1. Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
Presented By:
Lovely Ann F. Hezoli
Ryan Batangantang
Glenn dela Cueva

2. Objectives
After studying this lesson you are expected to:
1. Be able to present the results of your collected
data.
2. Make good analysis of the tabulated or graphically
presented data,
3. Make effective interpretation of the
data/finding/results, and
4. Draw implications or inferences and generations
from the analysis and interpretation of findings.

3. This chapter presents the
findings of the study.
Presentation should be clear and scholarly
done and may come in the form of tables, figures or
charts. Analysis refers to the skill of the researcher in
describing, delineating similarities and differences,
highlighting the significant findings or data and ability
to extract information or messages out of the
presented data. Interpretation is the explanation or
suggestions inferred from the data, their implications
but not conclusions.

4. Lesson 1: Presentation of findings
Two forms of communicating your findings in research:
Verbal – describes and narrates to readers what the
researcher has done and the results that he or she
has obtained
Symbolic – uses graphic representation, tables or
statistical values.

5. The Format
The immediate purpose of writing a research report is
to tell other scientists about your work, about the new
knowledge you have discovered. The research report
should be clear enough that any scientist could
replicate your study without telephoning you to ask
for details. In addition, the research must be
explained clearly enough that a scientist could
evaluate its merits and flaws, solely on the basis of the
written word.

6. The American Psychological Association
(APA) Format or style
The APA Style is the format approved by the Open University
Academic Council to be adopted at the PUP Open University,
however, in the Graduate School, each discipline has a preferred
format. The Public Administration Programs use the APA
Format.
The American Psychological Association (APA) has strict
guidelines for the editorial style and organizational format of
written research reports. There are accepted conventions for the
mechanics of writing the report. For example, how will you
write the title of your table? Should the table number be written
in Arabic or Roman numeral? Will the title be indented and in
capital letters or in small letters except the first letter of the key
words? A more detailed discussion of the APA will be found in
the last module dealing with references.

7. Organization of your presentation
The organization of the presentation and interpretation of
findings vary according to the research method used. In
descriptive research, especially the survey type, the presentation
of results follow a pattern. The findings presented will follow
the sequence of the sub-problems raised in Chapter 1. It would
be a good idea if reports assist in the analysis, interpretation
and clarification of the next materials. Properly chosen,
carefully drawn, and accurately presented, they can make many
of the statements appearing in the body of the report more
meaningful.
Do not present your findings by recasting your sub-problems in
Chapter 1. Remember that your whole Chapter 4 is the
exposition of the answers of findings to your research questions
specially stated in Chapter 1. Your answers become the
subheadings of your Chapter 4.

8. Examples:
For Research Problem 1. What is the profile of the respondents in
terms of age, sex, educational attainment, civil status and position?
Your subheading in Chapter 4 should be:
1. Profile of the Respondents In Terms of Age, Sex, Educational
Attainment, Civil Status and Position
For research Problem No. 2
What is the leadership styles of the local government officials in
manila as assessed by the officials themselves and their
subordinates, using the following five dimensions of McPhee
Andrewartha’s Rating scale: 2.1 Focus,2.2 Emphasis 2.3 Relationship,
2.4 timing and 2.5 Thinking

9. The External Format
The use of tables and graph
 Tables and graphs are both ways to organize and
arrange data so that it is more easily understood by
the viewer.
 Tables and graphs are related in the sense that the
information used in tables is frequently also used for
the basis of graphs.

10.  When designing table, keep the format clear and
simple. Line up decimal places, note units clearly, use a
large enough typeface and construct a clean orderly
arrangement of rows and columns.
 Bar graphs are an excellent way to show the results that
are one time, that are not continuous—especially
samplings such as surveys and inventories.
 Bar graphs are used to get an overall idea or trends in
responses which categories get, many versus few
responses.

11. • Bars in a graph should be wider than the
spaces between them.
•All bars should be of equal width, and all
spaces including the space between the axis
and the first bar, should be equal of width.
•Bars should be neither very thin nor very
wide.
•Use the same color for all the bars in a
graph that are in a single data set.
•Use different fill colors for positive and
negative values.
• Line graph is most useful in displaying
data or information that change
continuously over time.

12. The column graph is more similar
Circle or pie graphs are particularly
good illustrations when considering
how many parts of a whole are
inception.
Each slice should be easily
distinguished from the rest and clearly
labeled.
Use 6 or fewer slices in a graph.
Emphasize a slice in a pie graph by
exploding it or by choosing a color
different from the rest of the slices.
Number of segments or slices in a pie
graph should be limited to those that

13. Components that are too small to be shown
individually can be grouped into one segment
labeled other or miscellaneous.
The largest segment conventionally begins at 1200
or at a quarter hour and runs clockwise. Remaining
segments continue clockwise.
The most important slice is in the upper-right
quadrant.

14. Other Conventions Regarding
Graphics
1. Keep graphics simple. Design the graphic to help others
understand your point.
2. Simplify your data
3. Use consistent symbols
4. Avoid special effects if they do not enhance the point to
be made.

15. Tables
Tables are numbered consecutively in Arabic numeral.
Table number should be written at the top and the
caption should be placed at the bottom just right above
the table box.
In typing tables, never cut table in two pages. You may
decrease the size of the font of your table to fit the size in
a short coupon bond or you may use landscape so that
you will have one table in a page. Avoid enlarging the
font size of your table in order to fit in such page.

16. Caption, Labels And Lines
Table caption should be the same as that which appears in
the list of tables. It is placed above the table unlike that
which is used in figures. The caption should tell in
precise terms what the table contains.

17. PUP format
Table 1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the
Respondents According to Age
Apa format
Table 1. Frequency and percentage distribution of the
respondents according to age.

18. Other Rules in Caption
1. No terminal punctuation.
2. Unusual abbreviation are not allowed in the table,
if necessary, put a legend at the bottom of the table.
3. Captions should be worded as concisely as clarity
permits.
4. When a table is placed broadside on a page the
caption should be on the binding side.
5. Be consistent in label size, font and style.

19. The Internal Format
A horizontal line should be placed one space below the
last line of the caption. Below the line are the box
headings-descriptive headings for each column
heading and headings are centered between the
vertical lines that enclosed them. One space at least
should be allowed on either side of each heading.

20. Example
Table 2
Title
BOXHEAD
Stub Head Column Column Head Column Head Column Head
Head
Sapanner
Stub Column Field or Body

21. Factory
BLPO Personnel TOTAL
Sex Owners/Managers
1 % 1 % 1 %
Male 9 69.23 78 65 87 65.41
Female 4 30.77 42 35 46 34.59
Total 13 100 120 100 133 100
Age in years
19-28 0 0 14 11.67 14 10.53
29-39 9 69.23 36 30.00 45 33.83
40-49 3 23.08 61 50.83 64 48.12
50 and above 0 0 3 2.50 3 2.26
No. Response 1 7.69 6 5.00 7 5.26
Total 13 100 120 100 133 100

22. Columns that consist of words are placed on the left and
those that consist of numbers particularly those with
decimals should be aligned and at least one space
should be left on each side of the largest number in the
column.

23. Table 4
The Extent Of Behavioral Development Of The
Grade One Pupils During The School Year
According To Sex
Area Male Female Total
s
Mean Mean Mean Rate of
Increase
1st Last Increase % 1st Last Increase % 1st Last Increase %
recordin recordin recordin recordin recordin recordin
g g g g g g
Physical 2.74 3.69 .95 19 2.72 3.84 3.84 1.12 22.4 2.73 3.73 3.78
Emotion 2.58 3.67 1.09 21.8 2.54 3.78 1.24 24.8 2.56 3.72 1.16 23.2
-al

24. Lines
The line at the bottom of the table is omitted on all the
pages except the last when a table is continued in a
series of pages.
Vertical lines are used for grouping, separating closely
spaced columns. When two equal parts of the table
are placed side by side, double vertical lines should be
placed between them. Horizontal lines are not usually
placed between lines of items in typed tables.

25. Figure (Chart, Graph And Illustration)
These should be done judiciously. The research reporter
must ask himself the following questions: is the
illustration necessary? Does it simply repeat what the
text said?
Illustrative materials shall be called figures. The figure
number and caption should be centered below the
illustration. An Arabic numeral is written after the
word “Figure” followed by a period.
The caption should be brief and explanatory.

26. Size and Proportion of Figure
Figures should not be larger than 8 ½ x 11 inches or
smaller than 2x2 inches. Figures of equal importance
in the report should be approximately equal size.
Smaller size photographs may be mounted two or more
to a page or regular typing paper. If photographs are
8 ½ x 11 inches in size, they need not to be mounted.
If the detail is not shown in an illustration, it is
recommended that the original drawing be made
much larger than the page’s size and then reduce page
size by photography.

27. Placement and Paging
As with tables, illustrations or figures should follow as
closely as possible the first references to them in the text.
On the four sides of a page carrying illustrative materials,
a margin of least one inch should be allowed. The figure
caption, descriptive matter and legends should fall
within the margin.
In case of illustration or figures occupying half or less than
half a page, textual material may be typed on the same
page. In no case should less than five lines of typewritten
text be put in the same page as an illustration.

28. Lesson 2: Analysis of Data or Findings
In analyzing data, stress only those important result
that gives information that could answer the problem
you raised or posed in your study which you stated in
Chapter 1. you highlight only those important and
unique findings. You have to be consistent and
coherent in your approach as well as logical, based on
certain academic conventions.

29. Lesson 3: Interpretation of Findings/Results,
Implications and Inferences
Sufficient data should be used to justify your inferences
or generalizations. The implications suggested by the
data should be explained and discussed thoroughly in
this portion of your thesis or dissertation.
The data analysis involves comparing values on the
dependent measures in statistical cases. In the non
statistical approach, these comparisons usually
involve visual inspection of data. Evaluation depends
on projecting from baseline data what findings would
be like in the future if some variables were not
experimented.