjects through a process, for
example, flow charts.
Maps generally display spatial information.
Drawings show information pictorially.
Photographs contain direct visual representations of
information.

15. Tables
Table 2
( change in 6 th table no. in arabic like table X )
Reading Level for First Through Third Graders Children
Grade
Number of Viewing Hours
Reading Level
First Grade
5 - 10 hours
2.8
Second Grade
16 - 20 hours
2.6
Third Grade
11 - 15 hours
4.2
Note. Reading level refers to average reading level for students in that
year and month of school.

16. Figures
Figure 2. Pie chart of total sales
Other 3%
IT Services 14%
Imaging and
Printing Systems
41%
Computing
Systems 42%

17. Citations
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In-text citation
also called
Parenthetical citation
Author-date reference
Reference list

18. Information Needed for Citation
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Author or Authoring Body
Date of publication
Title of the work
Publisher of the work & place of publication
Title of the Source, if work is part of
something else, i.e.. journal, encyclopedia,
website
Location information within the Source, i.e..
Volume, issue #, page or paragraph numbers
Retrieval date, if electronic format

19. Author’s Name in Sentence
Schwepps (1998) states that the
solution sat dormant for several months
before any of the employees tested it (p.
743).

20. Author’s Name in
Parentheses( even in between)
When the solution had been sitting for a
number of months, the employees tested
for bacteria (Schwepps, 1998).

21. Short Quotations
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When fewer than 40 words
Put prose quotations in running text
Put quote marks around quoted material.
Same in 6th edition
Author’s last name, publication year, and
page number(s) of quote must appear in the
text.( same in 6th edition)
In quotations less than 40 words the full stop
is placed after the page (in 6th edition)

22. Example – Short Quotations
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic
response frequently entails a “delayed,
uncontrolled repetitive appearance of
hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomena” (p. 11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a
“delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance
of hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).

23. Long Quotations
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When 40 words or more
In block form Indent 5-7 spaces and omit the quotation
marks. If the quotation has internal paragraphs, indent
the internal paragraphs a further 5-7 spaces
Do not use quotation marks
Double space the block quote
Cite the source after the end punctuation of the quote
The font size in a block quotation should be changed to
size 10, and it should be single-spaced.

24. Long Quotation
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Material that was in double quotation marks in the original
source should be placed within double quotation marks in a
block quotation.
To start a new paragraph within the quotation, indent the first
line of the new paragraph, one tab key from the margin of the
quotation.
To emphasize a word or words in a quotation italicize the
word(s). Immediately after the italicized word(s) insert within
brackets the words [italics added].
Material in the original source that was in double quotation
marks should be placed within single quotation marks in the
(short) quotation.

25. Long Quotations
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
Use three ellipses points (…) within a sentence to indicate
that you have omitted material from the original source.
Use four ellipses points (….) to indicate omission between
sentences. The first point indicates the period at the end of
the first sentence quoted, and the three ellipsis points
follow.
Direct quotations must mention the exact spelling,
punctuation, and wordings of the original source even if the
source is incorrect. If any incorrect spelling, punctuation or
grammar in the source might confuse the reader, insert the
word sic italicized and within brackets [sic], immediately
after the error in the quotation.

26. Example – Long Quotations
Meile (1993) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous
studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this
manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited
again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier
studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a
placebo effect. (p. 276)

27. Example – Long Quotations
Rubin and Thompson (1994) stated that,
Some teachers also treat their students as if they
were a tabula rasa [italics added], or blank slate, on
which the new language information will be inscribed.
The fact is that all of us possess a wealth of
knowledge that can be brought to bear in learning a
foreign language. Following the principle of “going
from the known to the unknown,” if you wisely use
what you know, you can make the process of
learning a foreign language more efficient and
rewarding. (p.63)

28. Example – Long Quotations
She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’… disappeared when
behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993,
p.276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were
studied.
Miele (1993) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous
studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner.
Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again [italics
added], even when reel [ sic ] drugs were administered. Earlier
studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in
attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

29. Secondary Reference
In 1947 the World Health
Organization proposed the following
definition of health. “Health is a state of
complete physical, mental, and social
well-being and not merely the absence of
disease and infirmity” (World Health
Organization, as cited in Potter & Perry,
2001, p. 3).

30. Parenthetical Citations –
Multiple Authors
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2 authors – cite both names separated by &
Example:
(Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)
3-5 authors – cite all authors first time; after
first time, use et al.
Example:
(Wilson et al., 2000)
6 or more authors – cite first author’s name
and et al.
Example:
(Perez et al., 1992)

31. Parenthetical Citations –
Multiple Citations
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Multiple sources from same author –
chronological order, separated by comma
Example:
(Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)
Within same year:
Example:
(Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)

32. Parenthetical Citations –
Multiple Citations


Multiple sources – separated by semicolon,
alphabetical order
Example:
(Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite, 2001)
Personal communication (not included in references)
Example:
(T.K. Lutes, personal communication,
September 19, 2001)

33. Handling Parenthetical Citations
Sometimes additional information is necessary . . .
 More than one author with the same last name
(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)
 Two or more works in the same parentheses
(Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997)
 Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, p.
10)

34. Handling Parenthetical Citations

If the source has no known author, then
use an abbreviated version of the title:
Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax
Deters Smokers”
Citation: (“California,” 1999)

35. Sample Parenthetical
Citations
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised
by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997)
to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and
its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur
that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war
have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies
focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively
perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in
Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that
his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a
sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of
institutions” (p. 6).

36. Reference List
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Place the list of references cited at the end of
the paper
Start references on a new page
Begin each entry flush with the left margin
Indent subsequent lines five to seven spaces
(hanging indent)
Double space both within and between
entries
Italicize the title of books, magazines, etc.

37. Abbreviations ( from 6th edition)
Abbreviation

ed.
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Rev. ed.
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2nd ed.
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Ed. (Eds.)
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Trans.
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n.d.
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p. (pp.)

Vol.
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Vols.
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No.
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Pt.
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Tech. Rep.

Suppl.
Book or publication part

edition

Revised edition

second edition

Editor (Editors)

Translator(s)

no date
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page (pages)
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Volume (as in Vol. 4)
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Volumes (as in Vols. 1-4)

Number

Part

Technical Report

Supplement

38. Capitalization in Reference
List
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Capitalize only the first word of the title,
the first word after a colon or dash, and
proper nouns in titles of books, articles,
etc.
Capitalize all major words and all words
of four letters or more in periodical titles.

39. Reference List Order
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Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with
author’s last name
If author has more than one source, arrange entries
by year, earliest first
When an author appears both as a sole author and,
in another citation as the first author of a group, list
the one author entries first
If no author given, begin entry with the title and
alphabetize without counting a, an, or the
Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks for
titles used instead of an author name

40. Example – Reference List Order
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Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control …
Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of …
Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors …
Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention …
Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P., …
Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions …

41. Group Author
American Psychological Association.
(2001). Publication manual of the
American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington,
DC: Author.

42. multiple-author entries beginning
with the same surname
(edition 6th)
One-author entries precede multipleauthor entries beginning with the same
surname
even if the multiple-author work was
publIshed earlier :
Alleyne, R. L. (2001).
Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999)

43. Book with one author
Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.
Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press.

44. Book - Electronic (edition 6th)
Will, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony
in the age of Haydn and Beethoven [Ebrary
Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary
database.
N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there
is no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of
the Ebook's homepage (in this example,
http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).
For undergraduate students, give the name of the
database, as in the example above (do not include
the URL).

45. Book with two authors
Struck, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979).
The elements of style (3rd ed.).
New York: Macmillan.

46. Book with six or more authors
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,
Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,
et al. (2000). An experimental
evaluation of…

47. Book with no author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary
(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.

48. Book with editors
Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).
(2000). Diversity and the recreation
profession: Organizational
perspectives. State College, PA:
Venture.

49. Chapter in Book
Stern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990).
The ocular system. In J. T.
Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary
(Eds.),
Principles of psychophysiology:
Physical, social, and inferential
elements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press.

50. Multivolume book
Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology:
A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New
York: McGraw-Hill.

51. Journals with Continuous Pagination
Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the
typical eyewitness. American
Psychologist, 48, 574-576.

52. Journals with Pagination by Issue
Sellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995).
Administrative issues for use of
nurse practitioners. Journal of
Nursing Administration, 25(5),
64-70.

53. Article in press
Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcare
lexicon. Journal of Health.

54. Abstract
Misumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effects
of PM organizational development in
supermarket organization.
Japanese
Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology, 21, 93-111. [Abstract]
Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68,
Abstract No. 11474

55. Thesis (except from the US) - print
version
(edition 6th)
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to
enhance teaching at the University of Waikato
(Unpublished master's thesis). University of
Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral
dissertation after the title or
Unpublished master's thesis for
Master's degree (Publication Manual,
p. 207).

56. Thesis (except from the US) electronic version (edition 6th)
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet
to enhance teaching at the University of
Waikato (Master's thesis, The
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand). Retrieved from
http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241

57. Thesis from US - electronic
version (edition 6th)
Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost
common value auctions (Doctoral
dissertation, Ohio State University).
Retrieved from
http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd

N.B. For further examples, see the Publication Manual, pp.207208.

58. Online discussion
(edition 6th)
Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17).
Seeing with sound [Online forum
comment]. Retrieved from
http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psycho
N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished
works.

59. Blog post (edition 6th)
Wadard. (2009, June 15). Australia's
climate bill may be scuttled [Web log
message]. Retrieved from
http://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com
/
N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished
works.

60. Video blog post (edition 6th)
Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain
English [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnL00TdmLY

61. Magazine
Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29).
Seeing the mind. Science, 262,
673-674.
Full date is used for weekly magazines;
month and year for monthly magazines.

62. Newspaper
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30).
Obesity affects economic, social
status. The Washington Post, pp.
A1, A4.

63. Encyclopedia
Blaser, L. (1996). Relativity . In Gale
encyclopedia of science (Vol. 15,
pp. 82-86). New York, Gale
Encyclopedia Co.

64. Thesis
Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of
counselling professionals.
Unpublished master’s thesis,
Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore.

65. Videotape
National Institute on Mental Health. (1980).
Drug abuse [videotape]. Bethesda:
Author.

66. Electronic sources
Velmans, M. (1999). When perception
becomes conscious. British
Journal of Psychology, 90, 543566. Retrieved May 25, 2001,
from the Expanded Academic
ASAP database.

67. Web page
Green, C. (2000, April 16). History &
philosophy of psychology web
resources. Retrieved May 22, 2001,
from http://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm
it is no longer necessary to include the date of
retrieval, unless webpage content is likely to be
updated (e.g. Wiki).(NEW)

68. Professional paper from Internet
Jacob, B. & Shoemaker, N. (n.d.). The
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: An
interpersonal tool for system
administrators. Retrieved October 19,
2003 from:
http://www.mindspring.com/~nancyshoe
maker/nes/mbti/mbtipaper.pdf

69. Stand-Alone Web Document with
no author or date
GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.).
Retrieved January 17, 2003, from
http://www.ccgatech.edu/gvu

70. Sample Reference List
References

Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August
21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html
Flory, R. K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food
interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825-828.
Flory, R. K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of
reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.
Flory, R. K. & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on
schedule- induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9,
383-386.
Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.

71. Formatting for Theses
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Preliminary pages
Bibliography instead of Reference List
Left-hand margin 1½ inch
Single spacing in tables, long
quotations, within references
Figure caption is typed below

72. For More Information
APA Manual Website:
www.apastyle.org
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learnin
g/g_apaguide.shtml