2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
EARS
1. Eustachian (auditory) tube, from the
throat and nasopharynx.
2. From external ear.
3. Through the blood or lymph.
• OTITIS MEDIA
• OTITIS EXTERNA
4. OTITIS MEDIA, MIDDLE EAR
INFECTION:
• Develop as Complication of the
common cold. • Bacteria: Streptococcus
• Persistent and severe earache. pneumonia (G+ve
• Temporary hearing loss. diplococcus), Haemophillus
• Pressure in middle ear. influenzae (G-ve bacillus)
• Bulging of the eardrum (Tympanic and Moraxella catarrhalis
membrane), (G-ve diplococcus) also
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fever Streptococcus pyogenes and
in young children. Staphylococcus aureus.
• May lead to rupture of the eardrum, • Virus: Measles virus,
bloody discharge and then pus. parainfluenza virus and
• Severe complications: bone infection, respiratory syncytial virus
permanent hearing loss, and (RSV)
meningitis.
• Not Communicable
6. Viral infections:
• Conjunctivitis, keratitis keratoconjuctivitis:
Adenoviruses, enteroviruses and herpes
simplex viruses.
• Treatment:
– Care during viral infections (cold sores).
– Antiviral agents for herpes simplex infections.
(Ointment or eye drops).
7. BACTERIAL CONJUCTIVITIS
(Pinkeye)
• Irritation
• Haemophilus
• Reddening of influenzae biogroup
conjunctiva, aegyptius and
Streptococcus
• Edema of eyelids, pneumoniae. And
others.
• Mucopurulent
discharge,
• Sensitivity to • Human to human
via, eye and
BACTERIAL
light, respiratory
discharge, contaminate
• Highly
INFECTIONS d fingers, facial
tissues, clothing, eye
8. CHLAMYDIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS, INCLUSION
CONJUCTIVITIS, PARATRACHOMA
• Mucopurulent ETIOLOGIC AGENT:
discharge in • Serotypes (serovars)
neonates, result in of Chlamydia
mild scarring of trachomatis.
conjunctivae and
cornea.
• Contact with genital
• May concurrent discharges of
with chlamydial infected people.
nasopharyngitis or
pneumonia. • Contaminated fingers
to eye.
• In adults, may be
BACTERIAL
concurrent with • Infection in newborns
via infected birth
nongonococcal
INFECTIONS canal.
9. TRACHOMA, CHLAMYDIA KERATOCONJUNCTIVITS
• Highly contagious ETIOLOGIC
• Acute or chronic AGENT:
conjunctival • Serotypes
inflammation (serovars) of
Chlamydia
• Scarring of trachomatis
cornea and
conjunctiva
• Deformation of • Direct contact with
BACTERIAL
eyelids and infectious ocular or
INFECTIONS
blindness. nasal secretions
10. GONOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS,
GONORRHEAL OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
• Acute redness
• Neisseria
• Swelling of gonorrhoeae (G-ve,
conjunctiva kidney-bean shaped
diplococci)
• Purulent
discharge • Contact with the
• Corneal ulcers infected birth canal
during delivery.
• Perforation • Adult infection from
• Blindness finger to eye contact
BACTERIAL with infected genital
INFECTIONS secretions.
11. AMEBIC CONJUCTIVITIS AND
KERATOCONJUCTIVITIS
• Inflammation of
the conjunctiva • Several species of
• Corneal ulcers amebae – genus
• Pus formation Acanthamoeba.
• Severe pain
• Loss of vision • Ameba contaminated
water.
PROTOZOAL • Unsterile contact
lens
INFECTIONS
• Cleaning and wetting
12. TOXOPLASMOSIS
• Systemic sporozoal
infection • Toxoplasma gondii;
• Immunocompetent an intracelluar
persons sporozoan.
• Serious disease,
even death, may • Cats and other
occur in felines
immunodeficient • Intermediate hosts
persons include rodents,
• Infection during birds, sheep, goats,
PROTOZOAL
early pregnancy swine and cattle.
may lead to fetal • Humans usually
INFECTIONS
infection, causing become infected by