This is about "State and Growth Linkages of Non-farm Activities in Rural Bangladesh: A Case of Comilla Sadar Upazila". Poster paper presented at Doctoral Seminar during 15-17 October 2008, Daisen, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan

1. Title State and Growth Linkages of Non-farm Activities in Rural Bangladesh: A Case of Comilla Sadar Upazila BY Mohammad Abdul Malek Managerial Economics Division The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences Tottori University Attachment: Yamaguchi University Major Supervisor: Professor Koichi USAMI, PhD Doctoral Seminar, Daisen , Tottori University 15-17 October 2008

3. Farm/ non-farm Linkages Production linkages Consumption linkages Farm linkages Non-farm linkages Forward (Farm/Non-farm) Backward (Farm/Non-farm) Forward (Farm/Non-farm) Backward (Farm/Non-farm) Theoretical Linkages related with farm/non-farm activities Agricultural growth linked NFAs, by sector, extd. from Start (2001) Domestic services, transportation, sales of domestic goods Household items, home improvements Consumption Agricultural and veterinary services Agricultural tools and equipments Production: Backward Transportation and trade Processing and packaging industries, construction of storage and marketing facilities Production: Forward Tertiary Sector (Trading and services) Secondary sector (Construction and manufacturing) Linkage

5. Linkages as determinants of household non-farm enterprises` (HNFEs) success: An alternative approach for assessing farm/non-farm growth linkages in rural area Method of estimation: Probit regression The enterprise has consumption linkage (1 if yes) conslin The enterprise has forward linkage (1 if yes) Entfos The enterprise has backward linkage (1 if yes) Backlin Farm/non-farm linkage variables in rural business cycle Financial problem was perceived by entrepreneur as main? (1 if yes) Finp Did enterprise invest family thrifty savings? (1 if yes) Tfsav Did enterprise receive informal credit? (1 if yes) Infolend Did enterprise receive credit from NCBs, PBs? (1 if yes) Ncbpb Did enterprise receive any credit from MFI-NGOs, Coop.? (1 if yes) Mficr Hh income from other non-farm sources (except outcr and ent. Profit) is reinvested in enterprise? (1 if yes) Onfs Hh out-country remittance is reinvested in enterprise? (1 if yes) Outcr Financial capital related variables Hh farm income/land sale is reinvested in enterprise? (1 if yes) Finclands HH land size (acre) Landh Did the entrepreneur/hh members have any related prior exp./training? (1 if yes) Exptrg Employment size of the enterprise (Numbers) Emps Schooling age of the principle entrepreneur (Years) Sageentr Hh head profession is related with non-farming? (1 if yes) Hhhp Enterprise age (years) Entage Entrepreneur's learning curve and strength Is the enterprise working as sub-contractor/production for order? Subc The enterprise is owned by partnership beyond household (1 if yes) Ownd Organizational structure and relationship with other enterprises Sales in local market (1 if yes) Salesloc Inputs/raw materials purchased locally (1 if yes) Inploc Supply market (Local/non-local) Explanatory variables Performance of HNFEs by net sales growth (1 if success) Pent Dependent variable

6. Data collection Method Structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, and researcher's own o bservation. Sampling method : 2-stage sampling Population : 1148 Sample : 214 Sample enterprises : 81 from 67 hhs Study Location: Comilla Sadar Upazila Data Collection April-May 2008 Survey on growth linkages (67 hhs) Aug.-Sep. 2006 Survey on participation/state of NFAs (214 hhs)