SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 7
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
LECTURE 12
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF PLANTS
This chapter studies the structure of plants. After a discussion of plant organs, monocot and eudicot plants are compared
and contrasted. This is followed by a description of plant tissues, and the organization of roots, stems, and leaves. An
Ecology Box “Paper Comes from Plants” is presented, as is a Science Focus box “Defense Strategies of Trees.” An
abundance of terminology permeates the chapter.
Chapter Outline
Plant Organs
1. Structures of flowering plants are well-adapted to varied environments, including water.
2. Flowering plants usually have a root system (the roots) and a shoot system (the stems and leaves).
3. Roots, stems, and leaves are the vegetative organs of plants; flowers, seeds, and fruits are reproductive
structures.
A. Roots
1. A plant’s root system is underground.
2. The root system is the primary root plus the branch roots.
3. It is generally equal in size to the shoot system, the part above ground.
4. Root systems have the following functions:
a. Roots anchor a plant in soil and give support.
b. Roots absorb water and minerals from soil; root hairs are central to this process.
1) Root hair cells are in a zone near the root tip.
2) Root hairs are numerous to increase the absorptive surface of a root.
3) Transplanting plants damages a plant when the root hairs are torn off.
4) Water and nutrients absorbed are distributed to the rest of the plant.
5) Roots produce hormones that must be distributed to the plant
c. Perennials “die back” to regrow the next season; roots of herbaceous perennials store food (e.g.,
carrots, sweet potatoes).
B. Stems
1. The shoot system of a plant consists of the stem, the branches, and the leaves.
2. The stem forms the main axis of the plant, along with lateral branches.
3. Upright stems produce leaves and array them to be exposed to as much sun as possible.
4. A node occurs where a leaf attaches to the stem and an internode is the region between nodes; nodes and
internodes identify a stem even if it is underground.
5. The stem has vascular tissue to transport water and minerals from roots and sugar from leaves.
6. Nonliving cells form a continuous pipeline through vascular tissue.
7. A cylindrical stem expands in girth and length; trees use woody tissue to strengthen stems.
8. Stems may function in storage: cactus stems store water and tubers are horizontal stems that store nutrients.
C. Leaves
1. A leaf is the major organ of photosynthesis in most plants.
2. Leaves receive water from roots by way of the stem.
3. Broad, thin leaves have a maximum surface area to absorb CO2 and collect solar energy.
4. A blade is the wide portion of a leaf with most photosynthetic tissue.
5. The petiole is a stalk that attaches a leaf blade to the stem.
6. The leaf axil is the upper acute angle between petiole and stem where an axillary (lateral) bud originates.
7. Some leaves protect buds, attach to objects (tendrils), store food (bulbs), or capture insects.
Monocot Versus Eudicot Plants
140
• Criteria for Monocots and Eudicots
1. Cotyledons are embryonic seed leaves providing nutrition from the endosperm before the mature leaves
begin photosynthesis.
2. Flowering plants are divided into monocots and eudicots based on these traits.
Monocots Eudicots
a. Number of cotyledons in seed one two
b. Distribution of root xylem and root xylem and phloem in root phloem between phloem a
ring of xylem
c. Distribution of vascular bundles scattered in stem arranged in a distinct ring
d. Pattern of leaf veins form a parallel pattern form a net pattern
e. Number of flower parts in threes and multiples of in fours and fives and
three multiples of four or five
f. Number of apertures in pollen usually one usually three
grains
3. Representative members: grasses, lilies, orchids, dandelions to oak
rice, wheat, corn trees and palm trees
4. The distinction between monocots and eudicots represents an important evolutionary division that relates to
many structures.
Plant Tissues
1. Plants continually grow due to meristematic (embryonic) tissue in the stem and root tips (apexes).
2. Apical meristems are located near the tips of stems and roots, where they increase the size of these
structures; this is called primary growth.
3. Monocots also have intercalary meristem, which allows them to regrow lost parts.
4. Apical meristem produces three types of meristem, which develop into the three types of specialized
primary tissues in the body of the plant.
a. Protoderm is the outermost primary meristem giving rise to epidermis.
b. Ground meristem is the inner meristem producing ground tissue.
c. Procambium produces vascular tissue.
5. Three specialized tissues are include:
a. Epidermal tissue forms the outer protective covering.
b. Ground tissue fills the interior of the plant.
c. Vascular tissue transports water and nutrients and provides support.
A. Epidermal Tissue
1. Epidermis is an outer protective covering tissue of plant roots, leaves, and stems of nonwoody plants.
2. It contains closely packed epidermal cells.
3. Waxy cuticle covers the walls of epidermal cells, minimizing water loss and protecting against bacteria.
4. In roots, certain epidermal cells are modified into root hairs that increase the surface area of the root for
absorption of water and minerals and help to anchor plants in the soil.
5. Protective hairs called trichomes are produced by epidermal cells of stems, leaves, and reproductive
organs.
6. Trichomes may help protect a plant from herbivores by producing a toxic substance.
7. On the lower epidermis of eudicot leaves, and both surfaces of monocot leaves, special guard cells form
microscopic pores (stomata) and regulate gas exchange and water loss.
8. In older woody plants, the epidermis of the stem is replaced by periderm, the majority component of which
is cork cells.
a. At maturity, dead cork cells may be sloughed off.
b. Cork cambium is meristem that produces new cork cells.
c. As cork cells mature, they encrust with the lipid suberin that renders them waterproof and inert.
d. Cork protects a plant and makes it resistant to attack by fungi, bacteria, and animals.
e. When the cork cambium overproduces cork in certain areas of the stem surface, ridges and cracks,
called lenticels, appear; lenticels are important in gas exchange between the interior of the stem and the
air.
B. Ground Tissue
1. Ground tissue forms the bulk of the plant; it contains parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells.
2. Parenchyma are the least specialized of all plant cell types.
a. Cells of this type contain plastids (e.g., chloroplasts or colorless storage plastids).
b. They are found in all organs of a plant.
c. They divide to form more specialized cells (e.g., roots develop from stem cuttings in water).
3. Collenchyma resemble parenchyma but has thicker primary cell walls.
a. Collenchyma cells are uneven in the corners.
b. They usually occur as bundles of cells just beneath the epidermis.
141
c. They give flexible support to immature regions of plants (e.g., a celery stalk is mostly collenchyma).
4. Sclerenchyma cells have thick secondary cell walls.
a. They are impregnated with lignin that makes the walls tough and hard.
b. They provide strong support to mature regions of plants.
c. Most cells of this type are nonliving.
d. Sclerenchyma cells form fibers (used in linen and rope) and shorter sclereids (found in seed coats, nut
shells, and gritty pears).
C. Vascular Tissue
1. Xylem conducts water and mineral solutes upward through a plant from roots to leaves.
a. Xylem contains tracheids and vessel elements.
b. Tracheids
1) Tracheids are smaller, hollow, thin, long nonliving cells with tapered overlapping ends.
2) Water moves across end and sidewalls because of pits or depressions in the secondary cell wall.
c. Vessel Elements
1) Vessel elements are hollow non-living cells lacking tapered ends.
2) They are larger than tracheids.
3) They lack transverse end walls.
4) They form a continuous pipeline for water and mineral transport.
d. Xylem also contains sclerenchyma cells to add support.
e. Vascular rays are flat ribbons of parenchyma cells between rows of tracheids; they conduct water and
minerals across the width of the plant.
2. Phloem is vascular tissue that conducts the organic solutes in plants, from the leaves to the roots; it contains
sieve-tube members and companion cells.
a. Sieve-tube Members
1) Sieve-tube cells contain cytoplasm but no nucleus.
2) They are arranged end to end.
3) They have channels in their end walls (thus, the name “sieve-tube”), through which
plasmodesmata extend from one cell to another.
b. Companion Cells
1) Companion cells are closely connected to sieve-tube cells by numerous plasmodesmata.
2) They are smaller and more generalized than sieve-tube cells.
3) They have a nucleus which may control and maintain the function of both cells.
4) They are also thought to be involved in the transport function of phloem.
3. Vascular tissue extends from root to leaves as vascular cylinder (roots), vascular bundles (stem) and leaf
veins.
Organization of Roots
1. The eudicot root has various zones where cells are in various stages of differentiation and where primary
growth occurs.
2. The root apical meristem is the region protected by the root cap, a protective cover; its cells are replaced
constantly because they are soon ground off.
3. The primary meristems are in the zone of cell division, which continuously provides cells to the zone of
elongation by mitosis.
4. The zone of elongation is above the zone of cell division where cells become longer and more specialized.
5. The zone of cell division contains meristematic tissue and adds cells to the root tip and the zone of
elongation.
6. The zone of maturation is above the zone of elongation; cells are mature and differentiated and it has root
hairs.
A. Tissues of a Eudicot Root
1. Epidermis is a single layer of thin-walled, rectangular cells.
a. The epidermis forms the protective outer layer of the root.
b. In the region of maturation, there are many root hairs.
c. Root hairs project as far as 5–8 mm into the soil.
2. Cortex is a layer of large, thin-walled, irregularly shaped parenchyma cells.
a. These cells contain starch granules; the cortex functions in food storage.
b. The cells are loosely packed; water and minerals can diffuse through the cortex without entering cells.
3. Endodermis is single layer of rectangular cells that forms the boundary between the cortex and inner
vascular cylinder.
a. Its cells fit closely together and are bordered on four sides by the Casparian strip.
b. It regulates the entrance of minerals into the vascular cylinder.
c. The Casparian strip is an impermeable lignin and suberin layer that excludes water and mineral ions.
d. The only access to the vascular bundle is through endodermal cells.
142
4. Vascular tissue
a. The pericycle is the first layer of cells within the vascular cylinder
1) Its cells have retained the capacity to divide.
2) It can start the development of branch or secondary roots.
b. The main portion of the vascular cylinder is composed of
1) xylem, whose cells are arranged in a star-shaped pattern; and
2) phloem, whose cells are located in regions between arms of xylem.
B. Organization of Monocot Roots
1. Monocot roots have the same zones as a eudicot root but do not undergo secondary growth.
2. The monocot root has a ring of vascular tissue where alternating bundles of xylem and phloem surround
pith.
3. Monocot roots also have pericycle, endodermis, cortex, and epidermis.
C. Root Diversity
1. Roots have adaptations to help anchor plants, absorb water and minerals, and store carbohydrates.
2. There are three general root types.
a. A taproot is common in eudicots; this first or primary root grows straight down and remains the
dominant root of a plant; it is often fleshy and adapted to store food (e.g., carrots, beets).
b. The fibrous root system of monocots is a mass of slender roots and lateral branches that hold the plant
secure in the soil.
3. Adventitious roots develop from underground stems or from the base of above-ground stems.
4. A prop root’s main function is to anchor a plant (e.g., corn and mangrove plants).
5. Pneumatophores of mangrove plants project above the water from roots to acquire oxygen.
6. Ivy has holdfast roots to anchor aerial shoots.
7. Haustoria are rootlike projections from stems on parasitic plants (e.g., dodders and broomrapes).
a. Haustoria grow into the host plant.
b. They contact vascular tissue from which they extract water and nutrients.
8. Mycorrhizae are an association between fungus and roots.
a. In this mutualism, the fungus receives sugars and amino acids from the plant.
b. The plant receives water and minerals from the fungus.
9. Legumes (e.g., peas and beans) have root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
a. Bacteria extract nitrogen from air and reduce it to a form that can be used by plant tissues.
b. Legumes are often planted to bolster the nitrogen supply in the soil.
Organization of Stems
1. The terminal bud contains the shoot tip protected by bud scales, which are modified leaves.
2. Dormant auxillary buds that can give rise to branches or flowers are here also.
3. Bud scales are scalelike coverings protecting terminal buds during winters when bud growth stops.
4. The stem tip is the site of primary growth where cell division extends the length of stems or roots.
5. The apical meristem produces new cells that elongate and increase the height of the stem.
6. The shoot apical meristem is protected within a terminal bud of leaf primordia (immature leaves).
7. Three specialized types of primary meristem develop from shoot apical meristem.
a. Protoderm is the outermost primary meristem that gives rise to epidermis.
b. Ground meristem produces two tissues composed of parenchyma cells: the pith and the cortex.
c. Procambium is the inner meristem that produces primary xylem and primary phloem.
8. Differentiation continues; cells become the first tracheids or vessel elements within the vascular bundle.
9. First sieve-tube cells are short-lived and do not have companion cells.
10. Mature phloem develops later after all surrounding cells have stopped expanding and a lateral meristem,
called vascular cambium, has developed.
A. Herbaceous Stems
1. Herbaceous stems are mature nonwoody stems that exhibit only primary growth.
2. The outermost tissue of herbaceous stems is epidermis covered by a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss.
3. Xylem and phloem are in distinctive vascular bundles.
a. In each bundle, xylem is found to the inside of the stem; phloem is found to the outside.
b. In the eudicot herbaceous stem, vascular bundles are arranged in a ring towards the outside of the stem
and separating the cortex from the central pith.
c. In a monocot stem, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem; there is no well-defined cortex
or pith.
4. The cortex sometimes carries on photosynthesis; pith may function as a storage site.
B. Woody Stems
143
1. Woody plants have both primary and secondary tissues.
2. Primary tissues are new and form each year from primary meristem right behind the apical meristem.
3. Secondary tissues develop from second year onward from growth of lateral meristem.
4. Primary growth increases the length of a plant; secondary growth increases its girth.
5. As secondary growth continues, it is not possible to distinguish individual vascular bundles.
6. The woody eudicot stem has a different organization with three distinct areas: bark, wood, and pith.
7. Bark
a. The bark of a tree contains cork, cork cambium, and phloem.
b. Secondary phloem is produced each year by vascular cambium but does not build up.
c. This phloem tissue is soft; therefore it is easy to remove the bark of a tree.
d. Cork cambium is meristem beneath the epidermis that produces new cork cells when needed.
e. Cork cambium begins to divide, producing cork that disrupts epidermis replacing it with cork cells.
f. Cork cells become impregnated with suberin, causing them to die but making them waterproof.
g. Consequently, cork forms an impervious barrier, even to gas exchange, except at lenticels.
8. Wood
a. Wood is a secondary xylem which builds up each year; the vascular cambium is dormant during the
winter.
b. Spring wood is composed of wide xylem vessel elements with thin walls, necessary to conduct
sufficient water and nutrients to supply abundant growth that occurs during spring.
c. Summer wood forms when moisture is scarce; composed of a lower proportion of vessels, it contains
thick-walled tracheids and numerous fibers.
d. An annual ring is one ring of spring wood followed by a ring of summer wood; this equals one year’s
growth.
e. Sapwood is the outer annual rings where transport occurs.
f. Heartwood is the inner annual rings of older trees.
1) Vessels no longer function in transport; they become plugged with resins and gums that inhibit
growth of bacteria and fungi.
2) Heartwood may help to support a tree.
9. Woody Plants
a. The first flowering plants were probably woody shrubs; herbaceous plants evolved later.
b. It is advantageous to be woody when there is adequate rainfall; woody plants can grow taller and have
adequate tissue to support and service leaves.
c. It takes energy to support secondary growth and prepare the plant for winter in temperate zones.
d. Long-lasting plants need more defense mechanisms against attack by herbivores and parasites.
e. Trees need years to mature before reproducing; they are more vulnerable to accident or disease.
C. Stem Diversity
1. Stolons are stems that grow along the ground; new plants grow where the nodes contact the soil.
2. The succulent stems of cacti are modified for water storage.
3. Tendrils of grapes and morning glories are stems adapted for wrapping around support structures.
4. Rhizomes are underground horizontal stems.
a. Rhizomes are long and thin in grasses and thick and fleshy in irises.
b. Rhizomes survive winter and contribute to asexual reproduction because each node bears a bud.
c. Some rhizomes have tubers that function in food storage (e.g., potatoes).
5. Corms are bulbous underground stems that lie dormant during winter, like rhizomes.
6. Humans use stems: sugarcane is primary source of table sugar, cinnamon and quinine are from bark, wood
is from paper, etc.
Organization of Leaves
1. Leaves are organs of photosynthesis in plants; they are made of a flattened blade and a petiole.
2. The leaf veins reveal the presence of vascular tissue within the leaves.
3. The vascular tissues of leaves transport water and nutrients.
4. Leaf veins have a net pattern in eudicot leaves and a parallel pattern in monocot leaves.
5. A petiole is a stalk that attaches a leaf blade to the plant stem.
6. Epidermis is the layer of cells that covers the top and bottom sides of a leaf.
a. The epidermis often bears protective hairs or glands; epidermal glands produce irritating substances.
b. The epidermis is covered by a waxy cuticle that keeps the leaf from drying out.
c. The epidermis, particularly lower epidermis, contains stomata that allow gases to move into and out of
the leaf.
7. Mesophyll is the body of a leaf and the site of most photosynthesis.
a. Palisade mesophyll is the layer of mesophyll containing elongated parenchyma cells with many
chloroplasts.
b. Spongy mesophyll contains loosely packed parenchyma cells that increase the surface area for gas
144
exchange.
A. Leaf Diversity
1. Simple leaves have margins not deeply lobed or divided into smaller leaflets.
2 Compound leaves are divided into smaller leaflets, and each leaflet may have its own stalk.
3. Leaves are variously modified.
a. Pinnately compound leaves have the leaflets occurring in pairs.
b. Palmately compound leaves have all of the leaflets attached to a single point.
c. Some plants have bipinnately compound leaves.
d. Leaves can be arranged in one of three ways: alternate, opposite, or whorled.
e. Cactus spines are modified leaves; succulents have fleshy leaves to hold moisture.
f. Onion bulbs have leaves surrounding a short stem.
g. The tendrils of peas and cucumbers are leaves.
h. The Venus’s-flytrap has leaves to trap and digest insects.
145
exchange.
A. Leaf Diversity
1. Simple leaves have margins not deeply lobed or divided into smaller leaflets.
2 Compound leaves are divided into smaller leaflets, and each leaflet may have its own stalk.
3. Leaves are variously modified.
a. Pinnately compound leaves have the leaflets occurring in pairs.
b. Palmately compound leaves have all of the leaflets attached to a single point.
c. Some plants have bipinnately compound leaves.
d. Leaves can be arranged in one of three ways: alternate, opposite, or whorled.
e. Cactus spines are modified leaves; succulents have fleshy leaves to hold moisture.
f. Onion bulbs have leaves surrounding a short stem.
g. The tendrils of peas and cucumbers are leaves.
h. The Venus’s-flytrap has leaves to trap and digest insects.
145

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

"Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction
"Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction "Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction
"Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction Muhammad ArSlan
 
Funaria ( bryophytes)
Funaria ( bryophytes)Funaria ( bryophytes)
Funaria ( bryophytes)SyedaFari2
 
Seminar on osmunda,dryopteris, 2
Seminar on osmunda,dryopteris, 2Seminar on osmunda,dryopteris, 2
Seminar on osmunda,dryopteris, 2IfraSaifi1
 
Pteris ppt
Pteris pptPteris ppt
Pteris pptmamtey1
 
Types of sporangia and spores submitted by shreyasi dey.roll no 08, 2nd semes...
Types of sporangia and spores submitted by shreyasi dey.roll no 08, 2nd semes...Types of sporangia and spores submitted by shreyasi dey.roll no 08, 2nd semes...
Types of sporangia and spores submitted by shreyasi dey.roll no 08, 2nd semes...mayurikadutta2
 
Anthoceros botany
Anthoceros botanyAnthoceros botany
Anthoceros botanyMANSI
 
Anatomy of leaf and stem of cycas
Anatomy of leaf and stem of cycasAnatomy of leaf and stem of cycas
Anatomy of leaf and stem of cycasHarshadaShewale5
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Sphenopsida details
Sphenopsida detailsSphenopsida details
Sphenopsida details
 
Marsilea details
Marsilea detailsMarsilea details
Marsilea details
 
"Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction
"Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction "Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction
"Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction
 
8. Vegetative and sexual reproduction in funaria
8. Vegetative and sexual reproduction in funaria8. Vegetative and sexual reproduction in funaria
8. Vegetative and sexual reproduction in funaria
 
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae
 
Funaria ( bryophytes)
Funaria ( bryophytes)Funaria ( bryophytes)
Funaria ( bryophytes)
 
Equisetum
EquisetumEquisetum
Equisetum
 
Sporogonium of funaria
Sporogonium of funariaSporogonium of funaria
Sporogonium of funaria
 
Seminar on osmunda,dryopteris, 2
Seminar on osmunda,dryopteris, 2Seminar on osmunda,dryopteris, 2
Seminar on osmunda,dryopteris, 2
 
Pteris ppt
Pteris pptPteris ppt
Pteris ppt
 
Furneria
FurneriaFurneria
Furneria
 
Types of sporangia and spores submitted by shreyasi dey.roll no 08, 2nd semes...
Types of sporangia and spores submitted by shreyasi dey.roll no 08, 2nd semes...Types of sporangia and spores submitted by shreyasi dey.roll no 08, 2nd semes...
Types of sporangia and spores submitted by shreyasi dey.roll no 08, 2nd semes...
 
Bio 211 report
Bio 211 reportBio 211 report
Bio 211 report
 
Anthoceros botany
Anthoceros botanyAnthoceros botany
Anthoceros botany
 
Psilotum
PsilotumPsilotum
Psilotum
 
Telome Theory
Telome TheoryTelome Theory
Telome Theory
 
Bryopsida – funaria
Bryopsida – funariaBryopsida – funaria
Bryopsida – funaria
 
Riccia
RicciaRiccia
Riccia
 
Lycopodium
LycopodiumLycopodium
Lycopodium
 
Anatomy of leaf and stem of cycas
Anatomy of leaf and stem of cycasAnatomy of leaf and stem of cycas
Anatomy of leaf and stem of cycas
 

Andere mochten auch

Personal Accident Takaful
Personal Accident TakafulPersonal Accident Takaful
Personal Accident Takafulmandalina landy
 
Pembelian Barangan Makanan Warga Tua
Pembelian Barangan Makanan Warga TuaPembelian Barangan Makanan Warga Tua
Pembelian Barangan Makanan Warga Tuamandalina landy
 
Globalization and consumer
Globalization and consumerGlobalization and consumer
Globalization and consumermandalina landy
 
Advertising and Public Relations
Advertising and Public RelationsAdvertising and Public Relations
Advertising and Public Relationsmandalina landy
 
Diversity of Organisms and classification
Diversity of Organisms and classificationDiversity of Organisms and classification
Diversity of Organisms and classificationmandalina landy
 
Managing Small Business Start-Ups
Managing Small Business Start-UpsManaging Small Business Start-Ups
Managing Small Business Start-Upsmandalina landy
 
Information Technology and E-Business
Information Technology and E-BusinessInformation Technology and E-Business
Information Technology and E-Businessmandalina landy
 
Biro Berniaga Beretika (BBB
Biro Berniaga Beretika  (BBBBiro Berniaga Beretika  (BBB
Biro Berniaga Beretika (BBBmandalina landy
 
Tahap Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap Perkhidmatan Bas Di Universiti Putra Malays...
Tahap Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap Perkhidmatan Bas Di Universiti Putra Malays...Tahap Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap Perkhidmatan Bas Di Universiti Putra Malays...
Tahap Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap Perkhidmatan Bas Di Universiti Putra Malays...mandalina landy
 
Sales Promotion and Personal Selling
Sales Promotion and Personal SellingSales Promotion and Personal Selling
Sales Promotion and Personal Sellingmandalina landy
 

Andere mochten auch (18)

Personal Accident Takaful
Personal Accident TakafulPersonal Accident Takaful
Personal Accident Takaful
 
Pembelian Barangan Makanan Warga Tua
Pembelian Barangan Makanan Warga TuaPembelian Barangan Makanan Warga Tua
Pembelian Barangan Makanan Warga Tua
 
Reproductive Systems
Reproductive SystemsReproductive Systems
Reproductive Systems
 
Globalization and consumer
Globalization and consumerGlobalization and consumer
Globalization and consumer
 
Multimedia Dev Team
Multimedia Dev TeamMultimedia Dev Team
Multimedia Dev Team
 
Pengurusan Pentas
Pengurusan  PentasPengurusan  Pentas
Pengurusan Pentas
 
Advertising and Public Relations
Advertising and Public RelationsAdvertising and Public Relations
Advertising and Public Relations
 
Diversity of Organisms and classification
Diversity of Organisms and classificationDiversity of Organisms and classification
Diversity of Organisms and classification
 
Managing Small Business Start-Ups
Managing Small Business Start-UpsManaging Small Business Start-Ups
Managing Small Business Start-Ups
 
Information Technology and E-Business
Information Technology and E-BusinessInformation Technology and E-Business
Information Technology and E-Business
 
Biro Berniaga Beretika (BBB
Biro Berniaga Beretika  (BBBBiro Berniaga Beretika  (BBB
Biro Berniaga Beretika (BBB
 
Multimedia Technology
Multimedia TechnologyMultimedia Technology
Multimedia Technology
 
Tahap Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap Perkhidmatan Bas Di Universiti Putra Malays...
Tahap Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap Perkhidmatan Bas Di Universiti Putra Malays...Tahap Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap Perkhidmatan Bas Di Universiti Putra Malays...
Tahap Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap Perkhidmatan Bas Di Universiti Putra Malays...
 
Authoring Tools
Authoring ToolsAuthoring Tools
Authoring Tools
 
Communication
CommunicationCommunication
Communication
 
E-COMMERCE
E-COMMERCEE-COMMERCE
E-COMMERCE
 
Teori Kaunseling
Teori KaunselingTeori Kaunseling
Teori Kaunseling
 
Sales Promotion and Personal Selling
Sales Promotion and Personal SellingSales Promotion and Personal Selling
Sales Promotion and Personal Selling
 

Ähnlich wie structure and function in plants

Roots, stems and leaves notes serena
Roots, stems and leaves notes serenaRoots, stems and leaves notes serena
Roots, stems and leaves notes serenaKathryn La Bruyère
 
Bio102 chapter 25 (1)
Bio102 chapter 25 (1)Bio102 chapter 25 (1)
Bio102 chapter 25 (1)gelo_kyle
 
Roots, stems and leaves notes serena
Roots, stems and leaves notes serenaRoots, stems and leaves notes serena
Roots, stems and leaves notes serenaKathryn La Bruyère
 
Chapter 23 Lecture- Roots, Stems, Leaves
Chapter 23 Lecture- Roots, Stems, LeavesChapter 23 Lecture- Roots, Stems, Leaves
Chapter 23 Lecture- Roots, Stems, LeavesMary Beth Smith
 
Basic principles of Pharmacognosy
Basic principles of PharmacognosyBasic principles of Pharmacognosy
Basic principles of Pharmacognosyayanarkumar19
 
Im chapter27
Im chapter27Im chapter27
Im chapter27Franz Uy
 
Plant Notes Ch 21 24
Plant Notes Ch 21 24Plant Notes Ch 21 24
Plant Notes Ch 21 24CCISD
 
A review on Crop Sciences (Plant Biology)
A review on Crop Sciences (Plant Biology)A review on Crop Sciences (Plant Biology)
A review on Crop Sciences (Plant Biology)Lawrence Edullantes
 
Plant Structure and function-Biology
Plant Structure and function-BiologyPlant Structure and function-Biology
Plant Structure and function-BiologySalah Ayman
 
"Tissues" Chapter:-6 Class 9
"Tissues" Chapter:-6 Class 9"Tissues" Chapter:-6 Class 9
"Tissues" Chapter:-6 Class 9pankajkumar2073
 
Unit 5 plant tissue
Unit 5 plant tissueUnit 5 plant tissue
Unit 5 plant tissueMAZZY2012
 
1a- Primary Plant Body.pptx
1a- Primary Plant Body.pptx1a- Primary Plant Body.pptx
1a- Primary Plant Body.pptxMUNAWARSHAH26
 
Plant Form and Physiology.pdf
Plant Form and Physiology.pdfPlant Form and Physiology.pdf
Plant Form and Physiology.pdfdionyjin
 

Ähnlich wie structure and function in plants (20)

Roots, stems and leaves notes serena
Roots, stems and leaves notes serenaRoots, stems and leaves notes serena
Roots, stems and leaves notes serena
 
Bio102 chapter 25 (1)
Bio102 chapter 25 (1)Bio102 chapter 25 (1)
Bio102 chapter 25 (1)
 
plant tissue
 plant tissue plant tissue
plant tissue
 
ROOTS
ROOTSROOTS
ROOTS
 
Roots, stems and leaves notes serena
Roots, stems and leaves notes serenaRoots, stems and leaves notes serena
Roots, stems and leaves notes serena
 
Plant cells and tissues
Plant cells and tissuesPlant cells and tissues
Plant cells and tissues
 
ROOT APEX
ROOT APEXROOT APEX
ROOT APEX
 
Chapter 23 Lecture- Roots, Stems, Leaves
Chapter 23 Lecture- Roots, Stems, LeavesChapter 23 Lecture- Roots, Stems, Leaves
Chapter 23 Lecture- Roots, Stems, Leaves
 
Basic principles of Pharmacognosy
Basic principles of PharmacognosyBasic principles of Pharmacognosy
Basic principles of Pharmacognosy
 
Im chapter27
Im chapter27Im chapter27
Im chapter27
 
Stems
StemsStems
Stems
 
Plant Notes Ch 21 24
Plant Notes Ch 21 24Plant Notes Ch 21 24
Plant Notes Ch 21 24
 
A review on Crop Sciences (Plant Biology)
A review on Crop Sciences (Plant Biology)A review on Crop Sciences (Plant Biology)
A review on Crop Sciences (Plant Biology)
 
Plant Structure and function-Biology
Plant Structure and function-BiologyPlant Structure and function-Biology
Plant Structure and function-Biology
 
"Tissues" Chapter:-6 Class 9
"Tissues" Chapter:-6 Class 9"Tissues" Chapter:-6 Class 9
"Tissues" Chapter:-6 Class 9
 
Unit 5 plant tissue
Unit 5 plant tissueUnit 5 plant tissue
Unit 5 plant tissue
 
1a- Primary Plant Body.pptx
1a- Primary Plant Body.pptx1a- Primary Plant Body.pptx
1a- Primary Plant Body.pptx
 
Plant Tissues
Plant TissuesPlant Tissues
Plant Tissues
 
Plant Form and Physiology.pdf
Plant Form and Physiology.pdfPlant Form and Physiology.pdf
Plant Form and Physiology.pdf
 
Tissues science
Tissues scienceTissues science
Tissues science
 

Mehr von mandalina landy

securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarah
securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarahsecuritization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarah
securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarahmandalina landy
 
PERBEZAAN PELABURAN DALAM PASARAN MODAL ISLAM DENGAN PASARAN MODAL KONVENSIONAL
PERBEZAAN PELABURAN DALAM PASARAN MODAL ISLAM DENGAN PASARAN MODAL KONVENSIONAL PERBEZAAN PELABURAN DALAM PASARAN MODAL ISLAM DENGAN PASARAN MODAL KONVENSIONAL
PERBEZAAN PELABURAN DALAM PASARAN MODAL ISLAM DENGAN PASARAN MODAL KONVENSIONAL mandalina landy
 
Glossary islamic finance intruments
Glossary islamic finance intrumentsGlossary islamic finance intruments
Glossary islamic finance intrumentsmandalina landy
 
securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarah
securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarahsecuritization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarah
securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarahmandalina landy
 
KAJIAN MENGENAI AMALAN DAN TINGKAHLAKU PENGGUNA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN LESTARI K...
KAJIAN MENGENAI AMALAN DAN TINGKAHLAKU PENGGUNA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN LESTARI K...KAJIAN MENGENAI AMALAN DAN TINGKAHLAKU PENGGUNA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN LESTARI K...
KAJIAN MENGENAI AMALAN DAN TINGKAHLAKU PENGGUNA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN LESTARI K...mandalina landy
 
Pembangunan Lestari Pengertian Dan Pengukur
Pembangunan Lestari Pengertian Dan PengukurPembangunan Lestari Pengertian Dan Pengukur
Pembangunan Lestari Pengertian Dan Pengukurmandalina landy
 
Perbezaan Pelaburan dalam Pasaran Modal Islam dengan Pasaran Modal Konvensional
Perbezaan Pelaburan dalam Pasaran Modal Islam dengan Pasaran Modal KonvensionalPerbezaan Pelaburan dalam Pasaran Modal Islam dengan Pasaran Modal Konvensional
Perbezaan Pelaburan dalam Pasaran Modal Islam dengan Pasaran Modal Konvensionalmandalina landy
 
Keselamatan barangan plastik
Keselamatan barangan plastikKeselamatan barangan plastik
Keselamatan barangan plastikmandalina landy
 
KEPUASAN PERUMAHAN DAN PERSEKITARAN REMAJA DI RUMAH PANGSA, KUALA LUMPUR
KEPUASAN PERUMAHAN DAN PERSEKITARAN REMAJA DI RUMAH PANGSA, KUALA LUMPUR  KEPUASAN PERUMAHAN DAN PERSEKITARAN REMAJA DI RUMAH PANGSA, KUALA LUMPUR
KEPUASAN PERUMAHAN DAN PERSEKITARAN REMAJA DI RUMAH PANGSA, KUALA LUMPUR mandalina landy
 
teori percampuran dan pertukaran musyarakah
teori percampuran dan pertukaran  musyarakahteori percampuran dan pertukaran  musyarakah
teori percampuran dan pertukaran musyarakahmandalina landy
 
securitization and musyarakah+murabahah and ijarah
securitization and musyarakah+murabahah and ijarahsecuritization and musyarakah+murabahah and ijarah
securitization and musyarakah+murabahah and ijarahmandalina landy
 
bai as-salam and istisna
bai as-salam and istisnabai as-salam and istisna
bai as-salam and istisnamandalina landy
 
murabaha and bai bithaman ajil (kontrak jual beli)
murabaha and bai bithaman ajil (kontrak jual beli)murabaha and bai bithaman ajil (kontrak jual beli)
murabaha and bai bithaman ajil (kontrak jual beli)mandalina landy
 
transaksi yang dilarang dlm syariah islam
transaksi yang dilarang dlm syariah islamtransaksi yang dilarang dlm syariah islam
transaksi yang dilarang dlm syariah islammandalina landy
 
types of zakat and calculation
types of zakat and calculationtypes of zakat and calculation
types of zakat and calculationmandalina landy
 

Mehr von mandalina landy (20)

securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarah
securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarahsecuritization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarah
securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarah
 
Presentation final
Presentation finalPresentation final
Presentation final
 
PERBEZAAN PELABURAN DALAM PASARAN MODAL ISLAM DENGAN PASARAN MODAL KONVENSIONAL
PERBEZAAN PELABURAN DALAM PASARAN MODAL ISLAM DENGAN PASARAN MODAL KONVENSIONAL PERBEZAAN PELABURAN DALAM PASARAN MODAL ISLAM DENGAN PASARAN MODAL KONVENSIONAL
PERBEZAAN PELABURAN DALAM PASARAN MODAL ISLAM DENGAN PASARAN MODAL KONVENSIONAL
 
Glossary islamic finance intruments
Glossary islamic finance intrumentsGlossary islamic finance intruments
Glossary islamic finance intruments
 
securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarah
securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarahsecuritization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarah
securitization+musyarakah+murabahah+and+ijarah
 
KAJIAN MENGENAI AMALAN DAN TINGKAHLAKU PENGGUNA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN LESTARI K...
KAJIAN MENGENAI AMALAN DAN TINGKAHLAKU PENGGUNA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN LESTARI K...KAJIAN MENGENAI AMALAN DAN TINGKAHLAKU PENGGUNA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN LESTARI K...
KAJIAN MENGENAI AMALAN DAN TINGKAHLAKU PENGGUNA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN LESTARI K...
 
Pembangunan Lestari Pengertian Dan Pengukur
Pembangunan Lestari Pengertian Dan PengukurPembangunan Lestari Pengertian Dan Pengukur
Pembangunan Lestari Pengertian Dan Pengukur
 
Perbezaan Pelaburan dalam Pasaran Modal Islam dengan Pasaran Modal Konvensional
Perbezaan Pelaburan dalam Pasaran Modal Islam dengan Pasaran Modal KonvensionalPerbezaan Pelaburan dalam Pasaran Modal Islam dengan Pasaran Modal Konvensional
Perbezaan Pelaburan dalam Pasaran Modal Islam dengan Pasaran Modal Konvensional
 
Keselamatan barangan plastik
Keselamatan barangan plastikKeselamatan barangan plastik
Keselamatan barangan plastik
 
KEPUASAN PERUMAHAN DAN PERSEKITARAN REMAJA DI RUMAH PANGSA, KUALA LUMPUR
KEPUASAN PERUMAHAN DAN PERSEKITARAN REMAJA DI RUMAH PANGSA, KUALA LUMPUR  KEPUASAN PERUMAHAN DAN PERSEKITARAN REMAJA DI RUMAH PANGSA, KUALA LUMPUR
KEPUASAN PERUMAHAN DAN PERSEKITARAN REMAJA DI RUMAH PANGSA, KUALA LUMPUR
 
teori percampuran dan pertukaran musyarakah
teori percampuran dan pertukaran  musyarakahteori percampuran dan pertukaran  musyarakah
teori percampuran dan pertukaran musyarakah
 
sukuk - islamic bond
sukuk - islamic bondsukuk - islamic bond
sukuk - islamic bond
 
securitization and musyarakah+murabahah and ijarah
securitization and musyarakah+murabahah and ijarahsecuritization and musyarakah+murabahah and ijarah
securitization and musyarakah+murabahah and ijarah
 
shirkah dan mudharabah
shirkah dan mudharabah shirkah dan mudharabah
shirkah dan mudharabah
 
bai as-salam and istisna
bai as-salam and istisnabai as-salam and istisna
bai as-salam and istisna
 
islam dan perniagaan
islam dan perniagaanislam dan perniagaan
islam dan perniagaan
 
al ijarah
al ijarahal ijarah
al ijarah
 
murabaha and bai bithaman ajil (kontrak jual beli)
murabaha and bai bithaman ajil (kontrak jual beli)murabaha and bai bithaman ajil (kontrak jual beli)
murabaha and bai bithaman ajil (kontrak jual beli)
 
transaksi yang dilarang dlm syariah islam
transaksi yang dilarang dlm syariah islamtransaksi yang dilarang dlm syariah islam
transaksi yang dilarang dlm syariah islam
 
types of zakat and calculation
types of zakat and calculationtypes of zakat and calculation
types of zakat and calculation
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024D Cloud Solutions
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-pyJamie (Taka) Wang
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6DianaGray10
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK Guide
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK GuideIEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK Guide
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK GuideHironori Washizaki
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 5
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 5UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 5
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 5DianaGray10
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
The Kubernetes Gateway API and its role in Cloud Native API Management
The Kubernetes Gateway API and its role in Cloud Native API ManagementThe Kubernetes Gateway API and its role in Cloud Native API Management
The Kubernetes Gateway API and its role in Cloud Native API ManagementNuwan Dias
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioChristian Posta
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1DianaGray10
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK Guide
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK GuideIEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK Guide
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK Guide
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 5
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 5UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 5
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 5
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
The Kubernetes Gateway API and its role in Cloud Native API Management
The Kubernetes Gateway API and its role in Cloud Native API ManagementThe Kubernetes Gateway API and its role in Cloud Native API Management
The Kubernetes Gateway API and its role in Cloud Native API Management
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
 

structure and function in plants

  • 1. LECTURE 12 STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF PLANTS This chapter studies the structure of plants. After a discussion of plant organs, monocot and eudicot plants are compared and contrasted. This is followed by a description of plant tissues, and the organization of roots, stems, and leaves. An Ecology Box “Paper Comes from Plants” is presented, as is a Science Focus box “Defense Strategies of Trees.” An abundance of terminology permeates the chapter. Chapter Outline Plant Organs 1. Structures of flowering plants are well-adapted to varied environments, including water. 2. Flowering plants usually have a root system (the roots) and a shoot system (the stems and leaves). 3. Roots, stems, and leaves are the vegetative organs of plants; flowers, seeds, and fruits are reproductive structures. A. Roots 1. A plant’s root system is underground. 2. The root system is the primary root plus the branch roots. 3. It is generally equal in size to the shoot system, the part above ground. 4. Root systems have the following functions: a. Roots anchor a plant in soil and give support. b. Roots absorb water and minerals from soil; root hairs are central to this process. 1) Root hair cells are in a zone near the root tip. 2) Root hairs are numerous to increase the absorptive surface of a root. 3) Transplanting plants damages a plant when the root hairs are torn off. 4) Water and nutrients absorbed are distributed to the rest of the plant. 5) Roots produce hormones that must be distributed to the plant c. Perennials “die back” to regrow the next season; roots of herbaceous perennials store food (e.g., carrots, sweet potatoes). B. Stems 1. The shoot system of a plant consists of the stem, the branches, and the leaves. 2. The stem forms the main axis of the plant, along with lateral branches. 3. Upright stems produce leaves and array them to be exposed to as much sun as possible. 4. A node occurs where a leaf attaches to the stem and an internode is the region between nodes; nodes and internodes identify a stem even if it is underground. 5. The stem has vascular tissue to transport water and minerals from roots and sugar from leaves. 6. Nonliving cells form a continuous pipeline through vascular tissue. 7. A cylindrical stem expands in girth and length; trees use woody tissue to strengthen stems. 8. Stems may function in storage: cactus stems store water and tubers are horizontal stems that store nutrients. C. Leaves 1. A leaf is the major organ of photosynthesis in most plants. 2. Leaves receive water from roots by way of the stem. 3. Broad, thin leaves have a maximum surface area to absorb CO2 and collect solar energy. 4. A blade is the wide portion of a leaf with most photosynthetic tissue. 5. The petiole is a stalk that attaches a leaf blade to the stem. 6. The leaf axil is the upper acute angle between petiole and stem where an axillary (lateral) bud originates. 7. Some leaves protect buds, attach to objects (tendrils), store food (bulbs), or capture insects. Monocot Versus Eudicot Plants 140
  • 2. • Criteria for Monocots and Eudicots 1. Cotyledons are embryonic seed leaves providing nutrition from the endosperm before the mature leaves begin photosynthesis. 2. Flowering plants are divided into monocots and eudicots based on these traits. Monocots Eudicots a. Number of cotyledons in seed one two b. Distribution of root xylem and root xylem and phloem in root phloem between phloem a ring of xylem c. Distribution of vascular bundles scattered in stem arranged in a distinct ring d. Pattern of leaf veins form a parallel pattern form a net pattern e. Number of flower parts in threes and multiples of in fours and fives and three multiples of four or five f. Number of apertures in pollen usually one usually three grains 3. Representative members: grasses, lilies, orchids, dandelions to oak rice, wheat, corn trees and palm trees 4. The distinction between monocots and eudicots represents an important evolutionary division that relates to many structures. Plant Tissues 1. Plants continually grow due to meristematic (embryonic) tissue in the stem and root tips (apexes). 2. Apical meristems are located near the tips of stems and roots, where they increase the size of these structures; this is called primary growth. 3. Monocots also have intercalary meristem, which allows them to regrow lost parts. 4. Apical meristem produces three types of meristem, which develop into the three types of specialized primary tissues in the body of the plant. a. Protoderm is the outermost primary meristem giving rise to epidermis. b. Ground meristem is the inner meristem producing ground tissue. c. Procambium produces vascular tissue. 5. Three specialized tissues are include: a. Epidermal tissue forms the outer protective covering. b. Ground tissue fills the interior of the plant. c. Vascular tissue transports water and nutrients and provides support. A. Epidermal Tissue 1. Epidermis is an outer protective covering tissue of plant roots, leaves, and stems of nonwoody plants. 2. It contains closely packed epidermal cells. 3. Waxy cuticle covers the walls of epidermal cells, minimizing water loss and protecting against bacteria. 4. In roots, certain epidermal cells are modified into root hairs that increase the surface area of the root for absorption of water and minerals and help to anchor plants in the soil. 5. Protective hairs called trichomes are produced by epidermal cells of stems, leaves, and reproductive organs. 6. Trichomes may help protect a plant from herbivores by producing a toxic substance. 7. On the lower epidermis of eudicot leaves, and both surfaces of monocot leaves, special guard cells form microscopic pores (stomata) and regulate gas exchange and water loss. 8. In older woody plants, the epidermis of the stem is replaced by periderm, the majority component of which is cork cells. a. At maturity, dead cork cells may be sloughed off. b. Cork cambium is meristem that produces new cork cells. c. As cork cells mature, they encrust with the lipid suberin that renders them waterproof and inert. d. Cork protects a plant and makes it resistant to attack by fungi, bacteria, and animals. e. When the cork cambium overproduces cork in certain areas of the stem surface, ridges and cracks, called lenticels, appear; lenticels are important in gas exchange between the interior of the stem and the air. B. Ground Tissue 1. Ground tissue forms the bulk of the plant; it contains parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. 2. Parenchyma are the least specialized of all plant cell types. a. Cells of this type contain plastids (e.g., chloroplasts or colorless storage plastids). b. They are found in all organs of a plant. c. They divide to form more specialized cells (e.g., roots develop from stem cuttings in water). 3. Collenchyma resemble parenchyma but has thicker primary cell walls. a. Collenchyma cells are uneven in the corners. b. They usually occur as bundles of cells just beneath the epidermis. 141
  • 3. c. They give flexible support to immature regions of plants (e.g., a celery stalk is mostly collenchyma). 4. Sclerenchyma cells have thick secondary cell walls. a. They are impregnated with lignin that makes the walls tough and hard. b. They provide strong support to mature regions of plants. c. Most cells of this type are nonliving. d. Sclerenchyma cells form fibers (used in linen and rope) and shorter sclereids (found in seed coats, nut shells, and gritty pears). C. Vascular Tissue 1. Xylem conducts water and mineral solutes upward through a plant from roots to leaves. a. Xylem contains tracheids and vessel elements. b. Tracheids 1) Tracheids are smaller, hollow, thin, long nonliving cells with tapered overlapping ends. 2) Water moves across end and sidewalls because of pits or depressions in the secondary cell wall. c. Vessel Elements 1) Vessel elements are hollow non-living cells lacking tapered ends. 2) They are larger than tracheids. 3) They lack transverse end walls. 4) They form a continuous pipeline for water and mineral transport. d. Xylem also contains sclerenchyma cells to add support. e. Vascular rays are flat ribbons of parenchyma cells between rows of tracheids; they conduct water and minerals across the width of the plant. 2. Phloem is vascular tissue that conducts the organic solutes in plants, from the leaves to the roots; it contains sieve-tube members and companion cells. a. Sieve-tube Members 1) Sieve-tube cells contain cytoplasm but no nucleus. 2) They are arranged end to end. 3) They have channels in their end walls (thus, the name “sieve-tube”), through which plasmodesmata extend from one cell to another. b. Companion Cells 1) Companion cells are closely connected to sieve-tube cells by numerous plasmodesmata. 2) They are smaller and more generalized than sieve-tube cells. 3) They have a nucleus which may control and maintain the function of both cells. 4) They are also thought to be involved in the transport function of phloem. 3. Vascular tissue extends from root to leaves as vascular cylinder (roots), vascular bundles (stem) and leaf veins. Organization of Roots 1. The eudicot root has various zones where cells are in various stages of differentiation and where primary growth occurs. 2. The root apical meristem is the region protected by the root cap, a protective cover; its cells are replaced constantly because they are soon ground off. 3. The primary meristems are in the zone of cell division, which continuously provides cells to the zone of elongation by mitosis. 4. The zone of elongation is above the zone of cell division where cells become longer and more specialized. 5. The zone of cell division contains meristematic tissue and adds cells to the root tip and the zone of elongation. 6. The zone of maturation is above the zone of elongation; cells are mature and differentiated and it has root hairs. A. Tissues of a Eudicot Root 1. Epidermis is a single layer of thin-walled, rectangular cells. a. The epidermis forms the protective outer layer of the root. b. In the region of maturation, there are many root hairs. c. Root hairs project as far as 5–8 mm into the soil. 2. Cortex is a layer of large, thin-walled, irregularly shaped parenchyma cells. a. These cells contain starch granules; the cortex functions in food storage. b. The cells are loosely packed; water and minerals can diffuse through the cortex without entering cells. 3. Endodermis is single layer of rectangular cells that forms the boundary between the cortex and inner vascular cylinder. a. Its cells fit closely together and are bordered on four sides by the Casparian strip. b. It regulates the entrance of minerals into the vascular cylinder. c. The Casparian strip is an impermeable lignin and suberin layer that excludes water and mineral ions. d. The only access to the vascular bundle is through endodermal cells. 142
  • 4. 4. Vascular tissue a. The pericycle is the first layer of cells within the vascular cylinder 1) Its cells have retained the capacity to divide. 2) It can start the development of branch or secondary roots. b. The main portion of the vascular cylinder is composed of 1) xylem, whose cells are arranged in a star-shaped pattern; and 2) phloem, whose cells are located in regions between arms of xylem. B. Organization of Monocot Roots 1. Monocot roots have the same zones as a eudicot root but do not undergo secondary growth. 2. The monocot root has a ring of vascular tissue where alternating bundles of xylem and phloem surround pith. 3. Monocot roots also have pericycle, endodermis, cortex, and epidermis. C. Root Diversity 1. Roots have adaptations to help anchor plants, absorb water and minerals, and store carbohydrates. 2. There are three general root types. a. A taproot is common in eudicots; this first or primary root grows straight down and remains the dominant root of a plant; it is often fleshy and adapted to store food (e.g., carrots, beets). b. The fibrous root system of monocots is a mass of slender roots and lateral branches that hold the plant secure in the soil. 3. Adventitious roots develop from underground stems or from the base of above-ground stems. 4. A prop root’s main function is to anchor a plant (e.g., corn and mangrove plants). 5. Pneumatophores of mangrove plants project above the water from roots to acquire oxygen. 6. Ivy has holdfast roots to anchor aerial shoots. 7. Haustoria are rootlike projections from stems on parasitic plants (e.g., dodders and broomrapes). a. Haustoria grow into the host plant. b. They contact vascular tissue from which they extract water and nutrients. 8. Mycorrhizae are an association between fungus and roots. a. In this mutualism, the fungus receives sugars and amino acids from the plant. b. The plant receives water and minerals from the fungus. 9. Legumes (e.g., peas and beans) have root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria. a. Bacteria extract nitrogen from air and reduce it to a form that can be used by plant tissues. b. Legumes are often planted to bolster the nitrogen supply in the soil. Organization of Stems 1. The terminal bud contains the shoot tip protected by bud scales, which are modified leaves. 2. Dormant auxillary buds that can give rise to branches or flowers are here also. 3. Bud scales are scalelike coverings protecting terminal buds during winters when bud growth stops. 4. The stem tip is the site of primary growth where cell division extends the length of stems or roots. 5. The apical meristem produces new cells that elongate and increase the height of the stem. 6. The shoot apical meristem is protected within a terminal bud of leaf primordia (immature leaves). 7. Three specialized types of primary meristem develop from shoot apical meristem. a. Protoderm is the outermost primary meristem that gives rise to epidermis. b. Ground meristem produces two tissues composed of parenchyma cells: the pith and the cortex. c. Procambium is the inner meristem that produces primary xylem and primary phloem. 8. Differentiation continues; cells become the first tracheids or vessel elements within the vascular bundle. 9. First sieve-tube cells are short-lived and do not have companion cells. 10. Mature phloem develops later after all surrounding cells have stopped expanding and a lateral meristem, called vascular cambium, has developed. A. Herbaceous Stems 1. Herbaceous stems are mature nonwoody stems that exhibit only primary growth. 2. The outermost tissue of herbaceous stems is epidermis covered by a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. 3. Xylem and phloem are in distinctive vascular bundles. a. In each bundle, xylem is found to the inside of the stem; phloem is found to the outside. b. In the eudicot herbaceous stem, vascular bundles are arranged in a ring towards the outside of the stem and separating the cortex from the central pith. c. In a monocot stem, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem; there is no well-defined cortex or pith. 4. The cortex sometimes carries on photosynthesis; pith may function as a storage site. B. Woody Stems 143
  • 5. 1. Woody plants have both primary and secondary tissues. 2. Primary tissues are new and form each year from primary meristem right behind the apical meristem. 3. Secondary tissues develop from second year onward from growth of lateral meristem. 4. Primary growth increases the length of a plant; secondary growth increases its girth. 5. As secondary growth continues, it is not possible to distinguish individual vascular bundles. 6. The woody eudicot stem has a different organization with three distinct areas: bark, wood, and pith. 7. Bark a. The bark of a tree contains cork, cork cambium, and phloem. b. Secondary phloem is produced each year by vascular cambium but does not build up. c. This phloem tissue is soft; therefore it is easy to remove the bark of a tree. d. Cork cambium is meristem beneath the epidermis that produces new cork cells when needed. e. Cork cambium begins to divide, producing cork that disrupts epidermis replacing it with cork cells. f. Cork cells become impregnated with suberin, causing them to die but making them waterproof. g. Consequently, cork forms an impervious barrier, even to gas exchange, except at lenticels. 8. Wood a. Wood is a secondary xylem which builds up each year; the vascular cambium is dormant during the winter. b. Spring wood is composed of wide xylem vessel elements with thin walls, necessary to conduct sufficient water and nutrients to supply abundant growth that occurs during spring. c. Summer wood forms when moisture is scarce; composed of a lower proportion of vessels, it contains thick-walled tracheids and numerous fibers. d. An annual ring is one ring of spring wood followed by a ring of summer wood; this equals one year’s growth. e. Sapwood is the outer annual rings where transport occurs. f. Heartwood is the inner annual rings of older trees. 1) Vessels no longer function in transport; they become plugged with resins and gums that inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi. 2) Heartwood may help to support a tree. 9. Woody Plants a. The first flowering plants were probably woody shrubs; herbaceous plants evolved later. b. It is advantageous to be woody when there is adequate rainfall; woody plants can grow taller and have adequate tissue to support and service leaves. c. It takes energy to support secondary growth and prepare the plant for winter in temperate zones. d. Long-lasting plants need more defense mechanisms against attack by herbivores and parasites. e. Trees need years to mature before reproducing; they are more vulnerable to accident or disease. C. Stem Diversity 1. Stolons are stems that grow along the ground; new plants grow where the nodes contact the soil. 2. The succulent stems of cacti are modified for water storage. 3. Tendrils of grapes and morning glories are stems adapted for wrapping around support structures. 4. Rhizomes are underground horizontal stems. a. Rhizomes are long and thin in grasses and thick and fleshy in irises. b. Rhizomes survive winter and contribute to asexual reproduction because each node bears a bud. c. Some rhizomes have tubers that function in food storage (e.g., potatoes). 5. Corms are bulbous underground stems that lie dormant during winter, like rhizomes. 6. Humans use stems: sugarcane is primary source of table sugar, cinnamon and quinine are from bark, wood is from paper, etc. Organization of Leaves 1. Leaves are organs of photosynthesis in plants; they are made of a flattened blade and a petiole. 2. The leaf veins reveal the presence of vascular tissue within the leaves. 3. The vascular tissues of leaves transport water and nutrients. 4. Leaf veins have a net pattern in eudicot leaves and a parallel pattern in monocot leaves. 5. A petiole is a stalk that attaches a leaf blade to the plant stem. 6. Epidermis is the layer of cells that covers the top and bottom sides of a leaf. a. The epidermis often bears protective hairs or glands; epidermal glands produce irritating substances. b. The epidermis is covered by a waxy cuticle that keeps the leaf from drying out. c. The epidermis, particularly lower epidermis, contains stomata that allow gases to move into and out of the leaf. 7. Mesophyll is the body of a leaf and the site of most photosynthesis. a. Palisade mesophyll is the layer of mesophyll containing elongated parenchyma cells with many chloroplasts. b. Spongy mesophyll contains loosely packed parenchyma cells that increase the surface area for gas 144
  • 6. exchange. A. Leaf Diversity 1. Simple leaves have margins not deeply lobed or divided into smaller leaflets. 2 Compound leaves are divided into smaller leaflets, and each leaflet may have its own stalk. 3. Leaves are variously modified. a. Pinnately compound leaves have the leaflets occurring in pairs. b. Palmately compound leaves have all of the leaflets attached to a single point. c. Some plants have bipinnately compound leaves. d. Leaves can be arranged in one of three ways: alternate, opposite, or whorled. e. Cactus spines are modified leaves; succulents have fleshy leaves to hold moisture. f. Onion bulbs have leaves surrounding a short stem. g. The tendrils of peas and cucumbers are leaves. h. The Venus’s-flytrap has leaves to trap and digest insects. 145
  • 7. exchange. A. Leaf Diversity 1. Simple leaves have margins not deeply lobed or divided into smaller leaflets. 2 Compound leaves are divided into smaller leaflets, and each leaflet may have its own stalk. 3. Leaves are variously modified. a. Pinnately compound leaves have the leaflets occurring in pairs. b. Palmately compound leaves have all of the leaflets attached to a single point. c. Some plants have bipinnately compound leaves. d. Leaves can be arranged in one of three ways: alternate, opposite, or whorled. e. Cactus spines are modified leaves; succulents have fleshy leaves to hold moisture. f. Onion bulbs have leaves surrounding a short stem. g. The tendrils of peas and cucumbers are leaves. h. The Venus’s-flytrap has leaves to trap and digest insects. 145