1. HOT AND HUMID
CLIMATE
-APOORVA
-MAITREYI
-MRUNALI
-SHRADDHA
-SOMREETA
AN ANALYSIS

2. SYNOPSIS
• FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE
• TROPICAL CLIMATE
• CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE
• AREAS INFLUENCED BY HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE
• TEMPERATURE VARIATION THROUGHOUT INDIA
• ELUCIDATION OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE IN
SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE COUNTRY
• THERMAL COMFORT
• BIOCLIMATIC CHART
• APPLICATION OF CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATIC
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE

3. FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE???
• AIR TEMPERATURE
• WIND (VELOCITY & DIRECTION)
• HUMIDITY
• PRECIPITATION (AS RAIN,FROST HAIL,
SNOW,
FOG)
• SOLAR RADIATION

4. MAP SHOWING PRINCIPLE CLIMATES OF THE WORLD
EQUATOR
HUMID SEMI HUMID
TROPIC OF CANCER
TROPIC OF
CAPRICON

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND
HUMID CLIMATE
• TEMPERATURE RANGES FROM
MAXIMUM TEMP. 27°C – 32°C
MINIMUM TEMP. 21°C – 27°C
IN SUMMERS
• IN WINTERS,
LITTLE SEASONAL VARIATIONS BOTH ANNUAL AND
DIURNAL RANGES OF TEMPERATURE IS VERY NARROW.
• HUMIDITY REMAINS HIGH AROUND 75% BUT VARIES FROM
55% - 100%.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND
HUMID CLIMATE
• PRECIPITATION
2000 TO 5000 mm OF RAINFALL
• WIND
TYPICALLY LOW WIND VELOCITIES.
STRONG WIND WITH TORRENTIAL RAINS.
• SOLAR RADIATION
THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS HIGH
DURING SUMMERS AND MODERATE DURING
WINTERS.

8. AREAS INFLUENCED BY THIS CLIMATE
COASTAL PLAINS OF PENINSULAR INDIA
• GOA
• MUMBAI (MAHARASHTRA)
• VISHAKHAPATNAM (AP)
• THIRUVANANTHAPURAM (KERALA)
• CHENNAI (TAMIL NADU)
• KOLKATA (WEST BENGAL)
• PURI (ORISSA)
• TRIPURA
• KOZHIKODE
• GULF OF KUTCHH
THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE IS ALMOST PERENNIAL AND
DOMINANT IN THESE REGIONS.

9. TEMP. VARIATIONS THROUGHOUT INDIA
CITY SUMMER
DAY
SUMMER
NIGHT
WINTER
DAY
WINTER
NIGHT
CHENNAI 37.3 27.6 28.2 21
KOLKATA 34.1 26.7 27 14
MUMBAI 31.9 26.3 30.9 20.8
PURI 31.7 27.4 27.2 17.7
TRIVANDRUM 29.4 23.6 30.9 22.5
TRIPURA 36.2 20.5 27.1 7
GOA 30 20 25 15

10. The climate of Goa is equable and humid throughout the year. It is very pleasant and
temperate from October to May. It is wet only during the monsoon or rainy season,
from June to September.
Rainfall-
The monsoon bursts over the territory in the beginning of June and withdraws from
it by early October. The annual rainfall is 350 cm.
Temperature-
Temperature variations through the seasons are mild. May is the warmest month
when the temperature is around 30 deg. Celsius and January the coolest with a
mean daily temperature of 25 deg. Celsius.
Humidity-
Due to the proximity of the sea, the territory is generally humid. Even during the
summer months it is generally above 60 %.
Cloudiness-
Skies are clear to lightly clouded from November to May. There is a sharp increase in
cloudiness with the advance and onset of the monsoons
GOA

11. G
O
A

12. MUMBAI
MONTH MAX .TEMP. MIN. TEMP. HUMIDITY PRECIPITATION
JANUARY 27 15 61-73 FOG
FEBRUARY 29-30 17 SMOG↑
MARCH 30 – 33 18 – 22 95 SMOG AFFECTS CITY
APRIL 35 24
MAY 37 27 67 - 77
JUNE 32 27 PRE MONSOON
JULY 30 25 MAX. RAINFALL OF
944 mm.
AUGUST 30 25-24 LESSER RAIN
SEPTEMBER &
OCTOBER
30 25 NON-CONTINUOUS
NOVEMBER &
DECEMBER
28 18-12 LOW NO PRECIPITATION

13. C
O
L
A
B
A

14. S
A
N
T
A
C
R
U
Z

15. THERMAL
COMFORT
• Comfort has been defined as
the condition of mind which
expresses satisfaction with the
environment.

16. BIOCLIMATIC CHART
Bioclimatic charts
facilitate the analysis of the
climate characteristics of a
given location from the
viewpoint of human
comfort, as they present, on
a psychrometric chart, the
concurrent combination of
temperature and humidity
at any given time.
They can also
specify building design
guidelines to maximize
indoor comfort conditions
when the building’s interior
is not mechanically
conditioned.

18. CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE
• Since beginning, climate has its effects on man, surroundings
and architecture
• Weather elements forced man to look for shelters
• A climate responsive architecture takes advantage of the free
energy in the form of heat and light.
• An adaptive thermal comfort design is essential.

19. REQUIREMENTS IN A HOT AND HUMID
CLIMATE
• Minimization of the high day temp.
• Avoidance of direct exposure of facades to solar
radiations
• Reduction in the humidity levels
• Continuous air circulation to reduce heat and relief
from stickiness!
• To create a temp. difference between the inside and
outside environments to facilitate evaporation and
heat dissipation.

20. To define climatic design process according to comfort zone, it could be divided to four main
parts:
A. Study of the design subject (climate-activities-clothing-etc.)
Designer should be able to fully understand the climate and comfort needs as well as all
architectural issues related to the project.
B. Defining the comfort zone (monthly-daily)
The monthly or daily comfort zone should be defined
C.Gathering the climatic design advices (shading-thermal mass-evaporative cooling-thermal
insulation- suitable
orientation.)
Clear design advices could be derived from previous studies to give directions for each
issue in building such as site design, form, ventilation, solar gains, window sizing, thermal mass,
passive heating and cooling, materials
D. Designing the project (a climatic building)
Architect is able to form a climatic building.
CLIMATIC DESIGN PROCEDURE

21. •Larger windows for
ventilation.
INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE
FENESTRATION
•Semi – open spaces
for light and air
movement

22. FACADE ARTICULATION
•Max. ventilation
•Orientation of smaller
side of structure along
east-west
•North-south orientation
for max. air movement
•High density of façade
that is open and yet
shaded.
•Faint/pale colours on
outer surfaces
•Building materials with
insulating/reflecting
properties that resist heat
transfer.

25. ROOFING PATTERN
 Voids in roof and
courtyards provide max. light
and cross ventilation
 Houses are tall with large
openings to catch breeze
 Light colors and reflective
surfaces on roofs will deflect
solar radiations and keep the
building cool.
Light materials such as
timber are used in
construction
Sloping roof is a
characteristic of these
regions as it drains off rain
water. Barrel-vaulted roof
can also be seen.
Dense growth of
plantations in the outdoors

26. KERALA: ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE
WIND:
• In most parts of the State flow of wind is
mainly governed by differential heating of
land and water mass together with
mountain winds.
• Winds have westerly component during
the day and easterly components during
the night throughout the year.
• In general, winds are quite strong during
daytime when thermal circulation is best
developed and weak during night.
HUMIDITY:
• Relative humidity ranges from 53% to
72% during the hot weather season.
• It is about 85% or above during the
monsoon season.
AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL:
• Receives an average annual rainfall of
3300mm.

27. Stations 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Trivandrum
city
23.5 23.4 23.3 23.5 24.1 23.4 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.1
Kozhikode
city
24.0 24.3 24.2 24.5 24.9 24.2 24.2 24.4 24.5 24.7
Punalur dna 22.2 22.1 22.1 23.0 22.3 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.1
Trivandrum
(AP)
23.8 23.9 23.7 24.0 24.1 23.9 24.2 23.8 23.4 24.1
Kottayam 22.9 23.6 23.3 23.5 23.6 22.8 21.4 22.7 22.8 22.9
Kannur 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.7 24.1 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.7 23.7
Palakkad 22.7 23.4 23.6 23.6 24.1 23.4 dna dna dna dna
Kochi (AP) 24.2 24.4 24.4 24.3 24.7 24.4 24.1 24.5 24.7 24.1
Alappuzha 24.1 24.3 24.1 24.3 24.6 23.9 23.9 23.6 23.3 22.6
Karipur 23.4 23.6 23.4 23.7 24.2 23.6 23.4 23.5 23.3 23.5
Vellanikkara dna 22.5 23.2 33.7 23.1 23 23.1 23.4 23.3 23.5
MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
KERALA

28. Stations 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Trivandrum
city
31.6 31.9 31.5 31.9 31.8 31.5 32 31.7 32 32.5
Kozhikode
city
31.2 31.4 31.3 32.1 32.3 31.3 31.5 31.4 32 32.2
Punalur 33.2 33.4 33.4 32.9 33.1 31.9 33.1 33 33.6 34.1
Trivandrum
(AP)
31.3 31.4 30.9 31.6 31.7 31 31.3 30.9 31.3 31.6
Kottayam 31.9 32.2 32.4 33 32 31.8 31.7 31.7 32 32.3
Kannur 31.7 32.3 32.1 32.6 32.3 31.8 31.9 31.9 32.7 32.8
Pallakkad 32.1 32 31.4 31.1 31.2 30.9 32.6 Dna dna Dna
Kochi (AP) 31.1 31.3 31.1 31.4 31.3 31 30.9 30.9 31.1 31.5
Allappuzha 31.6 31.8 31.6 32.2 32.2 31.4 30.3 31.6 31.6 31.9
Karipur
(AP)
31.6 31.8 31.7 32.2 31.9 31.4 31.6 31.5 32 32.2
Vellanikara Dna 32.1 31.8 33.7 32.1 31.6 31.9 31.8 31.3 32.3
MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE

37. THANK-YOU