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the knee-jerk reflex – a neuro “system” Cogs 107b – Systems Neuroscience www.dnitz.com lec01052010 – brain potentials, levels of analysis principles: ‘the neuron doctrine’ & ‘the law of dynamic polarization’  1
2 systems neuroscience = structure  dynamics structure:  (micro) synapses    neurons     nuclei    regions (macro) dynamics: synaptic & action potentials (micro)    field potentials / EEG    fMRI (macro)  2
neurons come in variety of shapes and sizes 3
Cajal’s ‘neuron doctrine’: the neuron as the basic structural and functional unit of the brain Cajal’s ‘law of dynamic polarization’: neural / electrical transmission proceeds in one direction -  dendrite / soma    axon    axon terminal  4
membrane potential: the voltage difference between the intracellular  space of a neuron and the surrounding  extracellular space (includes resting, synaptic,  and action potentials) synaptic potentials:  excitatory and inhibitory inputs from one  neuron (at its axon terminal) onto another (at its  dendrite or soma) action potentials:  all-or-none electrical events in a neuron which  reflect  the spatial and temporal integration of  synaptic potentials and the intrinsic excitability  of the neuron  equilibrium potentials: the membrane potential at which the net flux of  ions across the membrane is 0 given the overall  concentrations of that ion on either side of the  membrane 5
recording membrane potentials 6
electrical potentials reflect the dynamics of ion concentrations at the membrane surfaces 7
properties of ion channels: *ion selectivity – e.g., Na+, Ca++,  K+, Cl- *gating – e.g., by voltage, ligand *kinetics – e.g., open-time *state – e.g., activated, inactivated,  deinactivated, persistent *distribution – e.g., in dendrites, at  axon hillock 8
The Nernst Equation -used to determine the equilibrium potential -relates ion concentration gradients to electrical charge gradients (i.e., defines how they balance each other out) E ion =RT/zF*ln([ion] o /[ion] i ) (R=gas constant  T=temp.  z=valence (+1,-1) F=Faraday’s constant) E=membrane potential at which net ion flux is 0 (equilibrium) given specific intracellular and extracellular concentrations of ions. equilibrium potentials 9
action potentials 10
11 action potentials: reflect dynamics of Na+ and K+ ion movements across the membrane
action potential conduction speed is a function of axon length and myelination (or lack thereof) 12
synaptic potentials 13
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],14
synaptic integration 15
synaptic integration: temporal vs. spatial 16
 

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COGS 107B - Winter 2010 - Lecture 1 - Introduction & review of brain electrical potentials

  • 1. the knee-jerk reflex – a neuro “system” Cogs 107b – Systems Neuroscience www.dnitz.com lec01052010 – brain potentials, levels of analysis principles: ‘the neuron doctrine’ & ‘the law of dynamic polarization’ 1
  • 2. 2 systems neuroscience = structure dynamics structure: (micro) synapses  neurons  nuclei  regions (macro) dynamics: synaptic & action potentials (micro)  field potentials / EEG  fMRI (macro) 2
  • 3. neurons come in variety of shapes and sizes 3
  • 4. Cajal’s ‘neuron doctrine’: the neuron as the basic structural and functional unit of the brain Cajal’s ‘law of dynamic polarization’: neural / electrical transmission proceeds in one direction - dendrite / soma  axon  axon terminal 4
  • 5. membrane potential: the voltage difference between the intracellular space of a neuron and the surrounding extracellular space (includes resting, synaptic, and action potentials) synaptic potentials: excitatory and inhibitory inputs from one neuron (at its axon terminal) onto another (at its dendrite or soma) action potentials: all-or-none electrical events in a neuron which reflect the spatial and temporal integration of synaptic potentials and the intrinsic excitability of the neuron equilibrium potentials: the membrane potential at which the net flux of ions across the membrane is 0 given the overall concentrations of that ion on either side of the membrane 5
  • 7. electrical potentials reflect the dynamics of ion concentrations at the membrane surfaces 7
  • 8. properties of ion channels: *ion selectivity – e.g., Na+, Ca++, K+, Cl- *gating – e.g., by voltage, ligand *kinetics – e.g., open-time *state – e.g., activated, inactivated, deinactivated, persistent *distribution – e.g., in dendrites, at axon hillock 8
  • 9. The Nernst Equation -used to determine the equilibrium potential -relates ion concentration gradients to electrical charge gradients (i.e., defines how they balance each other out) E ion =RT/zF*ln([ion] o /[ion] i ) (R=gas constant T=temp. z=valence (+1,-1) F=Faraday’s constant) E=membrane potential at which net ion flux is 0 (equilibrium) given specific intracellular and extracellular concentrations of ions. equilibrium potentials 9
  • 11. 11 action potentials: reflect dynamics of Na+ and K+ ion movements across the membrane
  • 12. action potential conduction speed is a function of axon length and myelination (or lack thereof) 12
  • 14.
  • 17.