UGC-NET Guide 1900 provides comprehensive preparation for exams

UGC-NET
Guide 1900
This will help you to face UGC-NET exams in such a good manner. I have
been took my time to prepare it. This sources can be available in the
URL http://www.netugc.com/
Shanthakumara,T.N.
M.L.I.Sc.
Manasagangothri,
University of
Mysore

Abstracting Periodicals
According to Allen Kent “an abstract is a summary of a publication or articles accompanied by an
adequate bibliographical description to enable the publication or article to be traced.
H. M. Weisman defines “the abstract is an announcement medium whose objectives is to provide
knowledge of and an ordered and logical access to new primary literature”.
Thus, an abstract can be defined as an abbreviated, accurate representation of the significant content
of a document consisting scope, purpose, method used, kinds of treatment results and findings,
interpretation of the result by the author, argument, etc which is usually accompanied by an
adequate bibliographical description to enable to trace the original document.
An abstracting periodical is “a regularly issued compilation of concise summaries of
i) Significant articles (often in a very limited subject field) that appear in current primary source
journal and
ii) of important new research monographs, reports, patent and other primary source publication in
that field”.
Example: Library and Information Science Abstract, London, Library Association, 1950-, Bimonthly.
Indian Science Abstract, Delhi, Insdoc, Vol. 1-, 1965-.
Besides the above sources, list of periodicals, list of theses, dissertations, location and finding
list etc also serves as bibliographical sources.
Academic Library
Libraries in the educational institutions are concerned with the teaching and learning process
experienced by specific communities.
a) Definition: A library which is an integral part of a college, university, or other post-secondary
educational institution (higher education), administered to meet the needs of its students, faculty,
and staff for scholarly information and research services is the academic library. Large college or
university libraries often have separate libraries within individual academic departments or schools
which have a collection devoted to their subject or discipline such as chemistry, mathematics etc.
i) College Library: The college library meets the legitimate needs and demand of all their users from
senior teachers engaged in research to fresh students just entering. The library serves the reading,
reference and research needs of the members of the college community.
ii) University Library: According to Donald Davinson library is the “soul” of a university, the sun
around which all teaching revolves. The Radhakrishnan Commission in its report hailed the library
as the very “heart of a university”, the “workshop of the scholar” and “the laboratory of the learned”.
b) Objectives: The general objectives of the academic libraries are:-
i) To serve the curricular, cultural and general education requirement of the academic community;

ii) To provide reference material at appropriate levels;
iii) To provide study areas of users;
iv) To provide a lending service appropriate to different types of users;
v) To provide an active information service.
These libraries are located on the campuses of colleges and universities and serve primarily the
students and faculty of that institution and other academic institutions. Some academic libraries are
also accessible to the general public in whole or in part, although borrowing privileges are often
limited for users affiliated with the college or university only.
i) College Library: The college library aims to help young students in proper understanding of
various disciplines, in preparing them for advanced studies, and for shouldering the higher
responsibilities in future life. It also helps the students in getting acquainted with the library
practices such as consulting catalogues, bibliographies, indexes, locating books, and other materials,
etc.
ii) University Library: Its primary aim is to support the instructional and research programmes of the
university and conservation of knowledge and ideas, teaching, research, publication, extension
service and interpretation. The objective is to ultimately help produce leaders in the community in
different fields of human activity- the inventors, discoverers and pioneers.
c) Collections: The collections of academic libraries reflect the courses offered and research
undertaken within the institution. In recent times most of the academic libraries tend to use new
computers, telecommunications equipment for access to the Internet, and online databases, E-
Journal etc. Also as in the age of information explosion no college or university library can procure all
published documents therefore the academic libraries can form a network on cooperative basis that
would enable them to share the scarce and little-used materials required for advanced research.
i) College Library: The college libraries build up a balanced collection consisting of a wide variety of
learning and teaching materials to satisfy varied curricular and extra-curricular activities of both
students and teachers. The collections are selected and developed on the basis of educational
philosophy and objectives of the institution, size and nature of the student body, size of the faculty
and their needs for research materials. The collection includes text books and recommended books,
books of advanced nature for teacher, a wide range of reference books, travelogues, biographies,
learned periodicals.
ii) University Library: The collection of the university library includes materials to meet the needs of
post-graduate students as well as resources of sufficient breadth and depth to support serious
scholarship in all areas. The collection, in fact, embraces a wide variety of subjects for learning,
teaching, research and publishing. It provides a general collection, rare materials, newspapers and
periodicals, government publications, special materials such as theses, dissertations, archives,
clipping, visual and audio-visual materials, digital objects, and so on.

d) Services: The academic library plays a central role in the academic work of students and faculty at
colleges and universities and is often considered the most important resource of the institution of
higher education. As students and faculty at colleges and universities may wish to conduct research
within any conceivable academic discipline, the collections of academic libraries usually reflect a vast
range of interests and formats. It has both a comprehensive collection to support formal or class
room teaching as well as bears a representative collection of different research activities. Some of the
universities maintain the largest libraries in the world.
Because of the complexity, range, and diversity of formats and information in academic libraries,
they frequently offer orientation, library tour programs to introduce incoming students and faculty
to the institution’s library services. These programs are designed to teach new users the effective
ways to make use of a variety of reference tools and library search mechanisms. Even in some parts
of the United States, college accreditation agencies require institutions to offer library-sponsored
courses on information retrieval and evaluation.
i) College Library: The basic function of the college library is to assist its parent institution to carry
out its programmes. It must serve the needs and requirements of teachers and students towards
reading, study and research. Its educative function includes- providing materials to the college
community, making materials easily accessible, arranging orientation programmes in the use of the
library, providing bibliographical information to the faculty, arranging inter-library loan, and similar
others.
ii) University Library: The university libraries provide ready access to materials and facilities such as
translation, typing, photocopying. In an effort to provide more efficient service the university library
often participates in co-operative undertaking in networking, consortia, interlibrary lending, co-
operative and centralized cataloguing and compilation of bibliographies. By accumulating and
organizing materials, the library serves as an invaluable aid in the conservation of knowledge and as
an active force in teaching, research and extension program4 | P a g e of the university. It also
provides a variety of library documentation and information services necessary for the success of the
formal programmes of instruction. It also participates in the interpretative function of the university
through assistance to the faculty and research staff.
Academic Status of a Librarian: Status means the social position or rank in relation to others and
its relative importance. The status of the profession depends upon the rules that reflect the entry
qualification for the new aspirants that want to join the profession, their future career prospects, the
level of training needed, amount of experience required. After getting a job it also depends upon the
position held in the administrative hierarchy of the institution, level of responsibility vested, amount
of salary drawn, tenure, voting privileges within or outside the institution, vacation, sabbatical leave,
sick leave, retirement benefit, social privilege and so on.
At present in India the status of the librarian is somewhat confused and uncertain. However, some
academic librarians in colleges and universities are considered as faculty, and they hold similar

academic ranks as professors. The following points will throw some light on the overall position of
the librarian as an academician in different academic institutions.
a) Entry Qualification: At present the entry qualification for the post of librarian at college is on par
with that of the lecturer i.e. Master degree with minimum of 55% marks in Library Studies, Library
Science, Library and information Science and, in some cases, a Master's degree in another field,
SLET/SET/NET and at university level, it is similar with that of the head of different departments.
b) Rank in the Administrative Hierarchy: He works at the top level of administrative hierarchy, next
to the principal and vice principal at college level and alone with the top administrator such as Vice
Chancellor, Registrar, Controller of Examinations in the University level. In case of universities, the
librarian is directly responsible to the vice chancellor of the university or in colleges to the principal.
The librarian is also a member of a University’s Academic Council.
c) Responsibilities: He/she acts as a boss or chief executive and is responsible for all the
administrative functions of the library. He helps not only the students but also the teaching staff.
Besides, he / she can be termed as the teacher of the self-education practice, who complements and
supplements the classroom teaching.
d) Salary and Grade: The salary and grade of a qualified librarian is at par with the teaching staff of
the respective institution. In college, lecturer grade is given to the librarian, in Universities the grade
of the librarian is equivalent to professors.
e) Condition at Foreign Countries: In the United States and Canada, generally, the trend is to provide
academic status to the librarians working in colleges and universities.
In India, in Karnataka, the Karnataka Government passed a resolution for the librarian to be treated
on par with a teacher on 21st July 2006. Of course this is due to the efforts of the Karnataka State
College Librarians’ Association and fde credit goes to the Minister for Primary and Secondary
Education Shri. Basavaraj Horatti and Shri D H. Shankarmurthy respectively.
Further, each individual working in an organization wants a feeling of group belongingness, as the
public librarian are group among government officer, the librarian in research laboratories are group
among scientist so the academic librarian wants to grouped alone with the faculty member of the
institution.
So in conclusion if we count the academic and professional qualifications of librarian, they are
same as that of teaching staff, so the status should also be the same.
Accessioning Work: The accessioning work includes the following activities
a) Receiving the Books and Bills: From the vendors books are received along with bills.

b) Checking the Books: After receiving the books they should be checked for page missing, damaged
binding, and for such other issues.
c) Arranging the Bills and the Books in Parallel Sequence: The books should be arranged in the
sequence in which these have been entered in the order placed to the vendor.
d) Verification: Then the bill should be verified in regard to the order in terms of books received and
the amount to be paid. The order slip with the bill and books should be submitted at the accession
corner. If books are not received in time then reminder letters should be sent to the vendor.
e) Accessioning: The accessioning involves the following activities-
i) Entering details in the accession register: In the accessioning process, the details of the books are
entered in the accession register. Documents are entered date-wise according to their receipt in the
library. All purchased books are entered in the order of their bills.
ii) Entering accession number in the document: Accession number is recorded at the back of title
page and on the conventional clue place of the volume.
iii) Certifying the bills: Accession number is also written against the respective item in the bill for
purchased book. After entering all the items covered by one bill a certificate must be furnished on the
bill which should be like the following. A rubber stamp for this purpose may be useful.
Certified that all the books as per the bill have been duly entered in the accession register vide
numbers from ------ to-------
f) Transmitting Books: Then the books are sent to the technical department for classification and
cataloguing (processing). At this step each book should also be provided with a process slip (7.5 cm X
12.5 cm) as well as earlier order slip.
g) Transmitting Bills: Then bills are passed for payment.
h) Books – In-Process: The cards belonging to them, after noting the date of accessioning and the
accession numbers, are filed in a tray labelled as “Books – In-Process”.
i) Accession Register: Accession register is the official stock record in the library about each
document forming part of its collection; it is a bound register consisting of essential field in regards
to a description of a reading material. This record gives a complete history of each book / periodical
acquired by the library. The general practice in libraries is to have a single register in which all types
of document whether purchased or received as gift or on exchange or as deposit is entered. But some
libraries have the practice of using separate accession registers for gifts. When a book is withdrawn,
then the corresponding accession slip is withdrawn or the note regarding withdrawal is given in the
accession register. In case, a user loses a book, then with the help of details given in the accession
register, the user may be asked either to make payment or to replace the copy.
ii) Accession Number: Every volume added to the library receives a serial number in the order of
acquisition to the library collection. This includes book purchased or received in exchange or as gift.

This number is called accession number. Cumulated volumes of periodicals, which are to be bound
and preserved in the library, are also accessioned.
Administration Vs Management
There are many factors according to which administration can be distinguished from management.
These are as follows:
i) Meaning: Administration: It is concerned with formulation of broad objectives, plans & policies.
Management: Management is an art of getting things done through others by directing their efforts
towards achievement of pre-determined goals. It puts into action the policies and plans laid down by
the administration.
ii) Nature: Administration: Administration is a decision-making function.
Management: Management is an executing function.
iii) Scope: Administration: It takes major decisions of an enterprise as a whole.
Management: It takes decisions within the framework set by the administration.
iv)Process: Administration: Administration decides what is to be done & when it is to be done.
Management: Management decides who should as it & how should he dot it.
v) Function: Administration: Planning and organizing functions are involved in it.
Management: Motivating and controlling functions are involved in it.
vi)Skills: Administration: It needs administrative rather than technical abilities. Administration
handles the business aspects such as finance.
Management: It requires technical activities. Management handles the employers.
vii) Level: Administration: It is a top-level activity. Management: It is a middle level activity.
viii) Influence: Administration: The administration is influenced by public opinion, govt. policies,
religious organizations, customs etc.
Management: The management decisions are influenced by the values, opinions, beliefs & decisions
of the managers.
ix) Status:Administration: Administration represents owners of the enterprise who earn return on
their capital invested & profits in the form of dividend.
Management: Management constitutes the employees of the organization who are paid
remuneration (in the form of salaries & wages).

Archives
Archives: In general, archives consist of records which have been selected for permanent or long-
term preservation on the ground of their enduring cultural, historical or evidentiary value. Archival
records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines for which
many identical copies exist. This means that archives (the places) are quite distinct from libraries
with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found
within library buildings.
a) Definition: The word “archive” is derived from the Greek “arkhē” meaning government or order
(compare an-archy, mon-archy). The word originally developed from the Greek “arkheion” which
refers to the home or dwelling of the Archon, in which important official state documents were filed
and interpreted under the authority of the Archon. Since “archive”, as a noun or a verb, has acquired
meanings related to computer science, Archivists tend to prefer the term “archives” (with an S) as
the correct terminology to serve as both the singular and plural.
A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing,
preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science.
b) Objectives
i) Safe storage and preservation of the document in a climate control facility;
ii) Classification and Cataloguing of the document;
iii) Retrieval and safe handling of the document.
c) Collections: It contains records (primary source documents) which have accumulated over the
course of an individual or organization's lifetime. The collection refers to all historical records (not
just documents and manuscripts but videos, disks, and other tangible forms as well) held and
preserved by an institution. Archival materials are not published; these are always famous
documents, or even necessarily old.
The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government) tend to contain records, such
as administrative files, business records, memos, official correspondences and meeting minutes. The
archives of an individual may include letters, papers, photographs, computer files, scrapbooks,
financial records or diaries created or collected by the individual – regardless of media or format.
d) Services: Professor and author Bruce Dearstyne identified the eight roles of the archivist-
- The role of an agent to the past and the future. This means that archivists must always bear in mind
its historical significance and its importance to posterity.
- They must work in conjunction with related information fields. For example, many archivists work
closely with librarians and records managers to determine the value of records and their place in the
repository.

They act as organizers. This requires the archivists to manage, coordinate, and allocate resources in
a manner that allows an easy access and use by staff and patrons.
- Archivists should act as evaluators of program materials by continually assessing records.
- They should assert control and order. This includes systematic filing and storing of items.
- They ensure physical survival of records through security, storage, and disaster planning.
- Archivists foster access to valuable records and so they must also encourage patrons and
researchers to make use of their collections. They can do this through various promotional
campaigns (articles or exhibits).
- Archivists act as public relations coordinators for their repository. This means that they attempt to
reach out to the community via conferences and presentations that demonstrate the importance and
richness of their resources
Areas of Computer Application in Library
Areas of Computer Application in Library: A modern library cannot be imagined without the
application of computers. In the library and information centres computers can be used for
performing efficiently all sorts of jobs from the procurement of the reading materials to their
organization and use. So, it can serve as a remedy for all the existing problems of libraries and
information centres. But, till now computers have been used successfully in the following areas of
library activities.
A) Library House Keeping Operation: In case of library house keeping operation, the computer is
used for acquisition of books and other reading materials, their classification, cataloguing, circulation
and serial control.
a) Acquisition: The selection of materials can be made by the computer. Any library which is a part of
online computerized library system has access to catalogue entries and bibliographic data of all the
libraries in the system. These databases can be used as a selection tools to purchase new documents
for the particular library in question. Other offline databases can also be used as selection tools for
non current documents and sometimes out of print books. For other documents, conventional book
selection methods may be used. The MARC bibliographic record service has opened up a new vista in
both cataloguing and bibliographic database that can be used as a book selection tool.
The ordering and acquisition are the routine jobs in the library and for a single time ordering it
requires repetitive operation by different sections. These repetitive operations and the requisite
checking can very well be done by the application of the computer system. Both offline and online
acquisition can be performed by the use of computers.
b) Classification: A computer based classification system is being experimented at the
Documentation Research and Training Centre, Bangalore. It is based on Colon Classification System.
c) Cataloguing: The computerized cataloguing system operates with high speed for performing
routine and repetitive jobs. Besides, in the cataloguing unit, computer can also be used in various

other ways such as producing book plates, book pockets, book cards, spine labels, etc. It can also
produce a variety of records, card catalogues in the book form, printed catalogue, etc. as byproducts.
The following uses of computer in cataloguing have already been able to draw the attention of the
librarians.
The MARC project was started in November, 1965 by the Library of Congress, USA. The latest
development in the system includes the CoMARC (Co-Operative Machine Readable Cataloguing).
Computer Output Microfilm (COM) was developed in the USA by Stromberg Carlson Company. The
Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), previously known as the Ohio College Library Centre was
started in August 1970. All these have successfully used computers for cataloguing of documents.
d) Serial Control: Serials are continuing publication having reasonably permanent titles and
appearing usually at regular intervals. Their contents usually vary from issue to issue. An article as a
single bibliographic unit may be published in more than one issue and even in more than one
volume. Obviously, the users may be interested in an issue of a serial as a bibliographic unit, or an
article spread over a number of issues as a bibliographic unit. So, serial control comprises complex
operations of library activities because of the vary nature and characteristics of Serial as library
material. Again, the conflict between the physical unit and the bibliographic unit makes Serial control
a complex task.
In case of Serial, the current issues, the retrospective or immediate back issues and bound volumes
under every year of publication is an ongoing process. In this case, the library should encounter the
search problem because of the conflict between the title and the corporate body, the old titles and
the changed titles, nature of irregularity in publication (more than one issue in a single publication
and the like). These situations pose the problem of listing, acquisition, accessioning, cataloguing and
creation of records in the desired format.
e) Circulation: The circulation activities are the life-stream of the library services. The library
documents are for use and are intended for the users. At various points, documents are to be trapped
for the users who have recorded their priority in using such documents. The circulation is a flow of
document, but the flow should be controlled by library operations so as to serve the users in the best
possible way with the available materials in the library.
B) Library Administrations: In case of library administration, the library automation helps in
a) Providing Access Right to Staff Members
b) Providing Access Right to Library Users
c) Exception Reporting
d) Generation of Library Statistics / Report
C) Information Retrieval: Today, Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) or sometimes Web OPAC
facility provided by the library and information centres helps in easy retrieval of information.
Computers are also used for searching Library Database: eg. International Nuclear Information
System.

D) Building Digital / Virtual Libraries Collection: Computers can also be used to build digital or
virtual collection or for institutional repository of the library.
E) Resource Sharing: In order to facilitate the provision of material request on inter library loan
basis, the use of computers and other latest telecommunication devices is being put to use in almost
all the countries of the world. The Online Union catalogue is also a product of computer application
in library.
F) Library Network: INFLIBNET, Developing Library Network (DELNET) is the example of taking
library automation as its first step or base structure.
G) Information System: World Science Information System (UNISIST), Medical Literature Analysis
and Retrieval System (MEDLARS), illustrate the advanced stage of library automation.
H) User Services: The library automation also helps to provide Current Awareness Service (CAS),
Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) Services, Indexing and Abstracting Service, Web Based
Translation Services, Computer Based Indexing and Abstracting Services, and so on.
Conclusion: Today, the computers have entered each and every area of a library. The library
automation is the application of modern technologies including the application of computer
hardware and software, different storage medias, telecommunications, etc. which help the
mechanization of any activity in the library. To implement the computer in the library, the selection
of proper hardware and software forms an essential part. If proper software is selected, it will
automatically generate or create OPAC which will replace the traditional card catalogue of the
library. The feature-rich software will also have the provision of retrospective conversion. It will help
the library to enter minimum of details about the document in their collection in the database of
some other libraries and will help in getting the full bibliographic record of the document that can be
embedded in the local database.
Array and Chain
1. Introduction: The addition of a characteristic to a basic subject idea or an isolate idea leads to the
addition of an array. The addition of an array implies the addition of a further division of a basic
subject or an isolate idea as the case may be. Any isolate idea taken along with its succession of sub
isolates is also an isolate idea. The succession of the isolate idea from the first to the last reached in
this process is denoted by the term “chain of isolate idea”. A chain may similarly be formed in respect
of basic subject idea.
2. Array: The series of co-ordinate subdivision which are obtained by dividing a class or a division
according to a single characteristic. Each co-ordinate division in array should exclude all the others
and the whole array should be exhaustive of the context of the class. The order of the division in an
array should be that deemed most helpful to users.
3. Chain: The successions of division subordinate one to another expressing the relation. “A includes
B which in turn includes C (or conversely c is a part of B which is a part of A) constitute a chain of or

it may also be defined as a hierarchy of term each containing or including all which follow it in the
same series.
4. Examples: Asia, India, Assam, Kamrup, Guwahati is a chain of isolate idea
Basic Principles of Library Building Design
Basic Principles of Library Building Design: Some of the basic principles of library building design are
mentioned below-
a) Functional Design: A library building should have functional design rather than a monumental
one. There should be provision for documents, users, staff, and service areas. There should be areas
for senior professional’s rooms, library staff, seminar room, binding section, reprographic section,
digital library section with additional areas for acquisition section, technical section, reference
section, reading room, room for stack book, circulation section, etc.
b) Open Access: The availability of the number of library staff, the user demand and the type of
collection are the deciding factors for a library to go for open access or closed access system. In a
closed access library the users are prohibited to enter the library, they should write their demands in
some slips. The building design for open access is also considered useful for closed access system.
However, vice versa is not true. But, in both the closed and the open access systems, library property
counter and some such a thing are a must, because the users are free to enter the reading room and
the periodical section in both the cases. Both the systems require that the library building should
have a single entrance and one exit point for keeping a proper control on incoming and outgoing
users. The whole building should be accessible from the entrance to different parts of the building by
means of simple and easy to understand plan requiring only a few directions or guides. Doors and
windows should be protected by means of wire fabric to avoid any loss of books.
c) Future Growth: A library building should be planned for at least next 20 years, keeping in view the
rate of collection development, number of readers, technology enhancements, etc. The building
should be extendable to allow for future growth with minimum of disruption. There should also be
adequate provision for future expansion, both horizontally and vertically.
d) Flexible: There should be the means of interchangeability of all major stack areas, service areas,
reading room, and staff areas. The whole design should be such that if any change in library function
takes place in future it will be possible to adjust the layout without carrying out major structural
operations. There should be no interior load bearing walls but the building should be able to bear the
stack load anywhere.
e) Air-conditioning, Lighting and Noise: Uniform standards of lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation,
noise prevention, communications, fumigation and flooring are necessary to meet the criteria of
interchangeability. The natural light should come inside the whole building throughout the day time.
Outside or background noises generally cannot be controlled except by double glazing which
involves air conditioning. The inside noise of human voice, equipment and mechanical device, impact
of footsteps, banging of doors should be reduced by using insulating materials and devices, use of

acoustical material for walls and ceilings in corridors, reading rooms and work rooms. Use of proper
floor coverings is also essential.
f) Modular Design: A building on modular system is the one which is supported by columns placed at
regular interval. The basic dimensions of library building should be in multiples or submultiples of
some module/column. Even while only the columns are load bearing inside the building, outside
walls may also bear the load. Columns, stairways, lifts, hearing facilities, plumbing and ducts are all
fixed and everything else is movable. Thus, the modular system leads to flexibility.
g) Economic: The design should be such that the operation of the library can be carried out with the
minimum of staff and finance. The windows should be covered with net.
h) Secure: The building should be free from dust, dirt, and cobwebs. To deal with other vermin the
best remedy would be to have a rat proof building. The water may not enter the stack room either
through ventilators and windows or due to leakage of roof. The stacking material should be fire
proof. Sufficient number of fire extinguishers and fire buckets should be fixed at various strategic
places in the building. The library building should also be designed to guard against some
detrimental habits of the readers, visitors and outsiders.
Bibliographic Control
According to UNESCO / Library of Congress Survey, bibliographic control means “the mastery over
written and published records which is provided by and for the purpose of bibliography”. Effective
bibliographic control should be made at subject and national level.
A) National Bibliographic Control: The national library ensures the bibliographic control of all the
books or book-like documents published in that particular country. It has the provision of legal
deposit by a host of different programs such as a cataloguing in publication service or similar
mandatory practices. By cataloguing in publication service, the Library of Congress gives a complete
catalogue entry of a book to any publisher who sends a final draft or some form of galley proof of a
book currently in production.
B) International Bibliographic Control: One of the main goals of a national library is fulfilling their
nation's part of the common international goal of universal bibliographic control. The International
bibliographic control is done by the exchanges and also by fostering the creation of standard
conceptual tools such as library classification systems and cataloguing rules. The most commonly
used of these tools is the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). It applies to books
and periodicals, but also has variants for other book-like material such as the ISBD (ER) for
Electronic Resources or digital documents or the ISBD (A) for Antiquarian documents.
C) Conclusion: New ideas are generated in each and every branch of human activity from time to
time. Apart from new ideas we give new interpretation to old ideas, at times we also borrow ideas
from other discipline and try to apply them in a new content. As a result more and more information
are produced in a variety of forms leading to information explosion. There is a need to keep track of
this information explosion by way of bibliographic control.

Bibliography
1. History of the Bibliography: the word “bibliography” originated in post classical Greek times. It has
been derived from the Greek word “biblion” which means books and “graphein” is to write. So
etymologically bibliography changed practically. Since 1763 from “writing of books” to “writing
about books”.
The term “bibliography” was first used by Louis Jacob de Saint Charles in his Bibliographia
parisiana (1645-50) and Konrad Gesner regarded as the father of bibliography, he attempted to list
of all scholarly publications in “bibliotheca universities” which appear in 1545.
Great German bibliographer Ebert define bibliography as “the science that deals with literary
production”
Copinger define bibliography as “the grammar of literary investigation”
C. W. Claps defined bibliography as “the systematic listing of the records of human
communications”.
The bibliography as defined by Louis Shores is a “list of written, printed or otherwise produced
record of civilization, which may include books, serials, pictures, films, maps, records, manuscripts
and any other media of communication”.
According to Ranganathan the bibliography “is a list of document listed together for some
purpose. The purpose is to bring to the attention of the reader an exhaustive or selective lis of
document relevant to his pursuit of study or enquire”.
ALA glossary of library and information science defined bibliography as “a list of works,
documents or bibliographic items, usually with some relationship between them. E.g by a given
author on a given subject or published in a given place and differing from a catalogue in that its
contents are not restricted to the holding of a single libraries or group of libraries”.
2. Aims and Functions of Bibliography: Librarianship is a profession in which what is recorded by
what so ever of librarianship is bibliographies. Bibliography generally serves the following functions:
a) It is a guide to the literature of a subject: bibliography is actually an index compiled systematically
on a subject, so it serves as a guide to the literature of the subject.
b) Finding the existence: A bibliography enables one to find out what has already been written on his
subject and allows him to keep himself well informed and up to date. This avoids duplication in
research, saving him both time and money.
c) Verification of bibliographic detail: Whenever we are to verify a title or collect information on any
subject we are to consult a bibliography (subject bibliography). It also helps us to as certain
bibliographical data about an author thus helping in the identification of a document.
d) Location of material: A bibliography helps in locating the material or book in terms of place of
publication, location in the library on point of purchase.

e) Book selection: A bibliography by adding a note to each document being listed, indicate the value
of the document to a given type of user. So it helps in books selection i. e. which book should be
consulted for a given purpose.
f) It preserves documents: bibliography by listing of documents preserve all books, good, bad and
indifferent from oblivion.
g) It provides list of prior records of civilization: bibliography provide information about the prior
records of communication. Thus it is a vital aid to the study of history.
3. Types of Bibliography: Bibliographies are of the following types
a) Analytical Bibliography: According to Roy B Stokes on analytical bibliography involves
“investigation of the physical nature of the book which can be and frequently is sufficiently
exhaustive to enable all the circumstances of the book manufacture and history to be revealed”.
Analytical or critical bibliography therefore rests to a large extent upon imperfection in the
production process and as such it has been defined as the physical examination of books.
There would have been virtually no need of analytical bibliography if every step in the
production process was perfectly accomplished and a perfect book produced in every care. But
unfortunately such perfection has been a rare thing in the history of book production or has at latest
happened in exceptional case.
b) Descriptive Bibliography: Descriptive bibliography is the application of analytical bibliography to
the external form of the book i.e it concern itself with the materials forms of books and not with their
literary contexts. “its function is primarily that of recording the bibliography details of the book
which has been established during the process of analytical bibliography.” In Descriptive
bibliography the bibliograph details are kept to minimum because the basic purpose to listing.
Descriptive bibliography aims to describe all variation from this ideal form. But due to
standardization of books production the importance of descriptive bibliography has decreased
greatly.
c) Textual Bibliography: It is an application of analytical bibliography to the contexts of books. It is a
bibliography applied to textual studies. The main purpose of such a bibliography is to determine the
effect of writing or the printing process on the correctness or completeness of a text. It helps
ascertain the variety of authorship edition etc. thus textual variation between a manuscript and the
printed books or between various reprints or edition. So the textual bibliography is more interested
in the author’s wards and tries to determine the exact words that the author intended should
constitute his work. The aim is to prepare definite edition of the original author.
We can say therefore the textual bibliography is an area which seems to be of great importance
for literary critics rather than librarians or bibliographies.
d) Historical Bibliography: The study of books “as object of art” may be termed a historical
bibliography. It is concerned with art of writing, printing, illumination and binding. The historical
bibliography makes an attempt to achieve a broad understanding of the milieu of the book in the

context of the world of books, and social and cultural conditions in existence at the time because the
significance of books is very great in every phase of civilization and of life.
Historical bibliography has to content itself with the evolution of typefaces from its very early
manuscripts origin. Then again the very material of which the book is compared paper as we know it,
from its handmade stage to that of machine manufactured.
e) Systematic Bibliography: systematic bibliography is nothing but the listing of books and other
reading material according to some useful system of reference scheme. According to Arundell Esdaile
“to assemble the resulting entries, simple or elaborate as the case may required into logical and
useful arrangement for reference and study” is called systematic bibliography.
Esdale in his “student’s manual of bibliography” has divided bibliography into two categories
namely primary and secondary.
a) Primary Bibliography: Primary bibliographies are those which are the original record of the whole
or part of their content.
i) General or Universal Bibliography: In general or universal bibliography, it attempts to include
books published in every country and age and on all subject. It is a survey of all records of civilization
in all fields of knowledge for whatever the time, place, language, subject or author. It does not matter.
In fact there is no universal bibliography as such but the publish catalogue of great libraries of the
world can be stated to be the nearest approaches to this type of bibliography. Eg. Library of Congress
Catalogue of Books., British Museum General Catalogue of printed books.
Also Konard Gesner, the father of bibliography attempts to list all scholarly publication in the
world which appears in 1545, under the title “Bibliotheca Universalis”
ii) Incunabula Bibliography: This type of bibliography lists the early printed material upto 15th
century. It was considered a cradle period of printing and the systematic order in arranging various
parts of the book was not followed. Eg. Proctor Robert An index to the early printed books in the
British Museum from the invention of printing to the year 1300 with notes of those in the Bodleian
library. Konard Burger’s index, London 1960.
iii) Bibliography of anonymous and pseudonymous works: These types of bibliographies are
arranged alphabetically by title with notes of author, details of publication and annotations and notes
about authority for the ascription. They are also provided with an index of initials and pseudonyms.
Sometimes the titles are arranged alphabetically with names of the authors in square brackets and
notes about the authority for the attribution at the end. Eg. Dictionary of anonymous and
pseudonymous literature.
iv)Trade bibliographies: These types of bibliographies are brought out by large publishing firms
engaged in book production or trade. The books available for sale or purchase are listed therein. Eg.
Whitakers cumulative book list, London, Whitaker British Book in print etc.
v) National bibliography: it is a comprehensive, almost complete record of both written and printed
output in a given country, furnishing description and supplying verification which cannot found in

the less complete bibliographies. So in short a national bibliography list all documents published in a
given country.
The national bibliography is compiled on the basis of the materials received by the National
Libraries under the copyright act as promulgated in various countries. A national bibliography is
considered a national heritage and its purpose is intellectual not commercial (selling). It is useful for
the researcher and the posterity. Example: Indian National Bibliography, Kolkata, Central Reference
Library, British National Bibliography, London
B) Secondary Bibliography: Secondary bibliographies are “those in which material registered
elsewhere is rearranged for the convenience of research”. In these documents already recorded in
primary bibliographies are selected, analyzed, and rearranged either by subject, author, period or
typography.
i) Subject Bibliography: A subject bibliography is a comprehensive list of all books, periodicals
articles, pamphlets and other analytical materials that have appeared on that subject, such a
bibliography is international in scope since it covers everything that has been appeared on the
subject in different languages and in different countries of the world. Example: Education Abstract,
1949 to date, Paris, UNESCO.
ii) Author Bibliography: An author bibliography is the list of writing by an author together with the
works on him by others.
Example: Mahatma Gandhi: A descriptive bibliography, compiled by Dr. J. S. Sharma, Delhi, S. Chand,
1955.
iii) Personal Bibliography: A personal bibliography is a list of writings by others on the different
aspects of the life of a great man together with what he himself has written, printed and delivered in
the form of oratory. Kindly note that personal bibliography is different from that of author
bibliography.
Example: Jawaharlal Nehru: A descriptive bibliography by Jagdish Saran Sharma, Delhi, S. Chand &
Co, 1955.
iv) Bibliophilic Bibliography: A bibliography that records old and rare books, first editions of
celebrated authors is known as bibliophilic bibliography. These bibliographies are only for those
who have a craze for old and rare books, especially for first edition of books of celebrated author.
They have fancy for such book for their magnificent look, distinctive physical feature, colorfulness,
sumptuous binding, decorative covers, brilliant illustration and pictorial ornamentation, grand
illumination and beautiful type face, sometimes on sentimental ground and sometimes for getting
original thought of the author.
Example: Johnson, Merie de Vore, “American first editon”, 4th ed, revised N. Y. Bowker, 1942.
v) Selective Bibliography (Elective): This kind of bibliography is concerned with the listing of only
selected and the best books. This is useful to those who want to record only the best. This is also
serves as a valuable book selection tool to small and medium-sized libraries.

Example: The best books: A readers’ guide, 3rd ed, by W. S. Sonnenschein, London, Routledge, 1910 –
35, 6 Vol.
vi) Unit Bibliography: It is a list of different editions adaptations, abridged forms, translations,
dramatization, versification, criticism, etc of a single literary work conveniently arranged in order to
give a comprehensive picture of its literary excellence and popularity. Every literary work by every
author does not deserve a unit bibliography. It is only in the case of such works which have sound
scholars curiosity by dint of their great literary merit, universal appeal and enormous popularity that
unit bibliographies are compiled.
Example: The Arabian Hight’s Entertainment with its numerous adaptations and translations.
vii) Bibliography of Bibliographies (Bibliographic Index): As the bibliographies in various subject
fields have multiplied now a day the compilation of this kind of bibliography has become imperative.
It is a list of bibliographies recorded in a systematic and logical order. It includes all type of
bibliographies in various subject fields, separately published. This kind of bibliography is also known
as bibliographic index
Example: Besterman Theodore, “A world bibliography of bibliographies”.
Blog
Blog: The term "weblog" was coined by Jorn Barger on 17 December 1997. Then Peter Merholz,
jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in
1999, from where it becomes popular as "blog". Thus Blog is derived from Weblog. Blog or weblog is
a web-based publication consisting primarily of periodic articles normally in reverse chronological
order with reflections, comments, and often hyperlinks provided by the writer.
1. Definition: Blogs have different meaning to different people, ranging from “online journal” to
“easily updated personal website”. A weblog is a journal (or newsletter) that is frequently updated
and intended for general public consumption. Blogs generally represent the personality of the author
or the Web site.
According to Concept Websites Ltd (http://www.conceptwebsites.com/SEO/common-terms.htm), “a
blog is basically a journal that is available on the web. The activity of updating a blog is "blogging"
and someone who keeps a blog is a "blogger." Blogs are typically updated daily using software that
allows people with little or no technical background to update and maintain the blog”.
In simple, it can be said that it is a web based website where articles posted will automatically be
arranged in reverse chronological fashion or in a chronological fashion. The owner/member will post
message which are sometimes rich with graph, audio, video and hyperlink periodically enabling
others to view and comment. Topics often include the owner's/member’s daily life or views on a
particular subject or topic of important to the group. The original post with its associated comments
and discussion provide a very insight to the topic at hand.
Many blogs are frequently updated and publicly accessible i.e they allow anybody to sign up at
any time; some others are private where entry to the group is restricted. Some advanced users have

server-side software, and often implement membership management and password protected areas.
Others have created a mix of a blog and wiki, called a bliki.
2. History: At the initial stage of internet development, Usenet, e-mail lists, Bulletin Board Systems
(BBS), chronicles, commonplaces, diaries, and perzines were used as a form of Citizen Media. Bulletin
Board is a service whereby messages and points of interest can be posted to be read and replied to
unlike list server. The news group provides access to thousands of topic based discussion group
services which are open to all. The news reader software allows one to post an article to any group
for others to read. A comment to the message (original) can be added to the thread of the article. In
recent times these are effectively replaced by the “blog”.
During recent days, blog has evolved into a tool that offers some of the most insightful information
on the Web. It provides self-publishing phenomenon represented by blogging and becoming much
more common in LIS, as librarians, libraries and library associations have begun to blog as a way of
communicating with their patrons and constituents. Many librarians world wide also publish their
personal blogs that offer a wealth of information about librarianship, their parent institution and
sometimes to their personal lives as well.
The emergence of blogging provides a medium to give readers of the library new perspectives on the
realities, as well as often offering different viewpoints from those of its official news sources. Many
bloggers began to provide nearly-instant commentary on televised events, creating a secondary
meaning of the word "blogging": to simultaneously transcribe and editorialize speeches and events
shown on television (liveblogging).
3. Anatomy of a Blog Entry: Blog uses web interfaces that allow anyone over the Internet, to create
blogs by their own. It usually does not demand the maintenance of server software by the users
themselves. It also does not demand to go for the HTML. A blog entry typically consists of the
following:
a) Title: The main title, or headline, of the post;
b) Body: Main content of the post;
c) Permalink: The URL of the full, individual article;
d) Post Date: Date and time the post published.
A blog entry optionally also includes the comments or feedback. Comments are a way to provide
discussion on blog entries. Readers can leave a comment on a post (a way of correcting one’s error)
or they can also leave their personal opinion on the previous post(s).
4. Types: There are various types of blogs, and each differs in the way content is delivered or written.
A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to
its topic, the ability to quote another user's post with special formatting in ones post is also a special
feature of many blogs. Generally, blog can be categorized as follows:

a) Linklog: A blog comprising links;
b) Moblog: A blog written by a mobile phone or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA);
c) Photoblog: A blog comprising photos;
d) Podcasting: Blog containing audio;
e) Vlog: A blog comprising videos.
Blog can also be categorized based on a particular subject, such as political blogs, travel blogs, legal
blogs (often referred to as a blawg), Library blogs, Academic Library blogs, Librarian’s blogs and so
on.
5. Importance: Blogging combined the site with tools to make linking to other pages easier
specifically permalinks, blogrolls and TrackBacks. This, together with blog search engines enabled
bloggers to track the threads that connected them to others with similar interests.
a) Blog as a Forum: The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format and the scope
for adding more than one author in a blog, can be used to create discussion forum. Wordpress
comments at the bottom of a blog post allow for a single-threaded discussion of any given blog post.
Slashcode, on the other hand, is far more complicated, allowing fully threaded discussions and
incorporating a robust moderation and meta-moderation system as well as many of the profile
features available to forum users.
b) Blog as a Group: The Blog’s RSS Feed or Atom by burning with some feed burning services can be
used to provide email subscription option (some blog hosting service even produce it by default).
This feature can be used as a group to notify the intended users or reader or subscribers about some
announcement.
Blog also have blogrolls (i.e. links to other blogs which the owner reads or admires), and indicate the
social relationship of a particular blog to those of other bloggers. Pingback (links to other sites that
refer to the entry) and trackback (one of three types of Linkbacks, methods for Web authors to
request notification when somebody links to one of their documents) allow one blog to notify
another blog, creating an inter-blog conversation. In summary, blogs engage readers and build a
virtual community around a particular person or interest, which have immense implication in library
and information science.
c) A Major Part of the Internet: Blogs are easy to create and maintain as compared to websites. As a
result, people are turning towards blog as a publication medium. Day by day, its volume as well as
quality increases and now we are in a position where we can say that if one is unable to locate any
information over internet by searching in the traditional general purpose search engine then it must
be in blog.
d) Latest Information: The literature search forms the backbone of any research activities. In recent
times, a part of this business relies on internet and for a comprehensive list of resources over

internet, the search should extend to blog also, as it contains the latest, up to the minute information
on a given topic.
e) Substitute of Mainstream Media: Blog increasingly considered as a substitute of the mainstream
media for news services, consultants, etc. As blog becomes a standard part of the publicity arsenal, it
is used extensively as a tool for outreach and opinion forming and as means of applying pressure
upon concern authority and like other. It can also be used to push the messages directly to the public
by avoiding the filtering process of the mainstream media (the editorial board of which often cut
down the massage as a means to avoid the legal liabilities, to present credible news or at times to
justify their presence!).
6. Finding a Blog / Blog Search Engine: The general purpose search engines generally avoid
displaying results from blogosphere. So, for searching the blog over internet, reliance must be placed
on the specially designed blog search engines. Several blog search engines are used to search blog
contents (also known as the blogosphere), such as blogdigger, Feedster, and Technorati, which helps
one to find out what people are saying on any subject of his/her interest. In the following paragraph
an attempt is made to list and discuss some of the most popular blog search engines.
a) Blogdigger (http://www.blogdigger.com/index.html): Blogdigger is a blog and media search
engine founded in March 2003 by Greg Gershman. Blogdigger began as an experiment with RSS and
search technologies, developing into a search engine that provides fast, up-to-the-minute search
results of the latest posts collected from blogs and syndicated content feeds, such as RSS and Atom.
b) Bloglines (http://www.bloglines.com): Bloglines is a web-based news aggregator for browsing
weblogs and other news feeds. Mark Fletcher founded the site in 2003 and sold it in February 2005
to Ask.com. Bloglines uses an interface with the blogs names in one frame and their most recently
updated content in another pane.
c) Feedster (http://www.feedster.com): Feedster was founded in March 2003 by Scott Johnson. In
June 2003, it merged with RSS-Search founded by François Schiettecatte. Feedster began as a weblog
search tool, indexing and archiving individual blog posts based on a site's RSS feed. Feedster gained
popularity with blog enthusiasts because it indexed new information fast, let users sort search
results chronologically, and made it possible to subscribe to search results as an RSS feed. It has now
expanded to offer a wide range of related services, including "Feed of the Day".
d) IceRocket (http://www.icerocket.com): IceRocket is an Internet search engine specialized in
searching blogs. IceRocket is backed by Mark Cuban and headquartered in Dallas, Texas. In 2005,
CNet reported that it may be re launched as Blogscour.
e) PubSub: PubSub is an Internet search engine for searching blogs which was founded in 2002 by
Bob Wyman and Salim Ismail. The site operates by storing a user's search term, making it a
subscription, and checking it against posts on blogs which ping the search engine. When a new match
is found, the user is notified, even if it occurs months after the initial search. This feature has led
PubSub to call itself a matching engine. Results can be read on the service's website or on an optional
sidebar, available for both Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox. PubSub is currently having problem
as noted in by Bob Wyman.

f) Sphere (http://www.sphere.com): The Sphere search engine delivers blog posts based on
algorithms that combine semantic matching with authority factors to deliver results relevant to the
search query. Sphere also organizes bloggers by topic. The company produces an application called
Sphere It! allowing users to seek blog posts related to news articles based on the contents of a
particular web page they're viewing. The function is accessed from a browser navigation bar plug-in.
Upon clicking the plug-in button, a semantic analysis is performed on the text within the page and
blog posts related to the text of the article are returned.
g) Technorati (http://www.technorati.com): Technorati is an Internet search engine for searching
blogs, competing with Google, Yahoo, PubSub and IceRocket. As of November 2006, Technorati
indexes over 60 million weblogs. The site won the SXSW 2006 awards for Best Technical
Achievement and also Best of Show. It has also been nominated for a 2006 Webby award for Best
Practices. Technorati provides current information on both popular searches and tags used to
categorize blog postings. Blogs are also given rankings by Technorati based on the amount of
incoming links and Alexa Internet based on the web hits of Alexa Toolbar users.
h) Google Blog Search (http://www.google.co.in/blogsearch?hl=en): Google Blog Search is a search
engine focused on blogs, with a continuously updated search index. Results include all blogs, not just
those published through Blogger. Results can be viewed and filtered by date. Google provides
following option to search for blog
i) Google-style interface (blogsearch.google.com) ii) Blogger-style interface) (search.blogger.com)
iii) The Blogger Dashboard iv) The Navbar on any Blog
All of the above provide same search, no matter where one searches. The Navbar, however, provides
two buttons: one to search the blog that one currently viewing, and one to search all blogs. It also
provides “Advanced Search” features where one can specify titles, authors, languages and more. After
getting the search results, it also provides an additional link that allows to switch between displaying
the results with either the most relevant or recent results at the top.
7. Blog Hosting Services: Blogs are generally hosted by dedicated blog hosting services or on regular
web hosting services. Most of the free blog hosting services are ad-supported but generally have
unlimited posting bandwidth and storage space. Generally, a small advertisement square banner is
placed on the user blog, which does not affect the overall make up the said blog. Many blog hosting
services also notified the blogger when someone adds some comments on his/her blog. Examples
include the following
i) Blogger (https://www.blogger.com/start): Blogger was started by Evan Williams and Meg
Hourihan (Pyra Labs of San Francisco) in August 1999 and was purchased by Google in February
2003.
ii) coComment (http://www.cocomment.com/): coComment is a Swiss startup company funded by
Swisscom Innovations and focused on providing high quality services to internet users worldwide.
The company is based in Geneva, Switzerland.

iii) LiveJournal (http://www.livejournal.com/): Brad Fitzpatrick started LiveJournal in March 1999.
The LiveJournal can be used as a private journal, a blog, a discussion forum, a social network, and like
other.
iv) Open Diary (http://www.opendiary.com/): Launched in October 1998, soon growing to
thousands of online diaries. Open Diary becomes the first blog community where readers could add
comments to other writers' blog entries.
v) Pitas.com (http://www.pitas.com/): Andrew Smales created Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier
alternative to maintaining a "news page" on a website, followed by Diaryland in September 1999,
focusing more on a personal diary community.
vi) Xanga (http://www.xanga.com/): Launched in 1996, had only 100 diaries by 1997, but over 20
million as of December 2005.
Other blog hosting service includes Blog (http://www.blog.com/), DreamHost
(http://www.dreamhost.com/), Salon.com (http://www.salon.com), Tripod
(http://www.tripod.lycos.com/), Vox (http://www.vox.com/), WordPress
(http://www.worldpress.org/), etc.
Book Order
Book Order: Once a book has been selected for purchase, then an order has to be placed to acquire it
by typing from the book selection slip in a sheet or two. In case the book being ordered is an
additional copy or a new edition of an available book, the staff would put down the call number in the
book order slip. The ordering procedure relates to three stages-
i) Pre-ordering Work: Pre-order work includes the various jobs connected with the invitation of
tenders or quotations, tabulating the quotations, fixing the suppliers, signing the contracts, and so on.
ii) Order Placing Work: Order placing work consists of tallying, scrutiny and elimination.
iii) Intimation to the Indenters: The library should inform the indenter(s)/user(s) about the action
taken by the library for their demanded books.
The library generally tries to possess every type of information sources based upon the demand of
the user which includes books, journals, books on tape, videocassettes, CDs, CD-ROMs, DVDs,
electronic journals, online databases, etc.
The book selection section is responsible for the identification of potentially useful materials by
consulting publishers' catalogues and flyers for the final selection to be made by the appropriate
decision maker. Sometimes the acquisition unit is the primary collection development unit for the
library. Activities centring acquisition also focus on securing items wanted by the library's end-users
and handling financial transactions that are associated with the purchase or leasing of the item(s). It
is a process that involves which materials the library should acquire by purchase or otherwise and
getting the materials.

Book Selection Theories
Book Selection Theories: There are some principles of selection of documents which guide the
librarian in making a judicious choice of a document and thus help to develop a meaningful collection
of documents in the libraries.
i) L. R. McColvin: Theory of Book Selection (1925): According to L. R. McColvin books in themselves
are nothing. They have no meaning until they are made serviceable by demand. So he gives much
stress on demand and gives stress on the selection of only those documents which are demanded by
the users for their information needs.
ii) Drury: Book Selection (1930): It states that the right book will be provided to the right reader at
the right time. In this principle the reader is the central theme. A document is right or otherwise is to
be provided when the user needs it for use. The selector should know the users and their
requirements. He should select only that material which caters to the informational educational and
recreational needs of the users.
iii) Haines: Living with book (2nd ed, 1950): The first edition of Living with Books appeared in 1935.
It was one of the first true textbooks aimed at training librarians in the art of book selection.
Although Haines died in 1961, her legacy continues to be felt. Through the 1970s, Living with Books
remained the standard text on book selection, and it is still referenced on many collection
development course syllabi.
iv) Ranganathan: Library book selection (1952, reprint 1990): The first three laws of library science
enunciated by Ranganathan are also helpful in formulating the principles of selection of the
documents for libraries.
v) Dewey’s Principle: According to Dewey, the library should select the best documents within the
finance available, which may satisfy the information need of the maximum number of users.
Besides the above, we may mention Rovert Broadus’ Selecting Materials for Libraries, 2nd ed.
New York: H.W. Wilson Co, 1981 and Building Library Collections: 6th Ed. By: Arthur Curley, Dorothy
M. Broderick, and Published: January 1985 as important books on book selection.
Budgeting
Budgeting: Budget is defined as “an estimated often itemized or expected income and expense or
operating results for a given period in the future”. Thus, a library budget is an estimate of the
expected income and expenditure of the library for the coming year. As a budget is an estimate, it can
be altered if and when the circumstances change. It needs to be flexible enough to meet the changing
needs. In a budget, the diversion of funds should not be done for some unnecessary events or causes
and it is actually not permitted.
a) Need and Purpose of Library Budget: Since a library is a non-profit organization, the financial
responsibility on its part is much more important. The need and purpose of library budget can be
looked at from the following points

i) Through budgeting a library is able to limit its expenditure to its income;
ii) A budget helps to spend the finance in a systematic way;
iii) Budgeting is the primary means by which formulated plans can be carried out;
iv) It serves as an effective management tool.
v) It gives overall direction to the library services;
vi) It coordinates all administrative functions by guaranteeing exchange of information on policies,
program and finance;
vii) It is a most important control device to measure the programmes of a library and their
effectiveness;
viii) It reflects the goals and objectives of the library.
b) Budgeting Method: The following methods are generally used in budgeting-
i) Line Item: Here the expenditure is divided into broad categories such as salary and wages, books
and periodicals, equipment, binding, stationary, miscellaneous, etc. However, this brings inflexibility,
whereby money from one item cannot be shifted to another one easily.
ii) Lump Sum: In this approach a certain amount of money is allocated to the library, the libraries
decide as to how that amount is going to be allocated to different categories.
iii) Formula Budget: Here predetermined standards are applied for the allocation of money. The
formula is mechanical and easy to prepare.
iv) Performance Budget: It is based on the expenditure for the performance of activities of a library.
It gives justification for and description of services to be achieved by the proposed programme.
v) Programme Budgeting: It is concerned with activities of organization but individual items or
expenditures are ignored.
vi) Per Capita Method: In this case a minimum amount per head of the population is fixed and
financial estimates are prepared accordingly.
In case of university and college libraries, the UGC Library Committee way back in 1957
suggested for a provision of Rs. 16 per student and Rs. 200 per teacher. Kothari Commission in 1966
suggested for allocation of Rs. 25 per student and Rs. 300 per teacher.
vii) Proportion Method: In this method a certain proportion of the general budget of a parent
organization / state is recommended for providing library services.
Dr. S. R. Ranganathan suggested that 6% of the education budget of a local /state / federal
government, as the case may be, should be earmarked for public library purposes. UGC Parry

Committee (UK) suggested that 6% of the total budget of a university may be provided to university
library. Education Commission recommended that 6.5-10 percent of the total university budget
should be spent for the university library.
viii) Method of Details: In this method all the items of expenditure of a library under various heads
and subheads in detail are calculated. The expenditure should be estimated under non recurring
expenditure and recurring expenditure. It is generally done by projecting current expenditure to the
next year adding the increase of cost.
The UGC Library Committee (1957) staff formula can be used to determine the number of staff
and their pay scale. The cost of books and other reading materials can be based on the number of
students and teachers. 5% of the total cost of books is allocated to stacking, storing, and serving of
books.
ix) Planning Programming Budgeting System (PPBS): PPBS is a technique which combines the best of
programme budgeting and performance budgeting. In this method the emphasis is given on the
planning of the total system, the different parts of the system and their expected level of
performance. All these are considered for assigning the cost of the whole system.
x) Zero Based Budget: It was developed by Peter Phyor to achieve greater effective planning and
fiscal control. The term “zero based” is derived from the first step in the process- the development of
a hierarchy of functions based on the assumption that the unit or agency is starting operation for the
first time (i.e point zero). Thus, the focus of budgeting is on the purpose(s) of the unit and on the
function which it should perform so that it meets the reason for its existence. Basically, it is not
concerned with what happened previously but rather with what is required to be done in future.
c) Expenditure: While estimated expenditure is planned three factors are kept in mind-
i) Comparison with past expenditure;
ii) Budgeting in accordance with the work programme and
iii) Using arbitrary stands and norms.
Depending upon the size of the library, the types of library expenditure headings vary. The
general forms of expenditure which can be applied to all types of libraries are given below.
Sl. No. Item Percentage of Total Budget
Initial Recurring
1) Salaries
a) Basic Salary
b) DA
c) PF
20% 65%
2) Equipment and furniture 30% 5%
3) Books 15% 10%

a) Reference collection
b) New books
c) Others
4) Periodicals
a) Back volumes
b) Annual subscription
20% 10%
5) Binding and repairing of
documents
2 ½% 2 ½%
6) Microfilming and digitization 7 ½% 2 ½%
7) AMC -as needed- -as needed-
8) Contingency
(stationary item, printing,
Photostat, postage, telephone,
electricity bills, etc)
2 ½% 2 ½%
9) Miscellaneous (overtime
allowances, insurance premium)
2 ½% 2 ½%
10) Imprest Money (Sundry
expenditure or the money which
is kept for unforeseen events)
In the above table, expenditure with regards to gift and exchange are excluded as they cannot
be foreseen with any possible precision.
In case of a new library, the initial costs as well as the operating budget require some special
consideration. But in case of an existing library only the operating budget items need to be
considered. As the library does not usually have all its functions at the start, the total staff is not
required at the initial state; consequently, the recurring expenditure on salary will be about three
times of that obtaining at the beginning.
The cost of the library building and its maintenance usually form part of the budget of the
organization as a whole and, therefore, this has been excluded from the library budget. If, however,
the library has its separate existence, a sizable initial cost and a proportionate cost of maintaining
will have to be provided in the budget. Any good architect will be able to give these estimates.
The expenditure in a special library is higher than that in a general library as it involves more
amenities and the use of many costly machineries and gadgets.
d) Accounting and Reporting: Accurate records regarding the amount paid out, encumbered and
unspent are maintained by the accounts section. To ensure proper utilization of grants, an Account
Register should be maintained to watch the expenditure. A Ledger should be maintained with double
entry system. Receipts and expenditure items should be entered regularly in the said ledger. In
addition to this ledger, a Cash Book in which daily transactions are to be entered and a Budget
Allotment Register, department wise and objective wise, should be maintained so as to know easily
and with accuracy as to how much amount has been spent and how much remains in balance.
Monthly reports should be prepared regarding this. The reporting should be done to the users,

library staff and higher authorities. This may appear an annual report of newspaper article or radio
talk or in some other form.
Let Us Sum Up: Budget statement or record is a definite financial record which speaks of the back
history, present position and future development of the library. It is also a statement for comparing
the position and the trend of development between the past, present and future. Budgetary
statement generally depends on the sources of income and expenditure of the library. Library budget
may be divided into two parts- Income and expenditure.
Citation Analysis
Citation Analysis: When one author cites another author, a relationship is established. Citation
analysis uses citations in scholarly works to establish that relationship (links). Many different links
can be ascertained, such as links between authors, between scholarly works, between journals,
between fields, or even between countries. Citations both from and to a certain document may be
studied. The Science Citation Index began publication in 1961.
One very common use of citation analysis is to determine the impact of a single author on a given
field by counting the number of times the author has been cited by others. Citation indices, such as
Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science, allow users to search forward in time from a
known article to more recent publications which cite the known item. Information scientists also use
citation analysis to quantitatively assess the core journal.
Google's PageRank is based on the principle of citation analysis. Other bibliometrics applications
include: creating thesauri; measuring term frequencies; exploring grammatical and syntactical
structures of texts.
Data from citation indexes can be analyzed to determine the popularity and impact of specific
articles, authors, and publications. However the limitation of citation analysis is that they are often
incomplete or biased; data has been largely collected by hand (which is expensive), though citation
indexes can also be used; incorrect citing of sources occurs continually; thus, further investigation is
required to truly understand the rationale behind citing to allow it to be confidently applied.
a) Co-citation Coupling: If papers A and B are both cited by paper C, they may be said to be related to
one another, even though they don't directly cite each other. If papers A and B are both cited by many
other papers, they have a stronger relationship. The more papers they are cited by, the stronger their
relationship is. Co-citation coupling is a method used to establish a subject similarity between two
documents.
b) Bibliographic Coupling: Bibliographic coupling is the mirror image of co-citation coupling.
Bibliographic coupling links two papers that cite the same articles, so that if papers A and B both cite
paper C, they may be said to be related, even though they don't directly cite each other. The more
papers they both cite, the stronger their relationship is.

Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing:in the traditional model of computing, both software and data are fully contained on the user’s
computer, whereas in the cloud computing, the user’s computer may contain almost no software or data. They only need
a minimal operating system and web browser to serve as a display terminal for processes occurring on a network of
computers far away. So, the cloud computing refers to the provision of computational resources on demand via a
computer network. The resources may be a application, database, file service, email etc.
In case of cloud computing, the data are stored in the cloud instead of a local computer so multiple users can access and
contribute to the projects simultaneously without worrying about using the same operating system, software, or
browser. For example, instead of collaborating on a document by sending back and forth revision after revision as
attachments, documents can be better stored in the cloud with Google Apps. Coworkers can access the web-based
document simultaneously in their browsers, and even make changes that other authorized users can see in real-time.
Eliminating attachment round-trips by storing data in the cloud saves time and reduces frustrations for teams who need
to work together efficiently.
Collection Development
Collection Development: The Library housekeeping operation or Technical works of a library handle
those tasks associated with bringing materials into the library and making them ready for use for the
general public or for the service population and thus include the job of identification, selection,
acquisition, organization of the collection (classification and cataloguing) and preparation (labeling
and others), covering, security processing, and/or distribution of materials. Within the purview of
technical service also come such things as serials, binding / repair, copy cataloguing, original
cataloguing, and gifts and exchange.
A library, however large it may be, cannot store all the materials and all the users of a library will not
be interested in all the materials kept in it. All the materials will not be used by all the users in a
library. So, here arises the need of selection of library materials.
The library collection development is the process of planning and acquiring a balanced collection of
library materials of many formats, including books, periodicals, online resources, and other media. It
is sometimes considered as synonymous to “Collection building”, which means that there are already
nuclei of collection in the library and the librarian is going to build up the collection. But collection
development is a term different from collection building, since the word “development” implies
qualitative improvement of the collection, whereas building a collection is likely to mean the planned
and systematic development of an already existing collection. It occasionally involves the selection
and acquisition of materials, as said by Shipman. Harrod’s Librarian Glossary (6th edition) defines
“collection development” as “the process of planning a stock acquisition programme not simply to
cater for immediate needs but to build a coherent and reliable collection over a number of years, to
meet the objective of the service”.
The proliferation of publications in various physical formats made the exponential growth of
literature and all these materials are the record of intellectual endeavours on one hand and on the
other hand these are the vehicle of communication for transmission of information and
knowledge.Since the basic purpose of the library is to facilitate the process of communication so all
the above materials should be collected to help grow the library holding and to meet the ever
increasing need and requirement of the users as far as possible. This continuous process of acquiring

the reading material is known as collection development. Collection development is an expansion of
book selection by enlarging the kinds of materials to which selection principles have been applied,
making the collection a total holding at any particular point. It is also a process of maintaining a
balanced, consistent and user responsive collection in the library.
The process of collection development includes selection of current as well as retrospective material,
weeding out of obsolete, irrelevant, unused and not-to-be-used materials. Evaluation of existing
holding should be made for the identification of adequacy and gaps. The gaps should be filled
according to the user’s need.
Paul Mosher explains collection development as “a process that should constitute a rational
documented programme guided by written policies and protocols and should reflect in sense a
contrast between library users and library staff as to what will be acquired, for whom and at what
level”.
Collections are developed by librarians and library staff by buying or otherwise acquiring
materials over a period of time, based on the assessment of the information needs of the library's
users. In addition to ongoing materials acquisition, library collection development includes:
i) The creation of policies to guide material selection.
ii) Replacement of worn or lost materials.
iii) Removal (weeding) of materials no longer needed in the collection.
iv)Planning for new collections or collection areas.
v) Cooperative decision-making with other libraries or within library consortia.
a) Collection Development and Book Selection: The librarian knows that collection development
begins with book selection. Some assume that they are same and the terms are interchangeable;
others assume that collection development is a broader term for the same old job, namely,
acquisition, but actually collection development is very much different from the term “book
selection” both conceptually and operationally.
The library collection and its development determine the nature and the characteristics of the library
not only in the holding but in service pattern also. So the librarians should be acquainted with the
user needs and requirements and the users should be requested to advise the librarian about their
needs. In this way it is a two way job.
b) Objectives of Collection Development: The main objectives of collection development are-
i) A library should acquire and provide all the relevant reading materials to its clientele so that the
basic function of the library are fulfilled from the vast amount of literature, which are also increasing
day by day.
ii) A library should acquire all other books on the related topics;

iii) A library should contain all the reading materials pertaining to the history and culture of a
particular country, city, place or institution as the case may be.
c) Need of Book Selection: The need of book selection arises due to the following reasons-
i) The world of book is so large that a library, however large and resourceful, cannot procure all the
materials published and available in the market;
ii) The library collection is meant for the user of a particular library so that library collection should
commensurate with the need and requirement of the users;
iii) The physical limitation of storage naturally imposes the necessity for selection.
d) Factors that Influence Book Selection: Selection of the library materials is of prime importance in a
library. The librarians with the concern of library staff and with the help of various user groups
should perform the job of selection of the library material. In selection process the following factors
should be considered:-
i) The Library: The kind, objectives, size and goals of the library, specialization areas of the library;
ii) Users: Need and demand, requirement and intellectual level of the users, the number of users;
iii) Existing Holding: The number of books, its nature and characteristics which are already present
in the collection; the merits of the books which are going to be selected;
iv)Fund: The amount allotted for acquisition of books/journals.
Common Communication Format (CCF)
Common Communication Format (CCF): CCF is a structure format for creating bibliographical
records and for exchanging records between groups of information agency and libraries. An
international symposium in Taormina, Sicily conducted by UNESCO was held in April, 1978. On the
recommendations of the symposium UNESCO / PGI formed the adhoc group on the establishment of
a Common Communication Format (CCF). The first edition of CCF was published in 1984 under the
editorship of Peter Simmons and Alan Hopkins and its second edition was published in 1988 in two
volumes called CCF/B and CCF/F. Several countries have adopted this standard for exchange and
creation of bibliographic records at national level.
A) Structure of CCF: The structure of CCF is the implementation of ISO-2709. It consists of the
following-
a) Record Labels: Each CCF record begins with a fixed record label of 24 characters and consists of
data element which contains the record. Each data element is identified by its relative character
positioning the label.
b) Directory: The directory is a table containing a variable number of 14 characters entries i.e the
length of each directory entry is of 14 characters terminated by a fixed separator character. Each

directory entry corresponds to a specific variable. Data fields in the record are divided into four sub
sections or parts, containing data for the following data element-
i) Tab
ii) Length of the data field
iii) Starting character position
iv) Implementation defined section
c) Data Fields: In the CCF a data field is defined as consisting of-
i) Indicator
ii) Sub Fields: A sub field consists of a subfield identifier followed by a data string which is
terminated by either another sub field identifier or a field separator.
iii) Field Separator: The field separator is that character which constitutes the final character of
every data field except for the final data field in the record.
iv) Record Separator: The record separator is that character which makes the end of the final data
field in the record and constitutes the final character of the record.
B) Limitation of the CCF: CCF is not designed to meet the requirement of all types of libraries and
information organizations for local implementation. It is also not expected that institutes will use
CCF record format for internal storage and processing purpose. The major limitations of CCF are-
a) It is not sufficiently detailed in its definition and coverage of all data elements necessary for
creating a bibliographical database for an individual library.
b) It does not include its cataloguing rules nor does it align itself with any particular cataloguing code
or set of rules oriented towards a specific or fixed type of information output form.
c) Except for standard CCF fields CCF recommends the use of alphanumeric code for tags but it may
not be possible to use alphanumeric code for tags in all cases (eg when library system uses CDS/ISIS,
this recommendation cannot be implemented).
d) Though in CCF further addition of the new data elements and their respective content designator
is possible, the unrestricted interpolation by different users can create complication for exchanging
data among libraries. In such cases, the content designators of newly added data elements are likely
to vary which may cause inconvenience for exchanging data from one database to another.
Communication
Communication: The term “communication” comes from Latin word “communis” meaning common.
When we communicate with someone we try to establish a certain degree of commonness with the
communicate. Eg. By sharing some information, an idea or an attitude. Communication therefore
refers to transmission or exchange of information, message, etc. Communication takes place when

people send or receive message of various kind. So information and communication are two
interlinked term in the sense that without information communication is not possible.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines communication as “the imparting, conveying or exchange of
ideas and knowledge whether by speech, writing or signs”.
The Columbia Encyclopaedia of Communication defines it as “the transfer of thought and
message as contrasted with transportation of goods and person”.
In ordinary usage the verb “to communicate” means
i) To exchange thoughts, feelings, information;
ii) To make known;
iii) To make common;
iv) To have a sympathetic relationship.
In the noun form “communication” refers to
i) The exchange of symbols, common message, information;
ii) The process of exchange between individual through a common system of symbols;
iii) The art of expressing ideas and
iv) The science of transmitting information.
In the popularly understood sense of the term communication refers to anything from a face to
face conversion between two persons, conversion over the telephone, and correspondence between
friends. The transmission of programes on live television are broadcast via communication satellite
i.e received by millions of people.
1. Elements of Communication: The communication process requires at least three elements.
a) Source: The source is a point at which message originates. It can be an individual or an
organization, a human being or a machine.
b) Channel: The message may be in audible, visual, or tactile form as any signal capable of meaningful
interpretation.
c) Destination: The destination or recipient, which again can be a person or a group of person, is in
the final link of the communication chain. Destination is the interceded target of the message.
2. Media and Forms of Communication of Information: There is a distinct difference between
communication of information and communication of commodities, energy, heat, etc. i.e one’s own
stock of information or knowledge is not going to diminish by communicating to others. Thus the

ownership of information may multiply but not change hands like a physical commodity. Further one
can communicate information which he does not have, eg. about one’s own behaviour.
Quite often two or more channels may be used together for effective communication and the
channels of dissemination may form a series of alternative routes, through the total communication
system.
Communication is a process of transferring message from one point to another. The four element of
any communication process are the reader, the medium, the receiver and the feedback. In Library
and Information Science several models of communication are used in the dissemination of
information through e-mail, post, telephone line, through oral verbal communication,
videoconferencing etc.
Communication of Information
1. Introduction: In the popularly understood sense of the term communication refers to anything
from a face to face conversion between two person, conversion over the telephone, and
correspondence between friends. The transmission of programmes on live television broadcast via
communication satellite i.e. received by millions of people.
2. Elements of Communication: The communication process requires at least three elements.
i) Source: The source is a point at which message originates. It can be an individual or an
organization, a human being or a machine.
ii) Message: The message may be in audible, visual or tactile form, as any signal capable of
meaningful interpretation.
iii) Destination: The destination or recipient, which again can be a person or a group of persons, in a
final link in the communication chain - the intended target of the message.
3. Media and Forms of Communication: There is a distinct difference between communication of
information and communication of commodities, energy, heat, etc i.e. one’s own stock of information
or knowledge is not going to diminish by communicating to other. Thus the ownership of
information may multiply but not change hands like a physical commodity. Further one can
communicate information which he does not have eg. about one’s own behavior.
Following is a list of forms of communication with channels of disseminating information.
Though they are given in isolation here, quite often two or more channels may be used together for
effective communication and the channels of dissemination may form a series of alternative routes,
through the total communication system.
3.1 Oral Communication / Informal Communication: Oral communication is one of the oldest
medium of communication of information and is speedier. The oral communication is generally
called as informal communication.
According to Ban – Hillel, oral transmission can be analysed into the following technical stages-

i) A concept, statement, preposition, postulates etc is formulated mentally.
ii) The mental formulation is expressed in words.
iii) The words are spoken that is they are expressed by the complicated larynx, tongue and lip
position of speech.
iv) The vibration set up a sound wave that is transmitted through the air.
White has referred to informal communication as interactive as it involves a direct interaction
between the source of information and the recipient.
Oral communications are of the following types-
i) One person to one person: Example: a face to face talk or by phone, chat, etc.
ii) One person to several: Example: a group or committee meeting, conference, teleconference, video
conference, etc.
iii) Several person to several: Example: A group discussion, conversation, etc.
a) Advantages of Informal Communication: The following are the some of the advantages of informal
communication
i) Promptness: The face to face or telephone conversation, personal correspondence, and preprint
exchange, all of which are faster than dissemination through the formal channels.
ii) Selectivity: Formal journals are designed to reach large audiences and therefore cannot be
sensitive to individual need. Information transmitted through the informal channel is specifically
meant for an individual recipient or a small group.
iii) Interactive Communication: In the informal context example telephone conversation, continuous
interaction between the supplier and receiver of information is possible. This facility is very difficult
to achieve in the formal channels.
iv) Screening and Evaluation: In the informal communication system the supplier provides evaluated
and predigested information that can be readily used by the recipient.
v) Transmission of Ineffable: In the informal mode a scientist may not hesitate to communicate
opinions and experiences which are too personal to be communicated through formal channels.
vi) Personal Appeal: Scientist communicating in the informal mode can established a personal
rapport among themselves. This is difficult to achieve in the formal channel.
3.2 Formal Channel of Communication / Verbal Communication: The formal channel of
communication is very effective way of storing and preserving the available information and
knowledge in a very handy manner. Formal communication is non interactive and also known as
documentary communication or verbal communication. The formal channel of communication is of
the following types.

UGC-NET Guide 1900 provides comprehensive preparation for exams

UGC-NET Guide 1900 provides comprehensive preparation for exams

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