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Birth of a Policy:
 Elementary and Secondary
Education Act (ESEA) of 1965




      Presentation By: Malika Bennett
     Strategic Advocacy - June 9, 2012
What is ESEA?
•   United States federal statute enacted April 11, 1965 and
    signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

•   ESEA is the most influential law impacting education
    passed by congress. First Passed with relative ease
    (House 263-153; Senate 73-18). First federal law
    mandating federal funds to primary and secondary
    education

•   Improve educational opportunities for disadvantaged
    children, federal government's definitive entry into public       President
    education                                                     Lyndon B. Johnson



•   Part of Johnson’s "war on poverty" act (close skill gaps in
    reading, writing, math, etc among nation’s
    disadvantaged)

•   Act funds public education including: professional
    development, instructional materials, resources for
    educational programs, parental involvement promotion,
    etc.
•
Sections of ESEA (1965)
•   Title I - Financial Assistance To Local
    Educational Agencies For The Education Of
    Children Of Low-Income Families

•   Title II - School Library Resources, Textbooks,
    and other Instructional Materials

•   Title III - Supplementary Educational Centers
    and Services

•   Title IV - Educational Research And Training

•   Title V - Grants To Strengthen State
    Departments Of Education

•   Title VI - General Provisions
Social Climate
•   America has historically favored local control of schools
•   Prior to the 1950’s federal involvement in education was almost
    non-existent
•   Many year’s prior to the 1960’s U.S resisted a national education
    policy
•   In fact as late as 1930’s less than 1/5 of adults over 25 had
    completed high school



    What prompted interest in creating national education
                            policy?
Timeline for Education Policy
1954 - Brown vs. Board of Education requires public schools to educate all
children, regardless of race.

1954 - The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) (Public Law 84-911)
provided funding to United States education institutions.

1964 - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-352) authorized the
Commissioner of Education to arrange for support for institutions of higher
education and school districts to provide in-service programs for assisting
instructional staff in dealing with problems caused by desegregation.

1965 - Primary and secondary education is funded through the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act (ESEA) (Public Law 89-10). The ESEA was designed
to address educational inequality.

1965 - The first Federal grant program targeting students with disabilities, the
Elementary and Secondary Amendments of 1965 (Public Law 89-313), was
passed. This law authorized grants to state institutions and state-operated
schools devoted to the education of children with disabilities.
                           Source: http://www.avoiceonline.org/edpol/timeline.html
Major Political Advocates of ESEA
 Francis Keppel, Jr.
 Former Harvard grad & Harvard dean; U.S.
 Commissioner of Education; Chief architect of ESEA
 bill; helped shaped policy; influential in bringing
 opposing parties together (think race, religion,
 republicans, etc.)

 President Lyndon B. Johnson
 A former teacher who had seen impact poverty had
 on his students; President of the United States;
 signed ESEA into law in 1965


 Other political influencers: President Truman, Eisenhower
 and Kennedy; Much of ESEA came from the late President
 Kennedy’s proposal; Martin Luther King, Jr.
ESEA Advocates
•   President Johnson’s Administration
•   US Office of Education (USOE)
•   Democratic Party (House & Senate Majority)
•   National Advisory Council for the Education of
    Disadvantaged Children
•   National Education Association (NEA)
•   National Welfare Rights Organization
•   Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law
•   NAACP
•   African Americans, Minorities, etc.
•   Poor and disadvantaged populations
ESEA Opposition
The three R’s are ESEA’s main opposition: Race, Religion, and
  Republicans


•   States-Rights Conservatives
•   Anti-Government Conservatives
•   Catholics (opposed any bill that would direct federal money to public
    but not private schools
•   Congressman for Southern States
•   Congressman from Northern States with large African American
    populations
Communications Efforts Surrounding ESEA
•   Civil Rights Movement and War on Poverty
    provided political context for passage of
    ESEA; Much of ESEA’s public
    communication was naturally tied to these
    movements:

     – Types of communication: Marches,
       Speeches, Protests, National Media
       Coverage (TV, Newspaper, Radio),
       Advertisements, Pamphlets, Academic
       journals, books written about achievement
       gaps, music, etc.

     – The Civil Rights Movement made this bill
       successful – it drove awareness on issues
       of inequality.

     W on Poverty Ad: LBJ 1964
       ar
     Presidential Campaign Commercial:
     http:/www.youtube.com/
           /                watch?v=phYimkeI0LA
Key Re-Authorizations of ESEA


1965 - Congress passes ESEA. It is signed into law by President Lyndon B.
Johnson

1994 - ESEA reauthorized, introduced under President Bill Clinton as the
Improving America's Schools Act (IASA). (Extra help to disadvantaged
students, charter schools, safe and drug-free schools, increases in bilingual
and immigrant education funding, education technology programs, etc.)

2002 - No Child Left Behind act is the reauthorization of ESEA. Signed into
law by President George W. Bush (assessments for all students,
achievement standards set by states, not federal government)

2011 - No Child Left Behind act (reauthorization of ESEA) is renewed and
signed back into law by President Barrack Obama
That’s all folks

        Thank you!
For more information Google: “ESEA of 1965”

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Birth of a Policy: Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

  • 1. Birth of a Policy: Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965 Presentation By: Malika Bennett Strategic Advocacy - June 9, 2012
  • 2. What is ESEA? • United States federal statute enacted April 11, 1965 and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. • ESEA is the most influential law impacting education passed by congress. First Passed with relative ease (House 263-153; Senate 73-18). First federal law mandating federal funds to primary and secondary education • Improve educational opportunities for disadvantaged children, federal government's definitive entry into public President education Lyndon B. Johnson • Part of Johnson’s "war on poverty" act (close skill gaps in reading, writing, math, etc among nation’s disadvantaged) • Act funds public education including: professional development, instructional materials, resources for educational programs, parental involvement promotion, etc. •
  • 3. Sections of ESEA (1965) • Title I - Financial Assistance To Local Educational Agencies For The Education Of Children Of Low-Income Families • Title II - School Library Resources, Textbooks, and other Instructional Materials • Title III - Supplementary Educational Centers and Services • Title IV - Educational Research And Training • Title V - Grants To Strengthen State Departments Of Education • Title VI - General Provisions
  • 4. Social Climate • America has historically favored local control of schools • Prior to the 1950’s federal involvement in education was almost non-existent • Many year’s prior to the 1960’s U.S resisted a national education policy • In fact as late as 1930’s less than 1/5 of adults over 25 had completed high school What prompted interest in creating national education policy?
  • 5. Timeline for Education Policy 1954 - Brown vs. Board of Education requires public schools to educate all children, regardless of race. 1954 - The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) (Public Law 84-911) provided funding to United States education institutions. 1964 - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-352) authorized the Commissioner of Education to arrange for support for institutions of higher education and school districts to provide in-service programs for assisting instructional staff in dealing with problems caused by desegregation. 1965 - Primary and secondary education is funded through the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) (Public Law 89-10). The ESEA was designed to address educational inequality. 1965 - The first Federal grant program targeting students with disabilities, the Elementary and Secondary Amendments of 1965 (Public Law 89-313), was passed. This law authorized grants to state institutions and state-operated schools devoted to the education of children with disabilities. Source: http://www.avoiceonline.org/edpol/timeline.html
  • 6. Major Political Advocates of ESEA Francis Keppel, Jr. Former Harvard grad & Harvard dean; U.S. Commissioner of Education; Chief architect of ESEA bill; helped shaped policy; influential in bringing opposing parties together (think race, religion, republicans, etc.) President Lyndon B. Johnson A former teacher who had seen impact poverty had on his students; President of the United States; signed ESEA into law in 1965 Other political influencers: President Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy; Much of ESEA came from the late President Kennedy’s proposal; Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • 7. ESEA Advocates • President Johnson’s Administration • US Office of Education (USOE) • Democratic Party (House & Senate Majority) • National Advisory Council for the Education of Disadvantaged Children • National Education Association (NEA) • National Welfare Rights Organization • Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law • NAACP • African Americans, Minorities, etc. • Poor and disadvantaged populations
  • 8. ESEA Opposition The three R’s are ESEA’s main opposition: Race, Religion, and Republicans • States-Rights Conservatives • Anti-Government Conservatives • Catholics (opposed any bill that would direct federal money to public but not private schools • Congressman for Southern States • Congressman from Northern States with large African American populations
  • 9. Communications Efforts Surrounding ESEA • Civil Rights Movement and War on Poverty provided political context for passage of ESEA; Much of ESEA’s public communication was naturally tied to these movements: – Types of communication: Marches, Speeches, Protests, National Media Coverage (TV, Newspaper, Radio), Advertisements, Pamphlets, Academic journals, books written about achievement gaps, music, etc. – The Civil Rights Movement made this bill successful – it drove awareness on issues of inequality. W on Poverty Ad: LBJ 1964 ar Presidential Campaign Commercial: http:/www.youtube.com/ / watch?v=phYimkeI0LA
  • 10. Key Re-Authorizations of ESEA 1965 - Congress passes ESEA. It is signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson 1994 - ESEA reauthorized, introduced under President Bill Clinton as the Improving America's Schools Act (IASA). (Extra help to disadvantaged students, charter schools, safe and drug-free schools, increases in bilingual and immigrant education funding, education technology programs, etc.) 2002 - No Child Left Behind act is the reauthorization of ESEA. Signed into law by President George W. Bush (assessments for all students, achievement standards set by states, not federal government) 2011 - No Child Left Behind act (reauthorization of ESEA) is renewed and signed back into law by President Barrack Obama
  • 11. That’s all folks Thank you! For more information Google: “ESEA of 1965”

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. -Key legislation, revolutionary act.
  2. What prompted interest in creating national education policy? -World War II -GI Bill, which created a huge increase in college enrollment -Brown vs. Board of Education
  3. Brown Vs. Board – Desegregation of all schools, equal education opportunity NDEA – categorical aid to states to improve math, science and foreign language instruction in American schools, ($1 billion or 2 percent of national educational spending, still quite small) Civil Rights Movement
  4. Keppel was clever – Catholics and National Education Association (key democrats butt heads, but he wrote the policy to focus on the poor and disadvantaged which brought these opposing groups together)
  5. NEA - did not want any federal education aid to benefit private schools